考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句（主要英語(yǔ)二）

1、1 .“Millennials wanted more flexibility in their lives,/notes （謂語(yǔ)）Tanya Michelson，Associate Director of YouthSight, a UK-based brand manager that conducts regular 60-day surveys of British youth, in findings that might just as well apply to American youth.譯文：青春視野是一家總部位于英國(guó)的品牌管理公司，它會(huì)對(duì)英國(guó)青年定期實(shí)施60天的調(diào)査研究，

2、 其副總監(jiān)坦尼爾-邁科爾森在同樣可能適用于美國(guó)青年的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)中指出：“千禧一代想讓 自己的生活更具有靈活性，” |了解文化背景:millennial干禧年的，干年的:millennials干禧一代人，指的是出生在1981 到1995年的人，這個(gè)時(shí)期互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和電腦興起和發(fā)展；2000年了，他們就最大的己經(jīng)有19 歲了，社會(huì)對(duì)那代人給予了很大的期待，故稱千禧一代；人所皆知的名人，地名（如比爾蓋茨）需要翻譯出來(lái)：專有名詞可不翻譯（人名入要亂翻 譯）；associate副的director董事、經(jīng)理、總監(jiān)、導(dǎo)演、主任、校長(zhǎng)；as well 也（可以）；引述倒裝；同位語(yǔ)加后置定語(yǔ)；manager管理機(jī)構(gòu)d

3、river推進(jìn)因素；陰影部分是主干；中文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣是重心后置，所以翻譯時(shí)先把該英語(yǔ)句子里的機(jī)構(gòu)譯岀，再把人物介紹信 息翻岀來(lái)，最后翻這個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子的主干。Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas city centres, school streets, even individual roads are（謂語(yǔ)）a response to the absence of a larger effort /to properly enforce existing regulations and require

4、auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance.譯文：之所以禁止（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯動(dòng)詞）高污染車(chē)輛駛?cè)胩囟▍^(qū)域一市中心、“學(xué)區(qū)街道”，甚至個(gè)別公 路一是因?yàn)槲覀兾茨軌颍~短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)）付出（名詞努力轉(zhuǎn)譯動(dòng)詞努力，更多的 努力嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行現(xiàn)有的法規(guī)并要求汽車(chē)廠商生產(chǎn)合規(guī)車(chē)輛。解析，highly polluting cars 高污染汽車(chē)keep.out of sp.禁止進(jìn)入a certain sth.某一個(gè) certain某些的，特定的absence缺乏（與物搭配）：缺席（與人搭配）陰影部分是主干A is a response to B A

5、是結(jié)果，B是原因翻譯手法：（之所以）A是由于丄and的并列難點(diǎn)：主謂分裂response to的理解 Madrids back and forth on clean air is a pointed reminder of the limits to the patchwork, city-by-city approach that characterises efforts on air pollution across Europe. Britain very included.譯文：西班牙政府在空氣治理上的反復(fù)不定明確，這提醒（reminder轉(zhuǎn)譯動(dòng)詞）了人們整個(gè)歐洲遂 很大程度上也包括

6、英國(guó)）在努力治理空氣污染方面采取的逐個(gè)城市、拼湊的方式具有局限性。 解析:Madrid馬德里（西班牙首都）注意：這一年的疫情，歐洲的意大利和西班牙嚴(yán)重的不 得了。reminder轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞提示，提醒limits /to 的限制 固定搭配limit sb. to dopatch 補(bǔ)丁 patchwork 拼湊物characterise characterize vt,是的特征approach方式，方法；接近 approach后面的連環(huán)后置定語(yǔ)Wed sure wed have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put

7、a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat. but that wasnt necessary /says （notes） Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.譯文：澳大利亞昆士蘭大學(xué)的珍尼特威爾斯曾經(jīng)為該實(shí)驗(yàn)提供了幫助，她說(shuō)：“我們?cè)詾槲覀?得給它加上活動(dòng)的頭尾、面部特征，還要加上一種氣味使他聞上去像一只真實(shí)的老鼠，但所 有這一切都亳無(wú)必要”時(shí)Ihad assumed過(guò)去的過(guò)去作文里不要用I assume

8、 that. assume （這個(gè)詞暗含著自我否定）we would have to = wed have to這個(gè)句子是一個(gè)人的一句話，邏輯上是這個(gè)人思想上的轉(zhuǎn)變，對(duì)問(wèn)題的見(jiàn)解的升華（由 but可以看出今昔對(duì)比）Queensland昆士蘭（澳大利亞的一個(gè)州）Canberra （澳大利亞首都）堪培拉Sydney悉尼（澳大利亞城市） Melbourne墨爾本（澳大利亞城市）with the research在研究方面翻譯時(shí)先把這個(gè)人的介紹信息譯出Janet Wiles后面的雙重后定（區(qū)別連環(huán)后定）Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms o

9、f reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them, says Quinn.譯文：科學(xué)研究己然表明老鼠會(huì)進(jìn)行多種形式的互助與合作，這些互助與合作包括所謂的直接互惠 關(guān)系，在這種直接的互惠關(guān)系中老鼠會(huì)幫助先前幫助過(guò)它的老鼠，昆恩如是說(shuō)道。解析sth. be shown to do.（某物被表明）但是漢語(yǔ)多主動(dòng)，這個(gè)短語(yǔ)翻譯成：研究/實(shí)踐表明 某物

10、非限制性定從，前面的破折號(hào)相當(dāng)于逗號(hào)The strategy also aims to ensure that/ carbon 6 woodr material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would othirwise（原本地）run on fossil fuels.譯文：該策略還旨在確保從森林中來(lái)移除的木質(zhì)材料的碳會(huì)以固體木材的方式封存起來(lái)，或者在原 本使用化石燃料的汽車(chē)當(dāng)中作為生物燃料的方式燒掉。assur

11、e sb. of sth向某人保證 ensure sth確保注意這兩個(gè)詞后而的搭配ensure后面接物，assure后而接人carbon in woody material removed from the forests, in woody material 修飾 carbon, removed from the forests修飾material這樣的修飾關(guān)系就像葫蘆串一樣，稱為連環(huán)后定（區(qū) 別雙重后定）加油！瑤Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffilied desk s

12、tuck with generations of discarded chewing gum.譯文：強(qiáng)迫學(xué)生在布滿涂鴉和好幾屆學(xué)生廢棄口香糖的書(shū)桌前學(xué)習(xí)幾何，契地2是亳無(wú)必要的。注意翻譯手法，用“這”把后面的方式狀語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容概括了，再逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，妙。nothing = no = not anynecessarily必要地，必然地，一定地not necessarily沒(méi)有必要地，亳無(wú)必要地by后面的一串都是方式狀語(yǔ)，這個(gè)方式?jīng)]必要。這句話說(shuō)的是課堂教學(xué)與實(shí)踐教學(xué)，顯然不看好課堂教學(xué)。While younger DeoDle are somewhat more optimistic（4）than th

13、eir elders about the prospects fbr those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those just getting started out in life, face a tougher climb than earlier generations in reaching such signpost achievements as securing a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding

14、 affordable housing.譯文：盡管相比年長(zhǎng)者而言，年輕人對(duì)于（那些）今天剛起步的人的前景瞄散樂(lè)觀，但是兩個(gè)群體 中的大部分人都相信（認(rèn)為），相比于前幾代人來(lái)講，那些“人生剛起步者”在實(shí)現(xiàn)標(biāo)志性 的人生成就方面面臨著更艱難的攀爬歷程，比如:找到一份薪酬豐厚的工作、組建一個(gè)家庭、 進(jìn)行負(fù)債管理和找到負(fù)擔(dān)得起的住房。while在（做某事）的時(shí)候；（位于句首）引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)叢包，“雖然（但是）、 盡管但”（while的這個(gè)用法是反向強(qiáng)調(diào)后面的內(nèi)容）:（位于句中）連接兩個(gè)句子, 表平行并列（不存在前后從句的說(shuō)法）in + doing范圍狀語(yǔ)“在方面” by + doing方式狀語(yǔ)“通過(guò)”t

15、han their elders這個(gè)比較狀語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)不要臉，它可以隨便放，所以這里它使得be optimistic about 這個(gè)secure 得到Theyre part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video fbr World Environment Day encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples to combat （he plastic crisis.譯文：在一個(gè)為世界環(huán)境日新拍攝的視頻中，他們是眾多出演名人中的三位，

16、鼓勵(lì)我們作為消費(fèi)者 換掉自己所用的塑料制品以應(yīng)對(duì)（克服）塑料危機(jī)。be part of 是 的一部分；be apart of （具體的一部分）;starvi.主演，出演：擔(dān)任的主角；上而的破折號(hào)可以用逗號(hào)翻譯；，the consumer,作為插入語(yǔ)修飾“you” ;破折號(hào)后面是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)的伴隨狀語(yǔ)。破折號(hào)有解釋、強(qiáng)調(diào)、說(shuō)明的作用。There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a

17、daily ritual; or taking a journalistic approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day.譯文：有一些方式可以讓我們掌握深度工作的藝術(shù)一無(wú)論是致力于某項(xiàng)工作的長(zhǎng)期靜居、還是蛭 一種日常的習(xí)慣，亦或是采取新聞?dòng)浾叩姆绞皆谝惶飚?dāng)中抓住每一個(gè)深度工作的片段。a number of 一些（準(zhǔn)確的意思就是“一些”，而“大量的”的短語(yǔ)是a large number ofw）whether.or.無(wú)論還是（這個(gè)句式的whether可被省略，用了動(dòng)詞原形be有虛 擬的用法，但還

18、主要是語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)調(diào)。）（表語(yǔ)氣的強(qiáng)調(diào)）；whether A, BorC.（這個(gè)句式表示舉例 子）whether it be , or-+be it ， or 上面的這個(gè)句式在英語(yǔ)一的某年的真題中（等我明天翻一翻） 翻到了，這句話在2013年英語(yǔ)一的Texil最后一段里。Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environmentincluding H&M, with its green Conscious Collection LineCline b

19、elieves lasting change can only be effected by the customer.難句 1. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be il in food or in energy. 難句 2. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can t afford not to.別忘記了翻譯動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)它后面的賓語(yǔ)來(lái)選擇動(dòng)詞中文意思，比如

20、develop a daily rilual.P的I l.On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.譯文：另一方而，達(dá)爾文并不認(rèn)同他的一些批評(píng)者對(duì)他的提岀的指控是有充分依據(jù)的，（同位語(yǔ)從 句的翻譯方法：分譯）該指控認(rèn)為盡管他善于觀察，但是他亳無(wú)推理能力。方面，另一方面,on the one hand, on the other

21、 hand, charge 指責(zé)(allegation, accusation).指控：費(fèi)用：管控(be in ones charge、be ：n charge of、take charge of）that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句修飾chai曾（指責(zé)）accept sth. as （being） +adj. accept sth.（賓語(yǔ)）as well founded （賓補(bǔ)）當(dāng)動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)很 長(zhǎng)的時(shí)候，就把賓語(yǔ)放在賓補(bǔ)后面了。（避免頭重腳輕） 識(shí)別方法：識(shí)別出賓補(bǔ)的成分，然后找出主干。比如上句話主干就是：he did not accept the charge.掌握?？嫉膭?dòng)（及物動(dòng)詞）賓分裂句式（第

22、點(diǎn)）charge的that的同位語(yǔ)從句被“made by some of his critics M分割開(kāi)了，被稱為“名飾分裂”。well founded有根據(jù)的，理由充分的well bred有教養(yǎng)的well educated受過(guò)良好教育的12.He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently aboul every sentence, and hus enabling him to detect erro

23、rs in reasoning and in his own observations.譯文：他認(rèn)為或許正是因?yàn)檫@一困難給他帶來(lái)了補(bǔ)償性的好處，即這一困難迫使他對(duì)每一個(gè)句子都 進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)時(shí)間和專注的思考，從而讓他在自己的分析處理和觀察中發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。very adj.正是的,恰巧的,十足的,最佳的may have done對(duì)過(guò)去的委婉假設(shè)（虛擬）-pense-支付 compensate 補(bǔ)償of的三種用法：1.表所屬關(guān)系，“的”；2=about “關(guān)于”；3.同出現(xiàn)and的并列句，要用and后面的型通往前面找對(duì)應(yīng)的并列詞think of想到 think about 考慮 think over 仔細(xì)考慮

24、intent專心的，熱切地；意圖，目的and therefore = .and thus 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)可以丟掉逗號(hào)（也可以不丟掉逗號(hào)） 但是and不可以不加，不許加and表因果、并列的邏輯Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious lo the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.譯文：達(dá)爾文深信這些愛(ài)好的喪失不僅僅是失去了幸福，而且有可能會(huì)損

25、害智力，更有可能損害道 徳品質(zhì)。（為避免雷同，不翻譯成“愛(ài)好的喪失不僅僅是幸福的喪失”）解優(yōu)be convinced that信服be convinced of 信服使動(dòng)詞的常規(guī)用詞,用be done （被動(dòng)）表示主動(dòng)狀態(tài)；也可以把be convinced看成系表結(jié)構(gòu)be confident that be sure that主觀感受形容詞not only.but （also）be injurious to = be harmful to 對(duì)有傷害injure vt.傷害，使受傷 injuryintellect in （心里，腦子里）tell （告訴）-lect-（挑選）probable很大可

26、能possible可能性最小likely可能性適中He asserts, also, that his power to follow a Ioiih and Durelv abstracUrain of thought was very limited, |for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.譯文：此外，他還斷言，自己在進(jìn)行一系列冗長(zhǎng)且完全抽象的方面能力十分有限， 因?yàn)檫@一原因他確信自己在數(shù)學(xué)方面根本不會(huì)獲得成功。醉丨斷言assertpower能力traint

27、rain of系列purely 約等于 completelythoughts念頭，想法 thought思考，思維a piece of papera while piece of paper z 一張白紙（注意 white 的位置）對(duì)照 a long and purely abstract train of thought.對(duì)県! a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers.句子里的wilh是“在方而，對(duì)于,關(guān)于”的意思can have done對(duì)過(guò)去的委婉推測(cè)never can have done對(duì)過(guò)去的一種強(qiáng)烈的否定推測(cè)for whi

28、ch for因?yàn)閏onj. which指代前面assert的lhal賓語(yǔ)從句for which reason因?yàn)椋ㄇ懊鎡hat后的賓從的）的原因He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape allention, and in observing them carefully. 譯文：他謙卑地補(bǔ)充說(shuō)他或許“與普通人相比,他更能夠注意到那些難以察覺(jué)的東西而且更能夠仔 細(xì)地觀察它們了（也可以直譯，但是不太順暢）（superior

29、to本身就是類(lèi)比，比較意味較強(qiáng)，所以可以參考 比較狀語(yǔ)thanas的翻譯方法）（Dadd that補(bǔ)充說(shuō)（道） be equal to / be similar to / be parallel to 和相似（強(qiáng)調(diào)類(lèi)比）be inferior to 級(jí)別低于質(zhì)量低于介VO to 扌日向、類(lèi)比、從屬 （be subject to）、達(dá)到,（程數(shù) j*）l*l、J忘、思trom 則強(qiáng)調(diào)差異（be different from）、來(lái)源（derive from）and前后的圖形式，HH是并列的，但鬱輯車(chē)可能是遞進(jìn)也可能是因果邏輯，從第16句開(kāi)始，著重研究蚩1的關(guān)系。Being interested i

30、n the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea lhal the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.譯文：由于對(duì)語(yǔ)言和思維的關(guān)系很感興趣，霍二夫逐漸形成（得出）這樣一種觀點(diǎn)（結(jié)論）：在一個(gè)社會(huì)中語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)決定了習(xí)慣思維的結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比第10句的develop a daily ritual.動(dòng)詞翻譯成什么，看動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)！判斷同位語(yǔ)從句：先行詞要具備“內(nèi)容性”（如：plan, idea,

31、charge）； that從句完整；先 行詞在that從句里不做成分。BE翻譯四thought不加s翻譯成思維、思考接了 s翻譯成想法、念頭是錯(cuò)誤的,要么是因?yàn)樗哉Z(yǔ)文中，為避免語(yǔ)意重復(fù)，由于因此（所以）要么由于非謂語(yǔ)的三種形式：V-ing、V-ed、to do語(yǔ)言知識(shí)應(yīng)用題中：注意通過(guò)把握句子中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主干來(lái)選出和識(shí)別出非謂語(yǔ)的成分（聯(lián)想到獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of the Europe and South

32、east Asia that scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.譯文：這些新近被描述的語(yǔ)言與歐洲與東南亞那些己經(jīng)得到充分研究的語(yǔ)言往往差別顯著，以至于 一些學(xué)者指控鮑謳思和賽博捏造了數(shù)據(jù)0 newly described 與 well founded 構(gòu)成一樣 adv.+adj well還有井的意思。newly還可以被latest替代觸類(lèi)旁通strike打動(dòng)，觸動(dòng) 留下深刻印象striking明顯的fabricatefab-帆布 fabric織物，結(jié)構(gòu)A be different from B（把兩個(gè)比

33、較對(duì)象擰出來(lái)翻譯，參考比較狀語(yǔ)的翻譯） A與那么different就要轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞翻譯We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke【hem died eul es become assimilated and losl their naivelanguages.譯文:我們之所以感謝這兩位先驅(qū)，是因?yàn)檫@些語(yǔ)言的其中一部分后來(lái)己經(jīng)不復(fù)存在了。這是由于說(shuō)這些語(yǔ)言的部族或是消亡或是同化了，從而喪失了他們的固有語(yǔ)言。be obliged to感激某人/

34、某事，對(duì)感激：迫使做oblige vt.迫使（客觀責(zé)任、義務(wù)性的迫使）：（完成義務(wù)（教育）性、責(zé)任性的事情要心存感激）使感激使動(dòng)詞because表原因，語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)；之所以 是因?yàn)榇司涞腶s是連詞，引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句（在英文中用as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)很常見(jiàn)）（as為附帶sinceprep.+n.自從（表時(shí)間）sinceconj+句子（sentence）連接從句時(shí) 有兩個(gè)意思“表時(shí)間，自從、“表原因，既 然，由于”此句的since是副詞，識(shí)別：since在vanished的前面。vanished是形容詞，（注意完 型的這個(gè)考點(diǎn)），since做副詞譯成“此后、自那時(shí)以來(lái)，后來(lái)” 例：They left the

35、 city and haven t been since.Tip: since單獨(dú)使用時(shí)，譯成“自那時(shí)，此后，后來(lái)”*難點(diǎn)：since引導(dǎo)的原因從句修飾we are obliged to them,（即我們?yōu)槭裁锤兄x他們的as引導(dǎo)的串原因從句修飾lhese languages have since vanished”的原因（即這些 語(yǔ)言自那時(shí)以后消失的原因）people加了 “ s ”是民族的意思。assimilate消化，吸收；同化齡g并mWhorf came to believe in a sori of linguistic determinism / which, in its str

36、ongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.譯文：霍爾夫逐漸接受（相信）某種語(yǔ)言決定論的觀點(diǎn)，（即前面第16句的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)決定思絳結(jié)構(gòu)， 根據(jù)“determine”推知）該觀點(diǎn)的極端版本（形式）認(rèn)為，語(yǔ)言會(huì)禁錮人的思維并且語(yǔ)言的 語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)能夠?qū)σ粋€(gè)社會(huì)的文化產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。（把長(zhǎng)句截成竹節(jié)，再調(diào)整、轉(zhuǎn)譯、符

37、合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣）come to do逐漸（側(cè)重一個(gè)過(guò)程）believe in（3）a sort of 一種 某種ling- “語(yǔ)言”詞根bilingual雙語(yǔ)的 linguist語(yǔ)言學(xué)家which的定語(yǔ)從句，不是非限制性定語(yǔ)（可以學(xué)習(xí)這個(gè)句子對(duì)待當(dāng)定語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的處理）far-reaching = profoundconsequence結(jié)果，意義，重要性，影響（做“結(jié)果”時(shí)常指不好的結(jié)果）此詞是中性詞翻譯成“影響”（譯成影響就不會(huì)有這個(gè)詞的積極、消極困惑了）virtual虛擬的：現(xiàn)實(shí)的 （中性詞）2O.The Greeks assumed that the structure of la

38、nguage had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe （狀 1）long before （彳犬 2） people realized how diverse languages could be.譯文：希臘人曾認(rèn)為思維結(jié)構(gòu)與思維結(jié)構(gòu)有某種關(guān)聯(lián)，這獨(dú)理念早在人們意識(shí)到語(yǔ)言的千差萬(wàn)別之 前就已經(jīng)在歐洲扎下了根。have some connection with （因?yàn)?connection 沒(méi)有加s,所以 some 是某一 ”的意思） 與有某種聯(lián)系/關(guān)聯(lián)/關(guān)系。難點(diǎn): which引導(dǎo)非限制

39、定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，不僅可以對(duì)前面的名詞作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，還可以面的從句作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。（參考第14句的for which）翻譯時(shí)，狀2先翻譯long before 早在之前對(duì)which的非限制性定從首選分譯法，分譯不合適再合譯：對(duì)which的定語(yǔ)從句首選合譯 法，合譯不合適選分譯realize后面是how的賓語(yǔ)從句，即名詞性從句。及物動(dòng)詞才有賓語(yǔ)從句的說(shuō)法。BuUhe idea / that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly lhan an ordinary citizen / rests on an understanding of

40、 the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.譯文：新聞?dòng)浾弑仨氁绕胀ü駥?duì)法律有更加深刻的理解,但是這-觀念是建立在對(duì)新聞媒體 的既定傳統(tǒng)以及特席負(fù)任的了解上的。A rest on B A 取決于 B, A 建立在 B 基礎(chǔ)上 =be built on = be based on = be grounded | pro-向前 found 發(fā)現(xiàn) profound翻譯比較狀語(yǔ)，要把兩個(gè)（或三個(gè)）對(duì)象前置到動(dòng)詞之前。convention大會(huì)：習(xí)俗（傳統(tǒng)）：公約我們開(kāi)大會(huì)達(dá)成公約，這種公約漸漸

41、成為習(xí)俗。問(wèn)：“of lhe news media”是修飾 responsibility 呢？還是 conventions and responsibilities 呢？ 亦會(huì)是 understanding 呢？答：of引導(dǎo)的修飾語(yǔ)就近修飾是最常見(jiàn)的此句中 of 只有在修飾 the established conventions and special responsibilities 才不會(huì)引起歧義。 値）翻譯難點(diǎn)：重心調(diào)整（也就是翻譯這句話的時(shí)候that后fbj同位I吾從句是非重心內(nèi)容而 rest on-后面才是重心，根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的后重心原則,把that的同位語(yǔ)從句先譯出），然后再 翻譯出bu

42、的內(nèi)容，注意區(qū)分同位語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法和這句里的but翻譯出漢語(yǔ)后所放的位置。此句的profoundly是副詞作狀語(yǔ)沒(méi)錯(cuò)，可是翻譯時(shí)把它轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞作定語(yǔ)了。此句中的the journalist與an ordinary citizen雖然在句子里是用的單數(shù)形式，但是其實(shí)表示 的是兩個(gè)群體概念，即新聞?dòng)浾吆推胀ü瘛Ｋ?，用him、he、her、she, it指代上文單 數(shù)名詞表示的集體概念可以理解的。（見(jiàn)26句中的*him”,him代指上文出現(xiàn)的【he intellectual）英語(yǔ)注重形式While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance s

43、tories, it （形式主語(yǔ)）is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.譯文：盡管來(lái)自律師的評(píng)論和反饋可以提升新聞?dòng)浾叩膱?bào)道質(zhì)量，但是更理想的做法是新聞?dòng)浾咭?賴自身對(duì)重要性的理解獨(dú)立做出判斷（進(jìn)而做岀他們自己的判斷）。it is preferable for sb. to do sb.最好做while的三種用法:（用doing的原因：只是把主語(yǔ)省掉了，再根據(jù)主動(dòng)關(guān)while doing 當(dāng)時(shí)候；系用的doing）While

44、S + V.S + V盡管但是；（S+V是從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)）Sl + Vl, while S2 + V2.，而新聞主題的背景下，stories翻譯成新聞報(bào)道。note注意到 notion感知，認(rèn)識(shí)，理解，看法relyreliant 依賴的 reliance reliable 可依賴的注意 reliant *j reliable 的區(qū)別Comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,（主干）bul it（形式主語(yǔ)）ispreferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of

45、significance and make their own judgments.（主干）But it （形式主語(yǔ)）is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments, comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories.23.In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists / who do not have a clear grasp

46、 of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution / can do a competent job on political stories.譯文：譯2：要明白一些沒(méi)有淸晰領(lǐng)會(huì)加拿大憲法的基本特征的新聞?dòng)浾呤侨绾蝿偃握瓮兜拦ぷ? 實(shí)際上，這是很難的。譯1：對(duì)于-些沒(méi)有清晰領(lǐng)會(huì)加拿大基本憲法特征的新聞?dòng)浾撸麄兪侨绾蝿偃握螆?bào)道工作的，要明白這一點(diǎn)事實(shí)上很困難。閱讀里看到in fact, indeed,這兩個(gè)詞表示對(duì)前面概念、內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步地細(xì)致闡遂。（遞進(jìn)邏）how在see這個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞后面，故how引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，即名詞性從句。t。see h

47、ow是真正的主語(yǔ)n f&trj; /Irlzt nJ .eewgrasp抓住 引申為掌握，理解”feature特色，特征 24.0n the other, it （法律） links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links / journalists forge on a daily basis （狀 1） as lhev cover and comment on the news （狀 2）.翻譯分析（寫(xiě)草稿上同時(shí)進(jìn)行頭腦風(fēng)暴）：另一方面，法律（又）通過(guò)某種方式把這些概念

48、同日常實(shí)際聯(lián)系在一起，該方式這種翻譯方法不妥當(dāng)?shù)牡胤绞牵壕渥忧岸鴽](méi)有交代清楚具體是何種方式（只是某種方式）， 所以“該方式”的翻譯方法不妥。進(jìn)一步處理：把“通過(guò)某種方式”去掉，“該方式”用其替代。which引導(dǎo)的定從修飾manner，代指前面的一種聯(lián)系方式。譯文：另一方面，法律（又）把這些概念同日常實(shí)際聯(lián)系在一起，其聯(lián)系方式類(lèi)似于新聞?dòng)浾咴趫?bào) 道和評(píng)論新聞時(shí)旦蜜所形成的（種種）聯(lián)系方式。0n the one hand, On the other.link AtoB把A和B聯(lián)系起來(lái)mode、fashion, manner、way、這些詞做方式”用時(shí)都用介詞in”引導(dǎo)。means 做“方式”用時(shí)用

49、 “by” 引導(dǎo) by means of by a +adj. meansthe links后面省略了 that,而forge是“鍛造，打造，制作，形成；偽造”的意思，forge 是及物動(dòng)詞，故the links是充當(dāng)forge的賓語(yǔ)。on the basis of*在基礎(chǔ)上。on a adj. basis = adj.+ ly 做方式狀語(yǔ)daily n.日?qǐng)?bào)adj.日常的adv.每日，日常地 on a daily basis = daily =日常daily = everyday此句的as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed

50、in.such.institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary pari of lhe intellectual equiDment of an educated man.譯文：傳統(tǒng)意義上（從傳統(tǒng)上來(lái)講），法律學(xué)習(xí)查這些大堂二直被視作為律師的特殊專屬區(qū)，而不 是一個(gè)受教育者的知識(shí)裝備必須的一部分。view.as. / look upon.as./ see.as. / regard.as.preserve vt.保護(hù)，保存，保鮮，保養(yǎng)n.保護(hù)區(qū)，禁獵地；某一行業(yè)的專屬范圍（區(qū)、領(lǐng) 地）institu

51、tion設(shè)立，建立；（社會(huì)、公共）機(jī)構(gòu)；制度，慣例 institute設(shè)立，建立intellectual知識(shí)的,智力的，有才智的；知識(shí)分子a necessary part of the imellectual equipment of an educated man.連環(huán)后定翻譯處理：倒者翻譯此句話的背后意思是：傳統(tǒng)上，普通人在接受教育時(shí)，法律學(xué)習(xí)不做必須的要求。I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking

52、 in Socratic way about moral problems.譯文：我會(huì)把知識(shí)分子定義成這樣的個(gè)體，他們把以蘇格拉底方式思考問(wèn)題的這種行為視作自己人 生中首要的責(zé)任和樂(lè)趣。elect vt.選舉；（做出）選擇 activity = act 行為 也.卩貝略AH Socratic.way.about blemsthinking .about moral .problems in Socratic way.搭配分裂此句話還原后的語(yǔ)序;I shall define him as an individual who has plected the activity of thinking

53、 inSocratic way about moral problems as his primary duty and pleasure in life.27. They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.譯文：他們可能教書(shū)教的很好，并且不止賺得了薪水，但是他們中的大多數(shù)人幾乎或根本沒(méi)有去思 考涉及到道徳判

54、斷的人類(lèi)問(wèn)題。在腦子里把此句換成1=1熟悉的即：While they may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.maybut辯證的句式（作文里可練習(xí)使用，柯帥講過(guò)）more than + n,不止 more than后接名詞，故當(dāng)接動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用doing的形式。reflect反思，思考human problems which

55、involve moral blems這個(gè)名詞前面有定語(yǔ)，后面有定語(yǔ)（“前呼后應(yīng)”），翻譯時(shí)先譯出后定，再譯前 置定語(yǔ)。名詞reflection轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞思考（也可以直譯）難度 28.But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman （單數(shù)的企業(yè)家翻譯成復(fù)數(shù)，不 把“a” 譯岀）is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of r

56、ule是 of conduct in business.譯文，（但是）正像企業(yè)家不應(yīng)該致力于探索商業(yè)領(lǐng)域的行為規(guī)則一樣，科學(xué)家的首要工作也去 思考約束其行為的道德規(guī)范（準(zhǔn)則）。A not C any more than B D 這個(gè)句子的難懂結(jié)構(gòu)是這個(gè)，譯成* A不C, B不D 比較狀語(yǔ)前置后譯成：“正像B不D, A也不C?！?than譯為像。 比蟾primary主要的，首要的；最初的code法規(guī)、規(guī)范，準(zhǔn)則，代碼govern統(tǒng)治，治理，管理，約束A not C any more than B 比起B(yǎng), A一丁點(diǎn)兒也不多。也就是比起B(yǎng), A多不了多少， 即，A與B一樣不多。譯成：A與B樣不C

57、eg; I dont love her any more than you.我不愛(ài)她，你也不愛(ài)她。繼續(xù)推理：not any = no 故A no C more than B也是“A與B一樣不C的意思。no是語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)的。此外，no more than直接接數(shù)字時(shí)（也不是必然的），翻譯成“僅僅，只是”（王飛老師講過(guò)，但他沒(méi)說(shuō)not any = no）拓展;A not C any less than B = A no C less than B A 與 B一樣（褒義詞）B “足 足有，多達(dá)”；A not C any more than B = A no C more than B A 與 B樣不 C A 不 C, B不C”“僅僅”；上面的1.2.是A和B的同級(jí)比較拓展：not less than不低于；不少于not more than不多于；不高于bes叩posed to = be expected to這個(gè)短語(yǔ)若出現(xiàn)在閱讀里，就是作者的情感流露,難度 *29.1 have excluded him / because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with