語言學重點知識點整理

1、語言學重點知識點整理1. _Phonetics_ studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc.2. _Phonology_ studies the rules governing the structure, di

2、stribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.3. Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of _words_. It studies the minimal units of meaning morphemes and word-formation4. Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct _sentences_5. Semantics

3、examines how _meaning_ is encoded in a language.6. _Pragmatics_ is the study of meaning in context. 7. _Sociolinguistics_ is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact an

4、d change within a speech community.8. In contrast with other linguists, then, _anthropological_ linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages.9. Psycholinguisticsinvestigates the interrelation of language and _mind_, for example, in processing and pr

5、oducing utterances and in language acquisition.10. In a narrow sense, _applied_ linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching to foreign and second languages.11. 1. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds.

6、12. d _voiced stops, alveolar_; _voiceless fricatives, dental_;13. _front, open, low, unrounded_; i: _front, close, high, unrounded_;14. 15. 2. Write the word indicated by each transcription. 16. itr _guitar_ tuzdei _Tuesday_ twubr _toothbrush_ 17. phintmnt _appointment_ pkeik _pancake_18. 19. 3.Com

7、paring wot andr, _goat_ and _anger_ are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /g/. Such variants of a phoneme are called _allophones_ of the same phoneme. In this case, they are said to be in _complementary distribution_. 20. 21. 4.Transcribe the following set of words and mark primar

8、y and secondary stress with super- and sub-ticks. 22. repeat _ripit_, repetitive _ripetitiv_, repetition _rptn_.23. 24. 5. Please identify the stressed word, and intonation pattern of the following sentences. Example: We went to a movie last night. (topic of conversation: going to movies) 25. stress

9、ed word: movie falling tone26. 27. 1. We went to a movie last night. (topic of conversation: last nights activities)28. _stressed word: last night falling tone _.29. 30. 2. Should we see a movie tonight? (topic of conversation: doing something tonight)31. _stressed word: see a movie rising tone _.32

10、. 33. 3. Should we see the movie tonight? (topic of conversation: when we are seeing a movie)34. _stressed word: tonight rising tone _.35. 36. 6. Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points of view. _Articulatory_ phonetics studies the production of speech sounds, _audito

11、ry_ phonetics focuses on the perception of speech sounds, and _acoustic_ phonetics looks into the transmission of speech sounds37. 38. 7. When two different forms are identical (the same) in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinati

12、ons are said to form a _minimal pair_, e.g. beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but, bait, bite, boat.39. 40. 8. The phonemic features that occur above the level of phonemes are called _suprasegmental_ features. Stress, intonation, and tone are the phonological properties of such units as the _syllable_, the

13、 word, and the sentence. 41. In traditional grammar only about eight categories (called parts of speech) are recognized, but all current theories of grammar have found it necessary to increase this number by the addition of such non-traditional categories as _determiner (Det)_ (限定詞), degree words (D

14、eg)（程度詞） and qualifier (Qua)（限定語）.42. Three criteria are used for determining lexical categories: meaning (詞匯意義), 43. _inflections_(屈折變化) and syntactic relations(句法特征).44. 3. Syntactic relations include positional relation (位置關系), co-occurrence relation (同現關系) and relation of _substitutability_(可替代關

15、系).45. 4. _Phrases_ are syntactic units that are built around a certain word category.46. 5. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements: _head_, specifier, complements and modifiers.47. 6. Specifiers are words on the _left_ side of the heads; they semantical

16、ly help make more precise the meaning of the heads.48. 7. _Complements_ are words on the right side of the heads, they provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.49. 8. _Universal_ grammar (UG) theory holds that the speaker knows a set of p

17、rinciples that apply to all languages, and parameters that vary from one language to another.50. 9. Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules-the _XP_ rule, so there is a general rule for all the movement rules.51. 10. Wh _movement_ can apply not only to wh questions but also to

18、 relative clauses because relative clause structures are very similar to embedded wh questions.52. I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the sentences. 30%53. 1. _Reference_ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience. 54. 2.

19、“Charge” and “accuse” are said to be _collocational_ synonyms. 55. 3. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the _naming_ theory. 56. 4. The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _co-hyponyms_. 57. 5. Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents: _argument_ and _predicate_. 58. 6. _Synonymy_ is the technical name for the sameness relation. 59. 7. The words “husband” and “wife” are _relational_ antonyms.60. 8. There are two aspects of sentence meaning