高中英語語法講義-冠詞

1、 高中英語語法講義一一冠詞冠詞的泛指、特指泛指是指首次提到、不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物，也可以是指說話雙方心 目中所默認(rèn)的特定的人或事物。冠詞的泛指、特指用法歸納如下： 泛指：a/an+單數(shù)名詞。如： A(=One) horse is enough.(表數(shù)量)a/an+單數(shù)名詞。如： A horse is a large four-legged animal.(強(qiáng)調(diào)類別中任何一個(gè)的特定)the+單數(shù)名詞。如：I think the most useful animal is the horse.(強(qiáng)調(diào)整個(gè)類別)零冠詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。如： Horses are us

2、eful animals.(強(qiáng)調(diào)類別中的許多個(gè)體) 特指：the+單數(shù)名詞/復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞 冠詞填空Laszlo Biro invented ball-point pen.The biggest whale is blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters long- the height of 9-storybuilding.不定冠詞(1)不定冠詞有a, an兩種形式，當(dāng)緊跟著冠詞的第一個(gè)音素為輔音音素(注意不是輔音字母)時(shí)用a;當(dāng)緊跟著冠詞的第一個(gè)音素為元音音素(注意：不是元音字母)時(shí)用 an。如：a university, a use

3、ful animal, a one-eyed dog, an hour, an honest boy, an ugly man 等冠詞填空I earn 10 dollars hour as supermarket cashier on Saturdays.The teacher asked us to write 800-word-long composition.表示 one, the same或 every 的意思。如：They are of an age. (=the same) I will return in a day or two.冠詞填空：Christmas is specia

4、l holiday when the whole family are supposed to get together.They are twins, so they are of age.(3)不定冠詞的特殊位置So/ as/ too/ how/ however+ adj+ a/ an 單數(shù)名詞”。如：This is so interesting a film that we all want to see it.He is as good as a student as you (are).He is too young a boy to join the army.How clever

5、 a boy he is! (=what a clever boy he is! =How clever the boy is!)However clever a man he is, he cant learn English well without enough practice.quite, rather與單數(shù)名詞連用且名詞前有形容詞修飾時(shí)，其順序?yàn)?a+ rather+形容詞+單數(shù)名詞”或 “rather/quite + a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)名詞”。如：It was a rather difficult question.It was rather a difficult ques

6、tion.It is quite a small house.注意：沒有 a+ quite+形容詞+單數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)quite+ a/an+單數(shù)名詞”用于強(qiáng)調(diào)在某方面很突出。She is quite a beauty.在quite a few, quite a little等短語中，由于a few, a little為固定短語，故不能拆成 a quite few, a quitelittle 等“no/ much/ far/ all +形容詞比較級+ a/an+單數(shù)名詞。如：He is far more clever a boy.“ more/less+形容詞+a/an +單數(shù)名詞”。Tom i

7、s less significant a figure.what/ such/ half+ a/ an+單數(shù)名詞； many a/ an+單數(shù)名詞：許多；not a/ an+單數(shù)名詞：一個(gè)也不同義句轉(zhuǎn)換What an interesting book I have read! book I have read!This dress is twice as expensive as that one.This is twice(4)含有不定冠詞的?？冀Y(jié)構(gòu)have a coldhave a good timehave a gift for有的天賦have a word with 與談話 at a

8、blow 一下子 have/take a resthave a holidaymake a living謀生get a lift/ ride搭便車go on a diet節(jié)食as a resultas a matter of factdress as that one.as a rule 通常after a while 一會后 in a hurry匆忙地in a sense在某種意義上in a wordin a moment 立亥U once in a while 偶爾at a loss 困惑at a distance離一段距離 for a while 暫時(shí)once upon a time 從

9、前 all of a sudden 突然a waste of- a matter of What a pity!真遺憾 with a score of 以一 的分?jǐn)?shù) have a population of 有人 口 have a history of 有 的歷史 have an area of 有 的面積 a collection of 批 a knowledge of (=know) 知道 an understanding of (=understand) 懂得注意：通常成對出現(xiàn)的名詞(被視為一套或一體)，一般只用一個(gè)不定冠詞。如 a knife and fork 一副刀叉。冠詞填空：I

10、dont want to have words with you. I prefer to have word with you.The power supply was cut off. All of sudden, the lights went out.China has larger population than Canada.The quality of the ambulance service is matter of life and death.定冠詞(1)用在表示特指的人或物的名詞前。The book on the desk is mine.Would you mind

11、turning down the radio a little? The baby is sleeping.(2)用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前，表一家人或夫婦二人。The Greens are at table.The Chens are going to move to Taizhou.(3)用在年代、朝代名詞及逢十的數(shù)詞(表某個(gè)年代)前或用在表示方位的名詞前。the Tang dynasty the Spring and Autumn Period in the 1990s/1990sthe south(4)用在表度量衡單位的名詞前，表示每一。如 by the hour/ day/ week/ year

12、/ dozen/ yard/ ton/ kilo/ thousand,但size/ weight/ time這類名詞跟by連用時(shí)不加定冠詞。We got paid by the month.Meat is sold by weight.“the+形容詞或分詞”有時(shí)也可表類指。the wounded傷員 the dying垂死之人 the unknown未知的事物 the deaf聾子the young 年輕人 the old 老人 the living 生者 the dead 死者take sb by the armAn apple fell from the tree and hit him

13、 on the head.be lame in the right leg“動詞+sb.+介詞+the+身體某一部位”結(jié)構(gòu)中的the不可用物主代詞代替。(右腿病),be blind in the left eye (左眼瞎)in the public eye廣為人知的go to the doctors 去看醫(yī)生by the way順便說the other day (=a few days ago)幾天前on the radio/phone通過廣播/電話on the spot當(dāng)場，在原地to tell (you) the truthgo to the cinemanot in the least

14、 (=not at all) 一點(diǎn)也不on the one hand ，on the other hand for the most part整體上，通常，多半此外，在 be red in the face (臉紅) 等結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞前也要用 the.(7)用在某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中 in the end in the daytimeget into/ in the habit of 養(yǎng)成 習(xí)慣 make the most/ best of 充分禾 U 用 in the distance 在遠(yuǎn)處 in the way 擋路 on the whole 總之 on the right/left at the

15、 same time at the moment for the time being 暫時(shí) 零冠詞不可數(shù)名詞、復(fù)數(shù)名詞表類指，用零冠詞My father went to his doctor for advice about his heart trouble.形容詞性物主代詞、限定詞以及名詞所名詞前已有 this, that, my, your, some, each, no ,any 等指示代詞、 有格等限定時(shí)不再用冠詞。She is not my type of woman.He went to some place in France.Each student must hand i

16、n his exercise book.(3)零冠詞的用法口訣月、季、星期、節(jié)假、洲，稱呼、頭銜、職務(wù)前；三餐、球類、慣用語； 學(xué)科、棋類名詞前。A year can be divided into four seasons-spring, summer, autumn and winter.He has no lessons on Sundays.Mr. Li is chairman of the meeting.(注：表示稱呼、頭銜的名詞作表語、同位語、補(bǔ)足語時(shí)用零冠詞)(4)高考中常見的純不可數(shù)名詞有：baggage, luggage, furniture, health, weathe

17、r, fun, space (太空)，advice,word(=news), progress, information, news, luck, wealth (財(cái)富)等。以上不可數(shù)名詞永遠(yuǎn)不能與不定冠詞連用。 Beyond the stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space.(5)系動詞turn (變成)后的的單數(shù)名詞作表語，用零冠詞。Has he turned scientist?（6） “零冠詞+單數(shù)名詞+as/though+主語+謂語+主句”，意為“雖然 ，但是”。冠詞的活用（一）抽象/物主名詞的具體化（1）某些表示特性、狀態(tài)、情感、情緒等的

18、抽象名詞，如果僅僅表“概念”，是不可數(shù)名詞，表泛指時(shí),要與零冠詞連用；但如果這類詞被具體化則表示具體的人或事物，表示泛指時(shí)，需與不定冠詞連用。如：surprise 驚訝a surprise 件意夕卜的事pleasure 愉快a pleasure 一件樂事pressure壓力a pressure種壓力concern關(guān)心a concern 一件令人關(guān)切的事success成功a success一個(gè)/件成功的人/事failure失敗a failure 一個(gè)/件失敗的人/事comfort安慰a comfort 一個(gè)給人安慰的人或物pity同情a pity 一件遺憾/可悲的事worry擔(dān)憂a worry

19、一件令人擔(dān)憂的事honor尊重an honor 一個(gè)引起尊敬的人或物wonder驚奇a wonder 一件令人驚訝的事13.S（s）uccess lies not so much in luck as in hard work.His new book was great success.All my effort ended in failure.Of her plays, three were successes and one was failure.rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food, drink, ice

20、, chalk, sugar 等物質(zhì)名詞可以被具體化成為可數(shù)名詞，與不定冠詞連用表示“一場，一種，一份 ”。用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示類別、數(shù)量。如：a heavy rain/snow 一場大雨/雪two drinks兩杯飲料 foods各種食品 two teas兩杯茶（二）具體名詞的抽象化school, college, hospital, court, prison, bed, table, church 等是可數(shù)名詞，有具體的意義，但這類詞可被抽象化從而只突出于之有關(guān)的活動，失去原來的具體意義。這時(shí)它們前需用零冠詞。如：go to school去上學(xué) at table在吃飯 in prison蹲監(jiān)獄

21、 go to church去做禮拜（三）純專有名詞的普通化純專有名詞被普通化時(shí)，被普通化的專有名詞可與冠詞連用。如：He is a Lei Feng.他是個(gè)活雷鋒。Is that a Monet?那是莫奈的畫嗎？冠詞填空Brain is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be Beethoven.（四）表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物的名詞前冠詞活用在表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物的名詞（如：sun, moon, world, sky等）前，往往用定冠詞，但當(dāng)這些名詞前有形容詞作定語時(shí)，可不用定冠詞表示泛指。如：The moon travels ar

22、ound the earth.A new moon is hanging in the sky.We have friends all over the world.They are trying to make a new world.（五）形容詞比較級前的冠詞活用形容詞比較級前用定冠詞表示“兩者中較的”，而不加定冠詞時(shí)表示“更 ”。most前用定冠詞表示者或三者以上中最 的，most前用不定冠詞，并無比較含義，most=very.如： Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?It is a most useful book. （=

23、a very useful）冠詞填空：This pair of shoes is not fit for me. Would you showed me bigger pair?He is most diligent student in his class.If we sit near front of the bus, we ll have better view.（六）序數(shù)詞前的冠詞活用“the+序數(shù)詞”表順序，而“ a/an+序數(shù)詞”表“又一，再一”；序數(shù)詞修飾動詞時(shí)，已成為副詞, 因此不必與冠詞連用。如：Can you give me a second chance, please?

24、He was only 5 years old when I first saw him. （adv.）（七）零冠詞用法口訣：月、季、星期、節(jié)假、洲，稱呼、頭銜、職務(wù)前；三餐、球類、慣用語，學(xué)科、 棋類名詞前。但這種用法是相對而言的，在不同的句子中，可能會用到不定冠詞或定冠詞。因此，用哪種 冠詞要視情況而定。如：Autumn is the harvest season.The organization was founded in the spring of （the year） 2010.George couldnt remember when he first met Mr. Anders

25、on, but he was sure it was a Sunday because everybody was at church.（八）表樂器的名詞及man, word前的冠詞活用（1）西洋樂器名詞前用定冠詞，但當(dāng)此類名詞作普通名詞時(shí)，可與不定冠詞連用。此外，中國樂器前不用 冠詞。如：play the piano; play the guitar; play erhu （二胡）He is playing a borrowed violin.man作“男人，人”講，word作“單詞，話”講時(shí)，這兩個(gè)詞為普通名詞，根據(jù)需要與相應(yīng)冠詞連用，但man作人類，word作消息講時(shí)，需與零冠詞連用。如

26、：For a long time they walked without saying a word. Jim was the first to break the silence.Word came that I was needed at home.While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made a discovery which completely changed mans understanding of colour.go to the bed向床走去go to the sea 去海邊be

27、in the prison在監(jiān)獄（不一定是犯人） in the front of在（內(nèi)部）的前面 sit at the table坐在桌旁（不一定吃飯） by the day按天計(jì)算take place 發(fā)生in possession of sth 擁有某物take the place of 代替in the possession of sb 為某人所擁有（九）有無冠詞的短語區(qū)別go to school 去上學(xué)go to/ be in/ at church 去/在做禮拜go to bed上床睡覺go to sea當(dāng)海員be in prison 在坐牢in front of在（外部）的前面sit

28、 at table坐在桌旁吃飯by day在白天go to the school（到學(xué)校去，不一一定是去-上學(xué)）go to /be in/at the church（去/在教堂不一定是做禮拜 ）in place of 代替in future 今后He is still in office.他仍在執(zhí)政She is in class.她在上課in the place of在 的地方in the future 將來He is still in the office 他仍在辦公室里She is in the class她在那個(gè)班里There is still some food in store.食物

29、尚有儲存。There is still some food in the store.那個(gè)倉庫里還有些食物。It is out of question.那是毫無疑問的（相當(dāng)于beyond question）It is out of the question.那是不可能的（相當(dāng)于 impossible）He is in charge of the factory.他負(fù)責(zé)這個(gè)工廠。The factory is in the charge of him.這個(gè)工廠由他負(fù)責(zé)。答案：1.the 2. the; a 3. an; a 4. an 5. a 6. an 7. How interesting a

30、 8. as expensive a9. a 10. a 11. a 12. a 13.不填 14. a 15.不填 16.a 17. a 18. a 19. the 20. the; a高頻考點(diǎn)一不定冠詞的基本用法下列三種名詞轉(zhuǎn)化常用不定冠詞抽象名詞具體化物質(zhì)名詞具體化專有名詞普通化表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物的名詞前有形容詞修飾時(shí)，可加 a/an.a/an+修飾語+季節(jié)/月份/日期/三餐等。a most+ n.= a very + na/an+比較級+單數(shù)名詞，表示“一個(gè)更/比較一的”a/an+序數(shù)詞，表示“又一，再一”。高頻考點(diǎn)二定冠詞的基本用法高考中對定冠詞的考查主要集中在：1.定冠詞表示

31、特指。2.定冠詞的固定搭配。做題時(shí)根據(jù)語境判斷是泛指還是特指，特指的是什么。往往考查冠詞的試題設(shè)兩個(gè)空，需要分別做出判斷。 冠詞練習(xí)（一）I.Jane s grandmother had wanted to write a children s book for many years ,but one thing or another always got inway.just heard band where Dora works was robbed by gunman ,wearing a mask .more learned a man is ,more modest he usual

32、ly becomes .The paper is due next month ,and I am working seven days week, often long into night.can t tell you way to the Wilsonsecausewe don bt have Wilson here in the village .Life is like ocean :Only the strong-willed can reach the other shore .village where I was born has grown into town .Peopl

33、e develop preference for a particular style of learning at early age and these preferences affect learning .The parents were shocked by news that their son needed operation on his knee.10.It was cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across night sky.Il.lndia attained independence in 19

34、47, after long struggle .The “ Chinese Dream is dream to improve peowlell-being and s dream of harmony ,peaceand development .Animals are obviously lower form of life than man .Four and half hours of discussion took us up to midnight ,and break for cheese ,chocolate andtea with sugar. Marco Polo is

35、said to have sailed on Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in thirteen century.Sarah looked at finished painting with satisfaction.He missed gold in the high jump ,but will get second chance in the long jump.Carl is studying food science at college and hopes to open up meat processing factory of his ow

36、n one day.19.I woke up with bad headache ,yet by evening the pain had gone .20.The Smiths don tlyusiks staying at hotels ,but last summary they spent a few days a very nice hotel by sea.冠詞練習(xí)（二）.Why are you so crazy about music?Because I can always find in music peace that is missing in world full of

37、 challengers.2.Beijing has been chosen to host 2022Winter Olympics and Paralympics, which is great encouragement to all Chinese .3.I tried to appear to ease when the foreign guest greeted me by kissing me on cheek.4.It is common mistake for students to present something as a proven fact when it is a

38、ctuallyopinion.Generally speaking ,in western countries 15-percent tip is normal for most restaurants.Raising retirement age step by step is in line with China s labor market realities and should be prioritized.Many people don t think much of the movie .I think differently .In way, it is a very good

39、 film .And photographed scenes are very beautiful.The program Running Man in Zhejiang Satellite turned success. Have you seen it?It s a pity I haven t .But I have de-oghhiat it s about.How nice jacket is !Thank you .I bought it on Internet.Nelson Mandela ,who was elected president of South Africa in

40、 1994, is generally regarded as father of thecountry. Have you heard of death of Nelson Mandela?Oh, really ? It will be shock to the world .冠詞練習(xí)（三）When I walked down_1_Third Avenue , as_2_rule, I used to look into the windows of_3_old shop that sold old and beautiful things. Since I often took my wa

41、lk after the closing time , I cupped my hands against_4_windows to get_5_small look at the treasures inside.Some things looked as if they had not been cared for_6_long time , but I knew their beauty was still there beneath their own surface. I even thought they were_7_most beautiful that I had ever seen. That was how I felt about old people too.