英語(yǔ)閱讀理解-主旨大意-大集合

1、2011屆英語(yǔ)閱讀理解專練主旨大意題A.設(shè)題方式.考查文章的中心思想The main idea/key point of this passage is that.The passage is mainly about _.From the passage we can learn/conclude that.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage.考查文章標(biāo)題的選擇The best title/headline for this passage is.Which of the

2、following is the best titleWhat would be the best title for the textThe title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is.考查作者的寫作態(tài)度和意圖What is the author s main purpose in this passageThe writer s purpose in writing this story is.In the passage the author wants to tell.The writer s attitude towa

3、rd . is.B.干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn).以偏概全。干擾項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，也就是文章的局部信息。.斷章取義。干擾項(xiàng)常常以文章中的個(gè)別信息或個(gè)別字眼作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或者以次要的事實(shí) 或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。.主題擴(kuò)大。干擾項(xiàng)所歸納、概括的范圍過(guò)大，超過(guò)文章實(shí)際所討論的內(nèi)容。.張冠李戴。命題者有意地把屬于 A的特征放在B的身上，構(gòu)成一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)。考生不注意的情況下， 會(huì)造成錯(cuò)選答案。.無(wú)中生有或似是而非。有的干擾項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)好像在文章中談到了，但認(rèn)真分析之后你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn) 這類干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無(wú)聯(lián)系。C.解題指導(dǎo).分清主次，抓住主干，找出主題句。主題句是歸納表達(dá)文章中心思想的句子，它的出

4、現(xiàn)有四種情況：1）主題句在開頭？主題句出現(xiàn)在段落或文章的開頭部分，起著開宗明義？點(diǎn)明主題的作用，它可以使讀者一開始就明白文章所講的內(nèi)容主旨？而支撐句則使用一些具體的人、物、數(shù)字或具體的步驟來(lái)闡述或論證主題，常伴有for example . that is first second finally once another time for one thing等詞。2）主題句在結(jié)尾?用歸納法寫的文章, 其結(jié)構(gòu)是表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子放在前面, 概述性的句子放在后面, 并以此而結(jié)尾, 所以結(jié)尾的句子起著總結(jié)歸納?畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用，多伴有so thereforethus in short asa result

5、that is why 等詞。3）考生可以快速瀏覽每段首尾兩句來(lái)確定每段的主題句，從而確定文章的主題句?！究祭治?】 Every day we experience one of the wonders of the world around us without evenrealizing it. It is not the amazing complexity of television. Nor the impressive technology of transport. The universal wonder we share and experience is our abil

6、ity to make noises with our mouths, and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each other s minds. This ability comes so naturally that we tend to forget what a miracle （奇跡） it is.This passage is mainly about.（2010 江西卷 E -節(jié)選自文章第一段）the development of body languagethe special role humans play in naturethe

7、power to convey information to othersthe difference between humans and animals in language use【考例分析2】 My few minutes with Mr. Galbreath changed mylife. NowI try to treat everyone withrespect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity.What is the me

8、ssage mainly expressed in the story（2010 年重慶卷 A篇-節(jié)選自文章最后一段）We should learn to be generous.It is honorable to help those in need.People in high positions are not like what we expect.We should avoid judging people by their appearances.【考例分析3】 Weoften don t remember things as well when we re trying to

9、manage several detailsat the same time. Without mental focus, we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in, so it never makes it into our memorystores. That is one of the main reasons we forget people s nameseven sometimes right after they have introduced themselves. Multitasking can

10、 also affect our relationships. If someone checks their e-mail while on the phone with a friend, they may come off as absent-minded or disinterested. It can also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them.What is the main idea of the passage（2010 年浙江卷 C 篇-節(jié)選自文章最后一段

11、）Multitasking has become a way of life.Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline.Multitasking exercises need to be improved.Multitasking enables people to remember things better.4）值得注意的是: 有些文章和段落無(wú)明顯的主題句 , 只是暗示性地體現(xiàn)主題?這就要求考生在閱讀過(guò)程中 , 根據(jù)文章中所敘述的事實(shí)或提供的線索來(lái)概括和總結(jié)文章的大意 ?2. 理清層次關(guān)系 , ，選出最佳標(biāo)題標(biāo)題是文章中心思想的精練表達(dá),

12、 多為一個(gè)名詞詞組，短小明了 , 函蓋性強(qiáng)?做這類題目時(shí), 要在閱讀全文的基礎(chǔ)上, 把握好層次關(guān)系。注意選項(xiàng)的歸納范圍要恰如其分, 干擾項(xiàng)往往是局部信息，是某一小節(jié)或文章里的某一句。所以我們?cè)诮忸}時(shí)要反復(fù)推敲，把概括范圍過(guò)窄或過(guò)寬的選項(xiàng)過(guò)濾掉?！究祭治?】 When you re lying on the white sands of the Mexican Riviera, the stresses（壓力 ）of the world seem a million miles away. Hey, stop! This is no vacation-you have to finish so

13、mething! 49. What would be the best title for the text（ 2010 年全國(guó)卷 II B 篇- 節(jié)選自文章第一段）A Adventures in Travel Writing B Working as a Food CriticC Travel Guides on the Market D Vacationing for a Living【考例分析5 】 Too much TV-watching can harm children s ability to learn and even reduce theirchances of getti

14、ng a college degree, newstudies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.What would be the best title for this text（2010 年遼寧卷 C篇-節(jié)選自文章第一段）Computers or TelevisionEffects of Television on ChildrenStudies on TV and College EducationTelevision and Childrens Learning

15、Habits【考例分析6 】 To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human.Common sense is not all that common.Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuseThese three popular misquotes（ 戲謔的引語(yǔ) ）are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about human nature . To err, or to make mist

16、akes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most people don t want to accept the responsibility for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do. The original quote about human nature went like this: ” To err is human, to forgive, divine（ 神圣的 ）. ” This saying mirrors an ideal: peo

17、ple should be forgiving of others mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the oppositefind someone else to pass the blame on to. However, takingresponsibility for something that went wrong is a making of great maturity.What would be the best title for his passage（2010 年天津卷 D篇-節(jié)選自文章第一部分）A. A Mirror of Human

18、 Nature B. To Blame or to ForgiveC. A Mark of Maturity D. Truth or Excuse3.抓住關(guān)鍵詞，判斷作者意圖作者在描述事實(shí)或傳遞信息時(shí)，不管他的意圖是什么，其觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度都不可避免地在文章中反映出來(lái)？常見的涉及到作者態(tài)度的詞有褒義類詞( approving, positive, optimistic,等)，貶義類詞(critical,pessimistic, doubtful, questioning)和中性類詞 (indifferent, serious, objective, concerned,neutral)。這就要求考生

19、在閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意文章的措辭，尤其注意那些表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞如improving, encouraging, disappointing, fail, ignore等，以及作者對(duì)人物語(yǔ)言 ？行為和思想的描寫，從中領(lǐng)悟作者的寫作意圖和態(tài)度？【考例分析 7 The world of make-believe is not necessarily bad. But when the world of fantasybecomes the only outlet( 出路)for our sense of wonder, then we are really missing something. We

20、are missing a connection with the living world. Other wonderful worlds exist all around us. But even more interesting is that if we look closely enough, we can see that these worlds, in a broad sense, are really part of our own.(2010 年重慶卷 E篇-節(jié)選自文章第一段)What is the main purpose of the passageTo show us

21、 the hidden beauty in our world.To warn us not to get lost in the fantasy world.To argue against the misuse of the sense of wonder.To discuss the influence of the world of make-believe.4.小結(jié)：總之，主旨大意類題雖然綜合性強(qiáng)，對(duì)考生的能力要求較高，但只要我們掌握了一定的解題 技巧，在讀懂讀透文章的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)對(duì)比四個(gè)備選項(xiàng)之間的內(nèi)涵與外延之間的差異，定能準(zhǔn)確地找出正 確答案。在高考閱讀理解中，主題概括類試題的考

22、查占有十分重要的位置。掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意也是英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和考試說(shuō)明對(duì)考生的基本要求之一。只有通過(guò)閱讀掌握了文章的主題，才能正確理解文 章，進(jìn)而根據(jù)文章的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)推測(cè)作者的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考實(shí)踐，這類題目考察的范圍是：基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn) 用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。選擇“主題”旨在考查考生是否掌握了所讀文章的主要內(nèi)容或主旨,通常用詞、短語(yǔ)或句子來(lái)概括。常見 的提問(wèn)方式有：What is the main / ge

23、neral idea of this textWhat is mainly discussed in this passageWhat is the text mainly aboutThis text mainly tells us.This passage mainly deals with.The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as.選擇“標(biāo)題”則是讓考生給所讀的文章選擇一個(gè)合適的標(biāo)題。通常標(biāo)題由一個(gè)名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，用詞 簡(jiǎn)短、精練。常見的提問(wèn)方式有：What would be the best title for t

24、he textWhich of the following is the best / most suitable title for this textThe best / most suitable title for this text would be.The topic of this passage is.不管是選擇“主題”還是選擇“標(biāo)題”，實(shí)質(zhì)上都是要求考生從整體上理解語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，找出貫穿語(yǔ)篇的主線；不管是何種體裁的文章，總是圍繞一個(gè)主題來(lái)展開的。在試題設(shè)計(jì)上，3個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)內(nèi)容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要內(nèi)容，需要注意甄別。 下面具體分析此類題目的解題技巧：一、段落及文章

25、整體的主題大意的理解解這類試題應(yīng)根據(jù)以下幾個(gè)步驟，掌握此類題的解題技巧：1.尋找主題句，確定文章主題在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說(shuō)明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過(guò)尋找短文的主題句來(lái)歸納出 文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開頭、中間、結(jié)尾（含在開頭結(jié)尾同時(shí)出現(xiàn)、首尾 呼應(yīng)的主題句）。因此仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主題概括類試題多采用瀏覽法 （skimming）, 一般不需逐句閱讀，只需選讀文章的首段、尾段或每段的首句和尾句，重點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和 主題信息。主題句呈現(xiàn)的形式有：1）文首開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)解釋、支持或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。即演繹法

26、寫作方 式。如：Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines, say UK researchers.Their study found that theobromine, found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present.The Impe

27、rial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment.While coughing is not necessarily harmful （有害的）it can have a major effect on the quality of life, and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this proble

28、m,“ said Professor Peter Barnes.Ten healthy volunteers （志愿者）were given theobromine, codeine or placebo, a pill that contains no medicine, during the experiment. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill. The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin, which is used i

29、n research to cause coughing and as a sign of how well the medicine is stopping coughs.The team found that, when the volunteers were given theobromine, the capsaicin needed to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they need only slightly hi

30、gher levels of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a nerve activity （神經(jīng)活動(dòng) ）, whichcauses coughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments, theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness.（2008 全國(guó)卷

31、 II D 篇 ）a. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. Codeine: A New Medicine B. Chocolate May Cure CoughsC. Cough Treatment: A Hard Case B. Theobromine Can Cause Coughs文尾歸納要點(diǎn)，提出建議，以概括主題。即歸納法寫作方式。如：A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild

32、animal, butit is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage;it makes a man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because hecan do so many differentthings with his limbs. Man s games show how he can control his own body.No othe

33、r land creature can swim as skillfully as man; none has such varied grace; very few liveas long as he; none is so strong in itsnatural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.文中。通常前面只提出問(wèn)題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文

34、中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋、支持或發(fā)展。如：Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are sohelpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight

35、 in hand;a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.首尾呼應(yīng)。為突出主題，作者先提出主題 , 結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題，這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方式較為多見。但前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)，后面的表述往往有進(jìn)一步引申或發(fā)展的意味。如：（首段） Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes,“It was seeing people withsnakes bites that led me to the career. She

36、said （尾段）“ The sad story touched meso much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. ” Shu said.無(wú)主題句， 即主題句隱含在全文中， 沒有明確的主題句， 必須根據(jù)文中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行全面考慮、綜合分析，然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時(shí)過(guò)于寬泛，要恰如其分。如：b. Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decide

37、d to leave his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and,later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently acorporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.b. What is the main idea of the passageA. How Joshua Bin

38、gham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student.Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.A good lawyer needs good education.除了以上主題句呈現(xiàn)的常見形式外還要注意標(biāo)志詞。文章或段落的主題句常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在一些標(biāo)志性的提示后。 如： on the whole, as a result , in short , therefore , thus I agree with the opinion that ; Given all these points

39、above, I would support the idea that ；For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer.2.抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想尋找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。各段落中心句的整體歸納便是文章的中 心思想。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，考生不能只依據(jù)只言片語(yǔ)，或光看文章的某些段落，而應(yīng)觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排； 理解文章濃墨重筆寫的“重心”；考慮文章的組織材料及支持性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)于什么的；分析故事的發(fā)展結(jié) 局都是圍繞什么內(nèi)容來(lái)表達(dá)的；最后用簡(jiǎn)明扼要的文字將文章的中心思想表達(dá)出來(lái)。如：There are thr

40、ee separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power.First, the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power station.Although the power stations themselves are strongly built, the containers us for the transportof the materials are not. Normally, only two

41、methods of transport are in use, namely road or rail. Unfortunately, both of these may have an effect on the general public, since they are sure to pass near, or even through, heavily populated areas.Second, there is the problem of waste. All nuclear power stations produce wastes that in mostcases w

42、ill remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is impossible to make these wastes nonradioactive, and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have invented. For example, they may be buried under the ground, or dropped into deserted mines, or sunk in the sea. However

43、, these methods do not solve the problem, since an earthquake could easily break the containers.Third, there may occur the danger of a leak （泄漏）or an explosion at the power station. As with the other two dangers, this is not very likely, so it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear prog

44、ram. However, it can happen.Separately, these three types of dangers are not a great cause for worry. Taken together, though, the probability of disaster is extremely high.c: What is the passage aboutA. Uses of nuclear power.B. Dangers from nuclear power.Public anger at nuclear power.Accidents cause

45、d by nuclear power.3.抓住文章主線和關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，歸納文章中心不是所有的段落都有主題句，有時(shí)主題句暗含在句中。閱讀這樣的文章，就需要自己根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。方法是：先弄清該段落主要講了那幾方面內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi) 容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納，形成主題。如：The Queen s English is now sounding less upper-class, a scientific study of the Queen s Christmas broadcasts has found. Researchers have studie

46、d each of her messages to the Commonwealthcountries since 1952 to find out the change in her pronunciation from the noble Upper Received to the Standard Received.Jonathan Harrington, a professor at Germany s University of Munich, wanted to discoverwhether accent （口音）changes recorded over the past ha

47、lf century would take place within one person. As far as I know, there just is nobody else for whom there is this sort of broadcast records, “ he said.He said the noble way of pronouncing vowels （元音）had gradually lost ground as the nobleupper-class accent over the past years. Her accent sounds sligh

48、tly less noble than it did 50years ago. But these are very, very small and slow changes that we don t notice from year to “ year.“We may be able to relate it to changes in the social classes,“ he told The Daily Telegraph,a British newspaper.In 1952 she would have been heard saying thet men in the bl

49、eck het .Now it would be that man in the black hat . And hamS rather thanhomS . In the 1950sshe would have been lorst , but by the 1970slost .”The Queen s broadcast is a personal message to the Commonwealth countries. Each Christmas, the10-minute broadcast is put on TV at 3 pm in Britain as many fam

50、ilies are recovering from their traditional turkey lunch（傳統(tǒng)火雞午餐）.The results were published （發(fā)表）in theJournal of Phonetics.（2008全國(guó)卷II B 篇）What is the text mainly about. The relationship between accents and social classes. The Queen s Christmas speeches on TV. The changes in a person s accent.The rec

51、ent development of the English language.二、文章標(biāo)題的選擇或擬定要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮這句話或短語(yǔ)與文章主題是否有密切的聯(lián)系；再看它對(duì)文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何；要注意題目是過(guò)大還是過(guò)小；要避免下列三種錯(cuò)誤：概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太?。?；過(guò)度概括（多表現(xiàn) 為人為擴(kuò)大范圍）；以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象概括的大意。要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，還需要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方式。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，標(biāo)題的擬定方式是：以話題為核心，將控制性概念的詞按一定的語(yǔ)法濃縮為概括主題句句意或中心思想的詞組。比如某一文章的中心句子為： Coffee is a universal

52、drink that is served in different ways around the world.話題：Coffee控制性概念： is a universal drink that is served in different ways around the world標(biāo)題：Coffee Around the World例：2008年高考英語(yǔ)山東卷 B篇Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert （ 警報(bào) ） system using text messag

53、es delivered to cell phones.Text messages have been popular in recent years, particularly among young people. The wireless industry s trade association, CTIA, estimates （估計(jì)） more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, a 2006

54、federal law that requires improvements to the nations emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission （FCC） with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.“ The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and othermo

55、bile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves andtheir families before, and during, disasters and other emergencies, ” FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said, following approval of the plan.Pa

56、rticipation in the alert system by carriers telecommunications companies is voluntary, butit has received support from the wireless industry.The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.There would be three different types of messages, accordi

57、ng to the rules.The first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a natural disaster. The second would involve “ approaching threats ” , which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be for child abduction （ 綁架 ）

58、emergencies, or so-called Amber Alerts.The service could be in place by 2010.Which of the following would be the best title for the textCell Phone Alerts Protecting StudentsCell Phone Alerts by Wireless Industry C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soona.答案：B。本文開篇就道

59、明了主題：巧克力中的某種成分可以治療咳嗽，下文始終圍繞這個(gè)主題來(lái)展開說(shuō)明。 分析 此文沒有主題句。全篇共四句，只陳述了四個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)性的事實(shí)。因此就答案本身看個(gè)個(gè)都對(duì)。讀者只能將所有的細(xì)節(jié)( details )綜合起來(lái)進(jìn)行邏輯推理，才能構(gòu)成一個(gè)沒有言明的主題思想(unstatedmain idea)。由于文中主要涉及了 Joshua Bingham接受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：Joshua Bingham接受過(guò)良好的教育，所以答案是C。主題分析：第一段There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nucle

60、arpower.為文章的主題句。接著從三個(gè)方面論述主題：First，Second，Third，段首第一句分別為各段的主題句，層次分明，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，最后一段進(jìn)一步歸納全文大意： Dangers from nuclear power 。故 答案為 B。d.答案：C。文章第一段就提到自從1952年以來(lái)研究者就測(cè)試The Queen s English 的口音變化；接下來(lái)文章第二段就說(shuō)到這種測(cè)試的全面性和客觀性；第三段和第四段舉例說(shuō)明這種口音變化的特點(diǎn)。由以上不難分析出文章是針對(duì)一個(gè)人的口音在半世紀(jì)前后的變化及分析寫的，所以 C 最恰當(dāng)。e.答案：D。主旨大意題。第一段開門見山，提出將創(chuàng)建一個(gè)全國(guó)性的短