高考英語(yǔ)大一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語(yǔ)法突破篇 1 句子成分和簡(jiǎn)單句五種基本句型講義

1、第一講 句子成分和簡(jiǎn)單句五種基本句型0102精彩紛呈的8大句子成分主語(yǔ) | 謂語(yǔ) | 賓語(yǔ) | 表語(yǔ) | 定語(yǔ) | 狀語(yǔ) | 補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) | 同位語(yǔ) 各具特色的五種基本句型基本句式一：SV（主+謂）基本句式二：SVP（主+系+表）基本句式三：SVO（主+謂+賓）基本句式四：SVOO（主+謂+間賓+直賓）基本句式五：SVOC（主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)）I. 按要求找出下列句中的句子成分并寫(xiě)在橫線上II. 指出下列句子屬于哪種基本句式III. 用五種基本句式翻譯句子IV. 語(yǔ)法填空V. 短文改錯(cuò)03針對(duì)訓(xùn)練精彩紛呈的8大句子成分一、主語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者或描述說(shuō)明的對(duì)象在句子中，主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。主語(yǔ)

2、一般位于句子開(kāi)頭，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑問(wèn)句、倒裝句、感嘆句等，句子主語(yǔ)也可以位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后；祈使句通常省略主語(yǔ)you。能夠充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的有：名詞(短語(yǔ))、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))、動(dòng)詞不定式(短語(yǔ))和主語(yǔ)從句等。New members will receive extra guidance on Saturday mornings from 9：00 am to 11：00 am. (2017全國(guó)卷書(shū)面表達(dá))每周六上午9點(diǎn)到11點(diǎn)新成員將會(huì)得到額外的指導(dǎo)。(名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ))Mastering a foreign language will be of great help

3、in our life.掌握一門(mén)外語(yǔ)對(duì)我們的生活非常有幫助。(動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ))Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)將在哪里舉行，還沒(méi)有被宣布。(從句作主語(yǔ)) 名師指津當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為從句或不定式短語(yǔ)等時(shí)，為避免頭重腳輕，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)。Its a pity that you wont come to my birthday party.很遺憾你不能參加我的生日晚會(huì)。(代詞it充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句)二、謂語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)謂語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)

4、詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：1簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。He practices running every morning.他每天早晨練習(xí)跑步。(動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ))When he got up at 7：00 am，a big plan occurred to him.他早上七點(diǎn)起床時(shí)，腦海里突然有了個(gè)大計(jì)劃。(動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作謂語(yǔ))2復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)(1)由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。In this exhibition，you can see papercutting with all kinds of patterns.(2017全國(guó)卷書(shū)面表達(dá))在這次展覽中，你可以

5、看到各式各樣的剪紙。(“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞”作謂語(yǔ))It will start from June 15th and last for three weeks.(2016全國(guó)卷書(shū)面表達(dá))(攝影展)將于六月十五日開(kāi)始，持續(xù)三周。(“助動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞”作謂語(yǔ))二、謂語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)(2)由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。Your art skills are excellent and admirable，which leaves me a deep impression.(2016天津卷書(shū)面表達(dá))你的藝術(shù)技能非常優(yōu)秀、令人贊賞，這給我留下了深刻的印象。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)作謂語(yǔ))三、賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者賓語(yǔ)

6、是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))或介詞的后面?？梢杂米髻e語(yǔ)的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和賓語(yǔ)從句等。賓語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：1單賓語(yǔ) Ive already written the application and personal resume.(2016全國(guó)卷書(shū)面表達(dá))我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了申請(qǐng)書(shū)和個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷。(名詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ))I managed to persuade my classmates into accepting my idea.(2015浙江卷書(shū)面表達(dá))我設(shè)法說(shuō)服我的同學(xué)們接受我的想法。(不定式作賓語(yǔ))2雙賓語(yǔ)(間接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ))She ordered herself a

7、new dress.她給自己定了一套新衣裳。(herself為間接賓語(yǔ)；a new dress為直接賓語(yǔ))三、賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者3復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets.醫(yī)生經(jīng)常建議我們多注意飲食。(us為賓語(yǔ)；to pay more attention to our diets 為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))四、表語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)的身份、特征或狀態(tài)表語(yǔ)一般位于系動(dòng)詞之后，用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)。可以用作表語(yǔ)的有：名詞(短語(yǔ))、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式(短語(yǔ))、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句等。Pa

8、percutting is a traditional art form in China.(2017全國(guó)卷書(shū)面表達(dá))剪紙是一種中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)形式。(名詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ))He always kept silent at meeting.他開(kāi)會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。(形容詞作表語(yǔ))五、定語(yǔ)名詞或代詞的修飾語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，漢語(yǔ)中常用“ 的”表示。單個(gè)單詞作定語(yǔ)通常位于被修飾的成分前，而短語(yǔ)或從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，則要放在被修飾的成分之后。 可以用作定語(yǔ)的有：形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句等。The little boy needs a blue

9、 pen.小男孩需要一支藍(lán)色的鋼筆。(形容詞作定語(yǔ))Athletes from our school team have won many gold medals of table tennis contests in recent years.(2017全國(guó)卷書(shū)面表達(dá))最近幾年我們校隊(duì)的運(yùn)動(dòng)員贏得了很多乒乓球比賽的金牌。(介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ) )The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那個(gè)在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買(mǎi)的鋼筆。(定語(yǔ)從句作定語(yǔ) )The temperature today is 8 ，so youd

10、better put on more clothes.今天的氣溫是零下八攝氏度，因此你最好多穿些衣服。(副詞作定語(yǔ))六、狀語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或句子的修飾語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說(shuō)明方式、因果、條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。狀語(yǔ)在句子中的位置很靈活，常見(jiàn)情況為：狀語(yǔ)通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語(yǔ)一般位于句首或句尾。 可以用作狀語(yǔ)的有：副詞、名詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、獨(dú)立主格和從句等。Actually I am very fond of Tang poems.(2017全國(guó)

11、卷書(shū)面表達(dá))實(shí)際上我非常喜歡唐詩(shī)。(副詞作狀語(yǔ)修飾全句)The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母親買(mǎi)的那支鋼筆。(賓語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)則狀語(yǔ)前置)To make his dream come true，Tom becomes very interested in business.為實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想，湯姆變得對(duì)商業(yè)很有興趣。(不定式作狀語(yǔ)修飾全句)七、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中，一些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)需要在其后加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，對(duì)其作進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，這樣意思才能夠完整和明確，該補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)叫做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)及其補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成

12、復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，二者之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的成分叫做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。能夠充當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞等。Well try our best to make our country more and more beautiful.我們將盡全力使我們的國(guó)家越來(lái)越美麗。(形容詞作賓補(bǔ))To his surprise，Jack found his son dressed as Santa Claus on Christmas Eve.使杰克驚訝的是，他發(fā)現(xiàn)兒子在圣誕節(jié)前夜被裝扮成了圣誕老人。(過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ))We were warn

13、ed not to cheat again or she would tell our parents.我們被警告不要再一次作弊，否則她會(huì)通知我們的父母。(不定式作主補(bǔ))八、同位語(yǔ)名詞或代詞的解釋說(shuō)明同位語(yǔ)是一個(gè)名詞(或其他形式)對(duì)另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行解釋或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。可以用作同位語(yǔ)的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和從句等。We students should study hard.我們學(xué)生應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)。(students是we的同位語(yǔ)，都是指學(xué)生)The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能瑪麗

14、生病了。(同位語(yǔ)從句作同位語(yǔ)，解釋說(shuō)明thought)各具特色的五種基本句型英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句式及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句式，是掌握各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。五種基本句式如下：1S V(主謂)2S V P(主系表)3S V O(主謂賓)4S V O O(主謂間賓直賓)5S V O C(主謂賓賓補(bǔ))基本句式一：S V(主謂)該句式常用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其特點(diǎn)為：句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))，能表達(dá)完整的意思，但可以加副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式等作狀語(yǔ)。We will learn from 8：00 am to 10：00 am. (2017全國(guó)卷書(shū)

15、面表達(dá))我們將要從上午8點(diǎn)至10點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)。In order to keep fit，we should exercise regularly.為了保持健康，我們應(yīng)該經(jīng)常鍛煉。基本句式二：S V P(主系表)該句式側(cè)重說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么或怎么樣，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用系動(dòng)詞(主要是be動(dòng)詞)，表語(yǔ)多為形容詞，也可以是名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、動(dòng)名詞等。系動(dòng)詞亦稱連系動(dòng)詞。作為系動(dòng)詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ)，后面必須跟表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。系動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)如下：1狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞。He is a teacher.他是一名教師。2持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保

16、持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep，remain，stay等。This matter remains a mystery.此事仍是一個(gè)謎。3表像系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示“看起來(lái)像”這一概念，主要有seem，appear，look等。He seems (to be) very sad.他看起來(lái)很傷心?；揪涫蕉篠 V P(主系表)4感官系動(dòng)詞感官系動(dòng)詞主要有l(wèi)ook，feel，smell，sound，taste等。This kind of cloth feels very soft.這種布手感很軟。5變化系動(dòng)詞這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become，grow，turn，fall，get

17、，go等。She grew rich within a short time.她沒(méi)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就變富了。6終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove，turn out，表達(dá)“證實(shí)”，“變成”之意。His plan turned out a success.他的計(jì)劃終于成功了?；揪涫蕉篠 V P(主系表) 名師指津使用系動(dòng)詞時(shí)要注意：(1)其后常接形容詞作表語(yǔ)。試比較：The food tastes quite delicious.這種食物品嘗起來(lái)很美味。The chef is tasting the fish carefully.廚師長(zhǎng)正在認(rèn)真品嘗這道魚(yú)。注意：在第一句中，taste作系動(dòng)

18、詞，后面接形容詞作表語(yǔ)。在第二句中，taste作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，可以使用進(jìn)行時(shí)，并且后面接副詞作狀語(yǔ)。(2)英語(yǔ)中某些動(dòng)詞在作系動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；而作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，二者不可混為一談。The apple is tasted good.()The apple tastes good.()注意：因?yàn)閠aste此時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞，“嘗起來(lái)”之意，指的是蘋(píng)果的性質(zhì)，無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?；揪涫饺篠 V O(主謂賓)該句型的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)際意義，都是主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟上一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。有些不及物動(dòng)詞后加介詞構(gòu)成及物動(dòng)詞

19、短語(yǔ)后可以接賓語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。He has refused to help them.他拒絕幫助他們。He admitted that he was mistaken.他承認(rèn)犯了錯(cuò)誤。As an outgoing girl，I get along well with my classmates.作為一個(gè)外向的女孩，我和同學(xué)們相處得很好?；揪涫剿模篠 V O O(主謂間賓直賓)有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)通常一個(gè)指人，為間接賓語(yǔ)；另一個(gè)指物，為直接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般位于直接賓語(yǔ)之前。 一般的順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞間接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)。I showed him my pictures.我給他看了

20、我的照片。She cookedher husbanda delicious meal.她給丈夫做了一頓美餐。He taughtme how to run the machine.他教我如何開(kāi)機(jī)器。 名師指津雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可以用for或to進(jìn)行替換，如上面第一、二句可以改為： I showedmy pictures to him.She cookeda delicious meal for her husband.基本句式五：S V O C(主謂賓賓補(bǔ))該句型的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整。賓語(yǔ)與其補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

21、有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)有以下幾種形式：1名詞/代詞賓格名詞The war madehim a soldier.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士。2名詞/代詞賓格形容詞New methods makethe job easy.新方法使這項(xiàng)工作變得輕松。3名詞/代詞賓格介詞短語(yǔ)I often findhim at work.我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作?；揪涫轿澹篠 V O C(主謂賓賓補(bǔ))該句型的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整。賓語(yǔ)與其補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)有以下幾

22、種形式：4名詞/代詞賓格動(dòng)詞不定式The teacher asked the students to close the windows.老師讓學(xué)生們關(guān)上窗戶。5名詞/代詞賓格現(xiàn)在分詞I sawa cat running across the road.我看見(jiàn)一只貓正跑過(guò)馬路。6名詞/代詞賓格過(guò)去分詞I sawthe boy taken away by two men.我看到這個(gè)男孩被兩個(gè)人帶走了。. 按要求找出下列句中的句子成分并寫(xiě)在橫線上1You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.賓語(yǔ)_2Mr Li is going to teac

23、h us history next term.直接賓語(yǔ)_ ； 間接賓語(yǔ)_3Soon they all became interested in the subject.表語(yǔ)_4The man downstairs was trying to sleep.定語(yǔ)_5The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.定語(yǔ)_your pronunciationhistoryusinteresteddownstairson the motorbike. 按要求找出下列句中的句子成分并寫(xiě)在橫線上6She likes the children to read

24、newspapers and books in the readingroom. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)_7You will find it useful after you leave school.賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)_8Every night he heard the noise upstairs.狀語(yǔ)_9I am afraid that if youve lost it，you must pay for it.狀語(yǔ)_10Carol，an American teacher，will come to our school. 同位語(yǔ)_to read newspapers and booksusefulevery

25、nightif youve lost itan American teacher. 指出下列句子屬于哪種基本句式1To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.2Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.3Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?4The days get longer and longer when summer comes.5My father bought a new b

26、ike for me last week.6They found the house decorated with beautiful flowers.7They arrived here at 10：00 yesterday morning.8The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.AS V (主謂)BS V P(主系表)CS V O (主謂賓)DS V O O(主謂間賓直賓)ES V O C (主謂賓賓補(bǔ))BCEBDEAC. 用五種基本句式翻譯句子1在這種環(huán)境下，師生們正生活快樂(lè)，工作努力。(S V)2在我看來(lái)，一個(gè)沒(méi)有朋友的人永遠(yuǎn)不

27、會(huì)幸福。(S V P)3現(xiàn)在，在中學(xué)課外活動(dòng)正變得越來(lái)越受歡迎。(S V P)4最后，我們應(yīng)該經(jīng)常參加運(yùn)動(dòng)和戶外活動(dòng)。(S V O)In the environment，teachers and students are living happily and working hard.In my opinion，a person without friends will never be happy.Nowadays，afterclass activities are becoming more and more popular in high schools.Finally，we shoul

28、d take part in sports and outdoor activities frequently. 用五種基本句式翻譯句子5同時(shí)，父母給孩子的保護(hù)太多了。(S V O O)6事實(shí)上，他激勵(lì)我在大學(xué)主修英語(yǔ)。 (S V O C)7你們的貢獻(xiàn)將會(huì)使得這次活動(dòng)獲得巨大成功。 (S V O C)8作為一名中學(xué)生，我認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)是一門(mén)非常重要的科目。 (S V O C)At the same time，parents are giving their children too much protection.In fact，he inspired me to major in English

29、in college.Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.As a middle school student，I consider English a very important subject. 語(yǔ)法填空 Scientists have long understood the key role that oceans play in controlling the Earths climate. One of the oceans most important climate 1._ (functi

30、on) is absorbing heat and carbon dioxide (CO2)，one of the gases that cause global warming.2._ (cover) 70% of the surface of the globe，oceans store a thousand times more heat than the atmosphere does. The oceans 3._ (absorb) huge amounts of heat and CO2 in the last forty years. In fact，the oceans are

31、 saving us 4._ faster climate changethey are putting a brake on the climate system.5._ bad news is that the oceans only slow the atmospheric warming. Once the oceans come up against a greenhouse-gas warmed earth，the extreme heat will remain in the atmosphere and things will get much 6._ (hot)functionsCoveringhave absorbedfromThehotter. 語(yǔ)法填空 Another important role 7._ (play) by the oceans is that of distributor. The oceans currents carry oxygen，nutrients (營(yíng)養(yǎng)物) and heat throughout the globe，just 8._ blood tubes bring oxygen and nutritio