工程碩士研究生英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)教程

1、工程碩士研究生英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)教程英漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比肖小芳了解英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法1, one part of speech: Verb2. two main members of sentence: subject and predicatePay attention to word order, inversion, ellipsis, and agreement between subject and predicate.3. three types of non-finite verbs: Infinitive, Gerund, and Participle;Three complex sentences:

2、 Noun, Adjectival (attributive) and Adverbial Clauses.4. Four kinds of Noun clauses: Object, subject, predicative and appositive .5. Five kinds of simple sentence:S+V (subject+ intransitive verb )S+V+OS+V+P (subject +Link verb +predicative)S+V+in.O+ direct objectS+V+O+O.C (subject +transitive verb +

3、object + object complement)6. Six kinds of attributive placed after the modified word（后置定語(yǔ)）: attributive clause, participle phrases, infinitive, prepositional phrases, adverb, and adjectives after indefinite pronouns.1) Please show me the book whose cover is red.This is the company where I worked tw

4、o years ago.This is the place that/ which we visited last autumn.2) The woman talking with our monitor is our new physics teacher.The question being discussed is very important.3) He is looking for a room to live in.Have you anything to say on this question?4) The lady with the fan is an actress.5)

5、They live in the room above.Do you see the big dam there? 6) There is something wrong with him.I think Id come and see if they had anything new.7. Seven members of sentence: subject, predicate, object, predicative, object complement, attributive and adverbial8. Eight kinds of pronoun1)personal pron.

6、 2)possessive 3)reflexive 4)indefinite 5) demonstrative 6) reciprocal 7) interrogative 8) relative9. Nine different kinds of adverbial clause:10. Ten parts of speech: the noun, the pronoun, the numeral, the adjective, the verb, the adverb, the article, the preposition, the conjunction, the interject

7、ion感嘆詞.九種常用的狀語(yǔ)從句及其常用的連接詞 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 when, while, as, before, after, as soon as, till, until, notuntil, the first/second/last time, the moment, the minute, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen, no soonerthan where, wherever because, since, as, now that, seeing that, con

8、sidering that if, unless, now (that), as(so) long as, in case, on condition that, suppose/supposing, provided/providing although, though, even though/if, as, while, no matter which/what/when/where/who/how, whichever, wherever, whatever, whoever, whenever, however, whetheror； 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句原因狀語(yǔ)從句條件狀語(yǔ)從句讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

9、九種常用的狀語(yǔ)從句及其常用的連接詞 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 so that, sothat, suchthat so that, in case, for fear that, lest how, as, as if/as though than, asas, not so/asas, the +比較級(jí), the +比較級(jí) 目的狀語(yǔ)從句方式狀語(yǔ)從句比較狀語(yǔ)從句Identify the types of the Adverbial Clauses. 1. While I was wondering at this, our schoolmaster took his place. ( )2. Where

10、there is a will, there is a way. ( )3. Now that/Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting. （ ）4. Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me. ( )5. So clever was he a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems. ( )6. As long as you dont lose heart, youll succeed. ( )7.

11、Try as he might, he could not find a job. ( )8. The old lady treats the boy as if he were his own son. ( ) 時(shí)間地點(diǎn)原因目的結(jié)果條件讓步方式英漢句式結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比英語(yǔ)句型結(jié)構(gòu)1, SvEg. Iron rusts. The guests have arrived.2, SvoEg. Liverpool won the game.3,SVC （S+link.v+P 主系表）Eg. She is in good health. The flowers smell fragrant.4,SvoO間接直

12、接David showed me the way. Mary lent me her car.5,SVOC 主謂+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ) The director appointed him sales manager.Wealth makes many people selfish.中文句式結(jié)構(gòu)I. 主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（S+V）1) 他沒(méi)來(lái)。 （S+V）2）全家人都在看電視。（S+V+O）3）我們看到很多人站在廣場(chǎng)上。(S+V+O+O.C)4）你能遞給我那本書(shū)嗎？SvoO5）你看上去很失望。 （S+link.v+P 主系表）1. He didnt come.2. The family are watching T

13、V.3. We saw many people standing on the square.4. Would you please pass me the book?5. He looks disappointed.話題結(jié)構(gòu)與主謂結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)本質(zhì)上是語(yǔ)法化了的話題相比之下，在語(yǔ)法方面，英語(yǔ)選擇了主語(yǔ)，漢語(yǔ)選了話題，以及“把”字結(jié)構(gòu)和“被”字結(jié)構(gòu)?！暗湫偷闹髡Z(yǔ)既是主題也是施事?！?Comrie 1981)英語(yǔ)是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(subject-predicate structure)的語(yǔ)言。中國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家趙元任(Chao,1968:69)指出:“漢語(yǔ)句子中主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法意義是主題(topic)和述題(co

14、mment),而不是動(dòng)作者(actor)和動(dòng)作(action)。”Li和Thompson (1975)在其Subject and Topic一書(shū)中提出:“語(yǔ)言有四種基本類型:1)注重主語(yǔ)(Subject-prominent)的語(yǔ)言;2)注重主題(Topic-prominent)的語(yǔ)言;3)主語(yǔ)和主題都注重的語(yǔ)言;4)主語(yǔ)與主題都不注重的語(yǔ)言?！彼岢鲇⒄Z(yǔ)屬于注重主語(yǔ)(簡(jiǎn)稱SP)的語(yǔ)言,而漢語(yǔ)則屬于注重主題(簡(jiǎn)稱TP)的語(yǔ)言。話題(topic),又稱主題。II. 漢語(yǔ)的主題評(píng)述句（Topic+Comment/ Theme+Rheme）1）大象，鼻子長(zhǎng)。2）吃，武漢很方便。3）成百萬(wàn)原來(lái)享受免費(fèi)醫(yī)

15、療的城市居民，今后的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用要自己承擔(dān)一部分。4）搞西洋畫(huà)的，生活環(huán)境也應(yīng)該洋一點(diǎn)。5）樓上住著一個(gè)女工。6）今晚開(kāi)會(huì)嗎？7）中國(guó)幅員遼闊，人口眾多，物產(chǎn)資源豐富。1.The elephant has a long nose.2. Various restaurants are available in Wuhan. / It is easy to find various restaurants in Wuhan.3. Millions of urban residents who were entitled to free medical care will have to pay par

16、t of their medical expenses.4. Those who specialize in Western painting should live in an environment of Western styles./ those who specialize in Western painting should have a living environment of Western styles.5. There lives a woman worker upstairs. / A woman worker lives upstairs.6. China boast

17、s vast land, a large population and abundant resources.III. 無(wú)主句（Zero subject Structure）在海拔3000米的高空采集到了這種空氣樣本。This air sample has been collected at the altitude of 3,000 meters.違反法律，就必須受到法律的懲罰。Those who break the laws must be punished by laws.只有改革創(chuàng)新，才能促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展。Only through reform and innovation can

18、we promote the rapid development of economy and society.學(xué)這一套，不如去學(xué)照相。It is better to learn photographing than to learn this stuff.英漢句法對(duì)比意合與形合形合hypotaxis，指語(yǔ)言中的詞與詞，句與句的結(jié)合主要憑借詞形變化，關(guān)系詞、連接詞等顯性手段。意合 parataxis，指語(yǔ)言中的詞與詞，句與句的結(jié)合主要依靠語(yǔ)義上的關(guān)系和聯(lián)想達(dá)成，這種結(jié)合在外部形態(tài)上沒(méi)有明顯的標(biāo)志，交際雙方根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)感對(duì)語(yǔ)句作出正確的解碼。我常見(jiàn)許多青年的朋友，聰明用功，成績(jī)優(yōu)異，而語(yǔ)文程度不

19、足以表達(dá)，甚至寫(xiě)一封信亦難得通順，問(wèn)其故則曰其興趣不在語(yǔ)文方面。（梁實(shí)秋學(xué)問(wèn)與趣味） I have come across a great many young friends, bright and diligent, do exceedingly well in studies, but they are rather weak in Chinese, even cant write a smooth Chinese letter. When asked why, theyll say they are not interested in Chinese. I have come acro

20、ss a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in heir studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language.冬天，在四周圍都是山地的這里，看見(jiàn)太陽(yáng)的日子真是太少了。今天，難得霧這么

21、稀薄，空中融融地混合著金黃的陽(yáng)光，把地上的一切，好像也照上一層歡笑的顏色。In winter, sunny days were scarce here, as it was surrounded by hills all around. Today, however, the fog was wonderfully thin and the air was filtered through with golden sunlight that tinted everything on the ground with a joyful hue.詞義多樣性（polysemy）： 指稱意義，言內(nèi)意義，

22、語(yǔ)用意義?！凹t”為例：英漢語(yǔ)義的對(duì)比dish preparingweddings and funeralshonor rollred paper bag of rewardblack teathe world of mortalseggs painted red for the whole family to share when a child is bornvery influential ones face glowing with health; in ruddy healthflourishing紅案 紅白喜事 紅榜 紅包紅茶紅塵紅蛋紅得發(fā)紫紅光滿面 紅火老樹(shù)又長(zhǎng)出了許多嫩葉。Man

23、y new leaves have grown on the old tree.別看他是個(gè)大小伙子，臉皮可特別嫩。Though he is a tall guy, he is shy.孩子的皮膚嫩了點(diǎn)，不要用碘酒外敷。Babies skin is delicate, so dont use iodine on it.這黃瓜很嫩。The cucumber is quite fresh and tender新來(lái)的老師還嫩了點(diǎn)。The new teacher is young and inexperienced.她穿一件嫩綠的毛衣。She wears a light green sweater詞義對(duì)

24、比語(yǔ)境選詞，如： “嫩”kill1，黑死病是一種奪取過(guò)千百萬(wàn)人生命的疾病。2，太多的蒜破壞了肉的味道。3，他給樹(shù)澆了太多的水，把樹(shù)澆死了。4，他天天在那邊的公園里消磨時(shí)光。5，那次錯(cuò)誤毀掉了他的機(jī)會(huì)。6，他的笑話真是笑死人。7，委員會(huì)提出那個(gè)提案，他們就把它否決了。1，The Black Death was a disease that killed millions.2,Too much garlic killed the taste of the meat.3, He killed the tree by spraying it too heavily.4,He kills time ev

25、ery day at the park.5, That mistake killed his chances.6,His joke nearly killed me.7,They killed the motion when it came from the committee.The outstanding final killed the audience.Chinese cabbagePasswordmobile phoneto fight a firepuppy loveAcneinstant noodlesJeanscontact lenses假朋友( false friend)生搬

26、硬套字面意義(以下錯(cuò)誤)白菜 white cabbage 密碼 secret code 手機(jī) hand phone 救火 to save a fire 早戀 early love 青春痘 youth spot 方便面 convenient noodle 牛仔褲cowboy trousers 隱形眼鏡 invisible glasses 流動(dòng)資金circulating capital working capital 新聞自由freedom of news freedom of press買(mǎi)一贈(zèng)一Buy one，present one Buy one, get one free省吃儉用to sav

27、e food and expenses to live frugally冷餐會(huì) cold food get-togethers buffet meal高等教育 high education higher education洗牌 to wash the playing cards to shuffle the playing cards課堂測(cè)驗(yàn) classroom exam pop- quiz大片 Big movie blockbuster英漢思維差異英語(yǔ)：抽象思維，重邏輯；由內(nèi)向外，由小到大，由遠(yuǎn)到近，由具體到抽象。漢語(yǔ)：形象思維，重具體；由外向內(nèi)，由大到小，由近到遠(yuǎn)，由抽象到具體。如：世界著

28、名室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師克里斯托夫.德卡本特利應(yīng)邀對(duì)裝飾進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)。Christophe Decarpentrie, the world-famous interior designer, was commissioned to design the dcor.邏輯與審美 and I fell into an exhausted sleep于是，我墜入了疲憊的睡眠。 Of such pitiful small things life is apart to be made人生常是由這種可嘆的小事組成的。So little happens; the black dog cracking his fleas

29、in the hot sun is history.很少發(fā)生什么事；黑狗在烈日下咬跳蚤就算是歷史事件。1）于是，在精疲力竭中，我墜入了夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)2）瑣屑不就是人生么。3）諸事寧和，黑狗在烈日下啃身上的跳蚤大概算得上歷史事件了。英漢文化差異中英文中比喻聯(lián)想意義不同的動(dòng)物。中英文稱謂系統(tǒng)中英文人稱指示語(yǔ)的差別寒暄語(yǔ)的差異中英文中比喻聯(lián)想意義不同的動(dòng)物河貍與beaverEager beaver鶴與crane龍與dragon “l(fā)ike a dragon”貓與cat “she is a cat”狗與dog “l(fā)uck dog”O(jiān)wl與貓頭鷹As wise as an owl1 牛與馬（horse）As st

30、rong as a horse 力大如牛 Work like a horse 老黃牛Stubbornness, strong-willed 牛脾氣Talk horse 吹牛 drink like a fish 牛飲2 虎與獅 lionHero as brave as a lion 虎膽英雄Of strong build 虎背熊腰Dare to confront the greatest danger/ beard the lion in his den 虎口拔牙虎視眈眈 to eye with hostility/ cast a greedy eye on its prey.Make a lion of 捧紅某