機(jī)床數(shù)控化改造外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯

1、 外文資料First, CNC of the need for transformation1.1, microscopic view of the necessity ofFrom the micro perspective, CNC machine tools than traditional machines havethe following prominent superiority, and these advantages are from the NC systemincludes computer power.1.1.1 can be processed by convent

2、ional machining is not the curve, surfaceand other complex partsBecause computers are superb computing power can be accurately calculatedinstantaneous each coordinate axis movement exercise should be instantaneous, it cancompound into complex curves and surfaces.1.1.2 automated processing can be ach

3、ieved, but also flexible automation toincrease machine efficiency than traditional 3 to 7 times.Because computers are memory and storage capacity, can be imported and storedprocedures remember down, and then click procedural requirements to implement theorder automatically to achieve automation. CNC

4、 machine tool as a replacementprocedures, we can achieve another work piece machining automation, so that singlepieces and small batch production can be automated, it has been called flexibleautomation.1.1.3 high precision machining parts, the size dispersion of small, easy toassemble, no longer nee

5、ded repair.1.1.4 processes can be realized more focused, in part to reduce the frequentremoval machine.1.1.5 have automatic alarm, automatic control, automatic compensation,and other self-regulatory functions, thus achieving long unattended processing.1.1.6 derived from the benefits of more than fiv

6、e.Such as: reducing the labor intensity of the workers, save the labor force (one can look after more than one machine), a decrease of tooling, shorten Trial Productionof a new product cycle and the production cycle, the market demand for quickresponse, and so on.These advantages are our predecessor

7、s did not expect, is a very majorbreakthrough. In addition, CNC machine tools or the FMC (Flexible ManufacturingCell), FMS (flexible manufacturing system) and CIMS (Computer IntegratedManufacturing System), and other enterprises, the basis of information transformation.NC manufacturing automation te

8、chnology has become the core technology and basictechnology.1.2, the macro view of the necessityFrom a macro perspective, the military industrial developed countries, themachinery industry, in the late 1970s, early 1980s, has begun a large-scale applicationof CNC machine tools. Its essence is the us

9、e of information technology on thetraditional industries (including the military, the Machinery Industry) fortechnological transformation. In addition to the manufacturing process used in CNCmachine tools, FMC, FMS, but also included in the product development in theimplementation of CAD, CAE, CAM,

10、virtual manufacturing and productionmanagement in the implementation of the MIS (Management Information System),CIMS, and so on. And the products that they produce an increase in informationtechnology, including artificial intelligence and other content. As the use ofinformation technology to foreig

11、n forces, the depth of Machinery Industry (referred toas information technology), and ultimately makes their products in the internationalmilitary and civilian products on the market competitiveness of much stronger. Andwe in the information technology to transform traditional industries than about

12、20years behind developed countries. Such as possession of machine tools in China, theproportion of CNC machine tools (CNC rate) in 1995 to only 1.9 percent, while Japanin 1994 reached 20.8 percent, every year a large number of imports of mechanical andelectrical products. This also explains the macr

13、o CNC transformation of the need.Second, CNC machine tools and production lines of the transformation ofthe market 2.1, CNC transformation of the marketMy current machine total more than 380 million units, of which only the totalnumber of CNC machine tool 113,400 Taiwan, or that Chinas CNC rate of l

14、ess than 3percent. Over the past 10 years, Chinas annual output of about 0.6 CNC machinetools to 0.8 million units, an annual output value of about 1.8 billion yuan. CNCmachine tools annual rate of 6 per cent. Chinas machine tool easements over age 10account for more than 60% below the 10 machines,

15、automatic / semi-automaticmachine less than 20 per cent, FMC / FMS, such as a handful more automatedproduction line (the United States and Japan automatic and semi-automatic machine,60 percent above). This shows that we the majority of manufacturing industries andenterprises of the production, proce

16、ssing equipment is the great majority of traditionalmachine tools, and more than half of military age is over 10 years old machine.Processing equipment used by the prevalence of poor quality products, less variety,low-grade, high cost, supply a long period, in view of the international and domesticm

17、arkets, lack of competitiveness, and a direct impact on a companys products,markets, efficiency and impact The survival and development of enterprises.Therefore, we must vigorously raise the rate of CNC machine tools.2.2, import equipment and production lines of the transformation of NCmarketSince C

18、hinas reform and opening up, many foreign enterprises from theintroduction of technology, equipment and production lines for technologicaltransformation. According to incomplete statistics, from 1979 to 1988 10, theintroduction of technological transformation projects are 18,446, about 16.58 billion

19、US dollars.These projects, the majority of projects in Chinas economic construction play adue role. Some, however, the introduction of projects due to various reasons, notequipment or normal operation of the production line, and even paralyzed, and theeffectiveness of enterprises affected by serious

20、 enterprise is in trouble. Some of theequipment, production lines introduced from abroad, the digestion and absorption ofsome bad, spare parts incomplete, improper maintenance, poor operating results; only pay attention to the introduction of some imported the equipment, apparatus,production lines,

21、ignore software, technology, and management, resulting in itemsintegrity, and potential equipment can not play, but some can not even start running,did not play due role, but some production lines to sell the products very well, but notbecause of equipment failure production standards; because some

22、high energyconsumption, low pass rate products incur losses, but some have introduced a longertime, and the need for technological upgrading. Some of the causes of the equipmentdid not create wealth, but consumption of wealth.These can not use the equipment, production lines is a burden, but also a

23、numberof significant assets in stock, wealth is repaired. As long as identifying the maintechnical difficulties, and solve key technical problems, we can minimize theinvestment and make the most of their assets in stock, gain the greatest economic andsocial benefits. This is a great transformation o

24、f the market.Third, NC transformation of the content and gifted missing3.1, the rise of foreign trade reformIn the United States, Japan and Germany and other developed countries, andtheir machine transform ation as new economic growth sector, the business scene, isin a golden age. The machine, as we

25、ll as technology continues to progress, is amachine of the eternal issue. Chinas machine tool industry transformation, but alsofrom old industries to enter the CNC technology mainly to the new industries. In theUnited States, Japan, Germany, with CNC machine tools and technologicaltransformation of

26、production lines vast market, has formed a CNC machine tools andproduction lines of the new industry. In the United States, transforming machine toolindustry as renewable (Remanufacturing) industry. Renewable industry in the famouscompanies: Borsches engineering company, atoms machine tool company,D

27、evlieg-Bullavd (Bo) services group, US equipment companies. Companies in theUnited States-run companies in China. In Japan, the machine tool industrytransformation as machine modification (Retrofitting) industry. Conversion industryin the famous companies: Okuma engineering group, Kong 3 Machinery C

28、ompany,Chiyoda Engineering Company, Nozaki engineering company, Hamada engineering companies, Yamamoto Engineering Company.3.2, the content of NCMachine tools and production line NC transformation main contents of thefollowing:One is the restoration of the original features of the machine tools, pro

29、ductionline of the fault diagnosis and recovery; second NC, in the ordinary machine augendssignificant installations, or additions to NC system, transformed into NC machinetools, CNC machine tools; its Third, renovation, to improve accuracy, efficiency andthe degree of automation, mechanical, electr

30、ical part of the renovation, re-assembly ofmechanical parts processing, restore the original accuracy of their productionrequirements are not satisfied with the latest CNC system update; Fourth, thetechnology updates or technical innovation, to enhance performance or grades, or forthe use of new tec

31、hnology, new technologies, based on the original technology forlarge-scale update or technological innovation, and more significantly raise the level,and grades of upgrading.3.3, NC transformation of the gifted missing3.3.1 reduce the amount of investment, shorter delivery timeCompared with the purc

32、hase of new machine, the general can save 60% to 80%of the costs and transforming low-cost. Especially for large, special machine toolsparticularly obvious. General transformation of large-scale machine, spent only thecost of the new machine purchase 1 / 3, short delivery time. But some specialcircu

33、mstances, such as high-speed spindle, automatic tray switching systems and theproduction of the installation costs too costly and often raise the cost of 2 to 3 timescompared with the purchase of new machine, only about 50 percent of savingsinvestment.3.3.2 stable and reliable mechanical properties,

34、 structure limitedBy the use of bed, column, and other basic items are heavy and solid castingcomponents, rather than kind of welding components of the machine after thehigh-performance, quality, and can continue to use the new equipment for many years.But by the mechanical structure of the original

35、 restrictions, it is not appropriate to the transformation of a breakthrough.3.3.3 become familiar with the equipment, ease of operation andmaintenanceThe purchase of new equipment, new equipment do not know whether to meetthe processing requirements. Transformation is not, can be used to calculate

36、themachine processing capacity; In addition, since the use of many years, the operator ofthe machine has long been understood that in the operation, use and maintenance ofthe training time is short, quick. Transformation of the machine tools installed, we canachieve full load operation.3.3.4 can tak

37、e full advantage of the existing conditionsTake full advantage of the existing foundation, not like buying new equipment asnecessary to build a foundation.3.3.5 can be used as control technologyAccording to the development speed of technological innovation and in a timelymanner increased level of au

38、tomation in production equipment and efficiency,improve the quality of equipment and grades, and the old machine will be replaced bythe current level of machine.Fourth, the main steps of CNC machine tools4.1, for the determination of transformationThrough analysis of the feasibility of transforming

39、the future, we can against aTaiwan or a few machines determine the current status of reform programmes, whichare generally include:4.1.1 mechanical and electrical repair of combiningGenerally speaking, the need for a transformation of the electrical machine, aresubject to mechanical repairs. Repairs

40、 to determine the requirements, scope, contentmust be decided by electrical machinery required to transform the structure of therequest; transformation to determine electrical and mechanical repair, alterationbetween the staggered time requirements. The mechanical properties of intactelectrical tran

41、sform the basis of success.4.1.2 easy first, and to the overall situation after the first local The removal of the original system must control the original drawings, carefully,to make drawings in a timely manner marked to prevent the demolition or omission(of local circumstances). In the process of

42、 demolition will discover some new systemdesign in the gaps, and that should be promptly added, removed and parts of thesystem should be disaggregated, safekeeping, in case of failure or partial failurereinstated. There is a definite value, and can be used for spare parts for other machines.Must not

43、 extravagantly used and misplaced.4.2 reasonable arrangements for a new location and routing systemUnder the new system design drawings and reasonable new systemconfigurations, including fixed box, panel installation, alignments, and the fixedposition adjustment components, sealing and necessary, su

44、ch as decoration.Connection must be a clear division of work, it was reviewed inspection to ensureconnectivity of norms, diameter appropriate, accurate, reliable handsome.4.3 DebuggingCommissioning must be identified in advance by the steps and requirements.Debugging should be cool-headed, keep reco

45、rds, in order to identify a nd solveproblems. Commissioning of the first test sensitivity security protection systems toprevent physical, equipment accidents. Debugging the scene must be cleaned, nosuperfluous items; coordinates extension units in the campaign centre of the wholetrip; empty can test

46、, first empty after loading; can simulate the test, after the first realdynamic simulation; can manually the upper hand After moving automatically.4.4, acceptance and post-workAcceptance of the work to employ the staff to join, has been developed inaccordance with the acceptance criteria. The transf

47、ormation of the late work is alsovery important, it is conducive to enhancing the level of technical projects andequipment as soon as possible so that production. Acceptance and post include:4.4.1 machine mechanical properties acceptanceAfter mechanical repairs and maintenance as well as a full tran

48、sformation, themechanical properties of the machine tools should meet the requirement, in thegeometric accuracy should be within the limits prescribed. 4.4.2 electrical control function and control accuracy acceptanceElectrical control the various functions of action must be normal, sensitive andrel

49、iable. Application control accuracy of the system itself functions (such as steppingdimensions, etc.) and standard measurement apparatus (such as laser interferometer,coordinate measurement machines) inspection, the scope of accuracy achieved. At thesame time also and the transformation of the forme

50、r machine tool accuracy of thevarious functions and to contrast, poor access to quantifiable indicators.4.4.3 specimen cutting AcceptanceYou can refer to the CNC machine tool cutting at home and abroad specimenstandards, qualified operatives, with the programming staff to test cutting. Acceptancespe

51、cimen cutting machine stiffness can be cutting, noise, trajectory, and other relatedactions, the general should not be used for product components specimen use.4.4.4 drawings, information acceptanceMachine transformation of the latter should be timely drawings (includingschematics, layout plans, wir

52、ing diagram, ladder diagram, etc.), information(including various brochures), the transformation of files (including thetransformation before and after the various records) summary, collating, transfer tostall. Maintain data integrity, effective, continuous, and that the future stability of theequip

53、ment running is very important.4.4.5 summing up, enhancingAfter the end of each should be promptly summed up, helps improve theoperational level of technical personnel, but also conducive to the whole enterprisetechnical progress. 中文譯文一、機(jī)床數(shù)控化改造的必要性1.1、微觀看改造的必要性從微觀上看，數(shù)控機(jī)床比傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床有以下突出的優(yōu)越性，而且這些優(yōu)越性均來自數(shù)控系統(tǒng)

54、所包含的計算機(jī)的威力。1.1.1 可以加工出傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床加工不出來的曲線、曲面等復(fù)雜的零件。由于計算機(jī)有高超的運(yùn)算能力，可以瞬時準(zhǔn)確地計算出每個坐標(biāo)軸瞬時應(yīng)該運(yùn)動的運(yùn)動量，因此可以復(fù)合成復(fù)雜的曲線或曲面。1.1.2 可以實(shí)現(xiàn)加工的自動化，而且是柔性自動化，從而效率可比傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床提高37 倍。由于計算機(jī)有記憶和存儲能力，可以將輸入的程序記住和存儲下來，然后按程序規(guī)定的順序自動去執(zhí)行，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)自動化。數(shù)控機(jī)床只要更換一個程序，就可實(shí)現(xiàn)另一工件加工的自動化，從而使單件和小批生產(chǎn)得以自動化，故被稱為實(shí)現(xiàn)了柔性自動化。1.1.3 加工零件的精度高，尺寸分散度小，使裝配容易，不再需要修配。1.1.4 可實(shí)現(xiàn)多工

55、序的集中，減少零件 在機(jī)床間的頻繁搬運(yùn)。1.1.5 擁有自動報警、自動監(jiān)控、自動補(bǔ)償?shù)榷喾N自律功能，因而可實(shí)現(xiàn)長時間無人看管加工。1.1.6 由以上五條派生的好處。如：降低了工人的勞動強(qiáng)度，節(jié)省了勞動力（一個人可以看管多臺機(jī)床），減少了工裝，縮短了新產(chǎn)品試制周期和生產(chǎn)周期，可對市場需求作出快速反應(yīng)等等。以上這些優(yōu)越性是前人想象不到的，是一個極為重大的突破。此外，機(jī)床數(shù)控化還是推行 FMC（柔性制造單元）、FMS（柔性制造系統(tǒng)）以及 CIMS（計算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)）等企業(yè)信息化改造的基礎(chǔ)。數(shù)控技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為制造業(yè)自動化的核心技術(shù)和基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)。1.2、宏觀看改造的必要性從宏觀上看，工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家的軍、民機(jī)

56、械工業(yè)，在 70 年代末、80 年代初已開始大規(guī)模應(yīng)用數(shù)控機(jī)床。其本質(zhì)是，采用信息技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)（包括軍、民機(jī) 械工業(yè)）進(jìn)行技術(shù)改造。除在制造過程中采用數(shù)控機(jī)床、FMC、FMS 外，還包括在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)中推行 CAD、CAE、CAM、虛擬制造以及在生產(chǎn)管理中推行 MIS（管理信息系統(tǒng)）、CIMS 等等。以及在其生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品中增加信息技術(shù)，包括人工智能等的含量。由于采用信息技術(shù)對國外軍、民機(jī)械工業(yè)進(jìn)行深入改造（稱之為信息化），最終使得他們的產(chǎn)品在國際軍品和民品的市場上競爭力大為增強(qiáng)。而我們在信息技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)方面比發(fā)達(dá)國家約落后 20 年。如我國機(jī)床擁有量中，數(shù)控機(jī)床的比重（數(shù)控化率）到1995 年

57、只有 1.9，而日本在 1994 年已達(dá) 20.8，因此每年都有大量機(jī)電產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口。這也就從宏觀上說明了機(jī)床數(shù)控化改造的必要性。二、機(jī)床與生產(chǎn)線數(shù)控化改造的市場2.1、機(jī)床數(shù)控化改造的市場我國目前機(jī)床總量 380 余萬臺，而其中數(shù)控機(jī)床總數(shù)只有 11.34 萬臺，即我國機(jī)床數(shù)控化率不到 3。近 10 年來，我國數(shù)控機(jī)床年產(chǎn)量約為 0.60.8 萬臺，年產(chǎn)值約為 18 億元。機(jī)床的年產(chǎn)量數(shù)控化率為 6。我國機(jī)床役齡 10 年以上的占 60以上；10 年以下的機(jī)床中，自動/半自動機(jī)床不到 20，F(xiàn)MC/FMS 等自動化生產(chǎn)線更屈指可數(shù)（美國和日本自動和半自動機(jī)床占 60以上）。可見我們的大多數(shù)制造行

58、業(yè)和企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)、加工裝備絕大數(shù)是傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)床，而且半數(shù)以上是役齡在 10 年以上的舊機(jī)床。用這種裝備加工出來的產(chǎn)品普遍存在質(zhì)量差、品種少、檔次低、成本高、供貨期長，從而在國際、國內(nèi)市場上缺乏競爭力，直接影響一個企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品、市場、效益，影響企業(yè)的生存和發(fā)展。所以必須大力提高機(jī)床的數(shù)控化率。2.2、進(jìn)口設(shè)備和生產(chǎn)線的數(shù)控化改造市場我國自改革開放以來，很多企業(yè)從國外引進(jìn)技術(shù)、設(shè)備和生產(chǎn)線進(jìn)行技術(shù)改造。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計，從 19791988 年 10 年間，全國引進(jìn)技術(shù)改造項目就有 18446項，大約 165.8 億美元。這些項目中，大部分項目為我國的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)發(fā)揮了應(yīng)有的作用。但是有的引進(jìn)項目由于種種原因，

59、設(shè)備或生產(chǎn)線不能正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，甚至癱瘓，使企業(yè)的效益受到影響，嚴(yán)重的使企業(yè)陷入困境。一些設(shè)備、生產(chǎn)線從國外引進(jìn)以后，有的消化吸收不好，備件不全，維護(hù)不當(dāng)，結(jié)果運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不良；有的引進(jìn)時只注意引進(jìn)設(shè)備、 儀器、生產(chǎn)線，忽視軟件、工藝、管理等，造成項目不完整，設(shè)備潛力不能發(fā)揮；有的甚至不能啟動運(yùn)行，沒有發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的作用；有的生產(chǎn)線的產(chǎn)品銷路很好，但是因?yàn)樵O(shè)備故障不能達(dá)產(chǎn)達(dá)標(biāo)；有的因?yàn)槟芎母?、產(chǎn)品合格率低而造成虧損；有的已引進(jìn)較長時間，需要進(jìn)行技術(shù)更新。種種原因使有的設(shè)備不僅沒有創(chuàng)造財富，反而消耗著財富。這些不能使用的設(shè)備、生產(chǎn)線是個包袱，也是一批很大的存量資產(chǎn)，修好了就是財富。只要找出主要的技術(shù)難點(diǎn)，解決關(guān)鍵

60、技術(shù)問題，就可以最小的投資盤活最大的存量資產(chǎn)，爭取到最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會效益。這也是一個極大的改造市場。三、數(shù)控化改造的內(nèi)容及優(yōu)缺3.1、國外改造業(yè)的興起在美國、日本和德國等發(fā)達(dá)國家，它們的機(jī)床改造作為新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長行業(yè)，生意盎然，正處在黃金時代。由于機(jī)床以及技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步，機(jī)床改造是個永恒的課題。我國的機(jī)床改造業(yè)，也從老的行業(yè)進(jìn)入到以數(shù)控技術(shù)為主的新的行業(yè)。在美國、日本、德國，用數(shù)控技術(shù)改造機(jī)床和生產(chǎn)線具有廣闊的市場，已形成了機(jī)床和生產(chǎn)線數(shù)控改造的新的行業(yè)。在美國，機(jī)床改造業(yè)稱為機(jī)床再生（Remanufacturing）業(yè)。從事再生業(yè)的著名公司有：Bertsche 工程公司、ayton機(jī)床公司