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1、2021屆高考英語二輪復習專題講義全程跟蹤專題四介詞和介詞短語2021屆高考英語二輪復習專題講義全程跟蹤專題四介詞和介詞短語2021屆高考英語二輪復習專題講義全程跟蹤專題四介詞和介詞短語專題四 介詞和介詞短語命題規(guī)律:2020年新高考I卷及近五年課標卷在語篇型填空中對介詞的考查形式為非提示型,主要考查常見介詞(如than, as, from, in, with, by, to, for, of, on)的基本用法。命題趨勢:未來高考語篇型對介詞的考查會呈現出語境復雜化、結構綜合化的特點。一、方位介詞1。 方位介詞圖解介詞圖示意義例句1in 在之內The students are reading
2、 in the classroom.學生們在教師里讀書。2on在上面The boat is on the river.那條船在河上.3over在(正)上方There are several bridges over the river.河上有好幾座橋.4under在(正)下方The boat sailed under the river。船行駛在河上。5above在上方The plane flew above the clouds.飛機在云上飛行。6below在下方The sun sinks below the horizon。太陽沉沒在地平線下。7by 在旁邊Our house is by
3、the river。我們的房子在河邊。besideCome and sit beside me。過來坐在我旁邊。8near在附近I dont need a car because I live near the city centre.我不需要汽車,因為我住在靠近市中心。9next to 緊挨My best friend sits next to me in class.上課時我最好的朋友坐在我的旁邊.10behind在后面Olive hid behind a tree.奧列弗藏在一棵樹后面。11before在之前He made a speech before a large audience
4、.他在許多觀眾面前發(fā)表了講話。12outside 在外面He parked his car outside the heater.他把汽車停在劇場外面。13(a)round圍繞All sat around the table.所有的人圍繞著桌子坐。2. between, among介詞用法圖解例句between在兩者之間There was a fight between the two boys。這兩個男孩子打過一架。among在三者或三者以上之間They hid themselves among the tree.他們躲在樹林里。練習:用介詞between,among填空1、Some stu
5、dents often listen to music classes to refresh themselves。2、Four Chinese models were the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition。答案:1、between2、among3. in, on, to, off1) in一般指在較大的地方或某一范圍內;打擊某人的臉、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位時常用介詞in例:Shandong Province is in the east of China.山東省位于中國東部。2)on
6、側重于表面接觸或毗鄰、接壤;打擊頭、額、鼻、耳、頸、肩、腿等部位時常用介詞on例:Russia is on the northeast of China。俄羅斯與中國東北部接壤。3)表示在某范圍外不接壤例:Shandong Province is to the northeast of Hubei Province。山東省位于湖北省東北邊.4)off 強調兩地間隔著一小段距離例:Lily lives in a flat just off Park Avenue.莉莉住在離帕克大街不遠的一處公寓里。練習:用介詞in,on,to,off填空1、There is a map of the world
7、 the wall。2、 Birds are singing the tree.3、 Japan is/lies the east of China4、 Beijing lies the north of China.5、 The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place the main road at the far end of the lake.答案:1、on 2、in 3、to 4、in 5、off4. across, throughacross 與介詞on有關,從的表面穿過,從一邊到另一邊;與靜態(tài)動詞連用時表示“在(街、河等)對面”或“在(身體某部位)上
8、。例:He walked across the fields。他從田野上走過.through 與介詞in有關,從的內部穿過例:He walked through the door.他從門中穿過。練習:用介詞across,through填空1、My house is just the street.2、Water will be pumped a pipe.3、Do you think this shirt is too tight the shoulders?答案:1、across 2、through 3、across5. over, above1)over表示“在的正上方”,其反義詞為und
9、er;表示“(部分或全部覆蓋)在上面”或“控制、掌握、優(yōu)越;還可表示“越過”。例:There is a bridge over the river。河上有座橋。You cant wear a blue jacket over that shirt.你不能把一件藍夾克穿在那件襯衫外面。He has no control over his emotions。他控制不住自己的感情。2)above表示“在的斜上方,其反義詞為below;above還可表示“級別、地位、重要性等高于”。例:There is a picture above the table。桌子上方有一幅畫。He always put
10、his students above everything.他總是把自己的學生置于一切事情之上。練習:用介詞over,above填空1、Shes been here for two hours。2、A great person is always putting others interests his own。3、He is average intelligence.答案:1、over2、above3、above6. to, for, toward(s)1) to用于go,come,walk,run,dash,rush,move,fly,return,lead,take等表示來往行動的動詞后
11、,意為“到”等于toward(s),意為“朝。例:The garden extends to the riverbank。這個花園伸展到河岸。Turn to the left and you cant miss it。向左拐,你不會找不到的。2) for 用于表示“起程”“出發(fā)”“離開的動詞(詞組)如leave,set off,start 之后,表示“去某地”例:After the soldiers got well prepared,they set off for the front.當這些士兵準備好后,他們向前出發(fā)了。3)toward(s) 表示“朝,向例:It is reported
12、that the sandstorm is moving toward(s)the south。據報道,沙塵暴正向南方蔓延.練習:用for,toward(s)或to填空1、The door opens the mountain。2、He is leaving Beijing tomorrow.3、What time do you start school in the morning?答案:1、to/toward(s)2、for3、for二、時間介詞1、at, on, in1)at表示時間的一點、時刻等。表示較短暫的一段時間,用于某個節(jié)日或被認為是一年中標志大事的日子例: at 12:00,a
13、t noon,at night,at midnight, at dawn,at dusk, at daybreak,at sunrise,at the weekend,at Christmas, at the beginning, at the end2)on表示具體的日子或一個特定的時間(如:某日、某節(jié)日、星期幾等)用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上準時,按時:on time例:on October 1st,on a rainy day,on National Day,on the morning of January the third,on the afternoon of his arri
14、val3)in表示在某段較長的時間內(如:世紀、朝代、年代、月份及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等)及時:in timein the Tang Dynasty,in September,in the morning/afternoon/evening, in the 1980s/1980s練習:翻譯下列詞組:1、在星期天上午2、在三月初3、在兒童節(jié)4、在19世紀20年代答案:1、on Sunday morning(s)2、at the beginning of March3、on Childrens day4、in the 1820s/1820s2、in, after, within1)in表時間,常表
15、示“在之內,有時in還有“在之后”的意思,但表示此意時,必須具備兩個條件:所在句子的謂語動詞必須表將來;后面必須是一段時間。這兩個條件缺一不可,否則用after或later例: My father will be back in three days。我父親將在3天以后回來。2)用after時有兩種情況:可用于一般過去時和一般將來時。例:My father will be back after three oclock。我父親將在3點后回來。My father came back after three days/three days later.我父親是3天后回來的。3)within表示“在
16、之內”,強調事情發(fā)生的全過程不超出某一段時間,沒有時態(tài)的限制。例:I can finish it within 3 days.我在三天之內可以把它完成。練習:用in,after,later填空1、It will be finished an hour.2、He returned a few days.3、They finished their lessons at four and a little while they went out to take a walk。答案:1、in2、after3、later3. for, from, since1)for 后接時間段,表示行為或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多
17、久.例:Mr. Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost fifteen years after his retirement。布朗先生喜歡鄉(xiāng)村生活,退休后他在那里生活了差不多15年。2)from 后接時間點,表示行為或狀態(tài)的起始點,而不涉及其持續(xù)時間的長短.例:My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five。我妹妹從5歲開始學習舞蹈。3)since 后接時間點,不僅表示行為或狀態(tài)的起始點,而且還強調該行為或狀態(tài)從起始點一直持續(xù)到說話的時刻,因而常與
18、延續(xù)性動詞的完成時連用。例:Tom has been doing his homework since seven oclock.湯姆從7點開始就一直在做他的家庭作業(yè).練習:用for,from,since填空1、 then on she knew she would win。2、I lost my money and I have been worried then.3、The meeting lasted three hours yesterday.答案:1、From2、since3、for4。 during, through, over1)during的用法during指某個動作在某個時間
19、段里或整個過程中斷斷續(xù)續(xù)發(fā)生過多次,或在整個時間段里的某一點發(fā)生過,起止時間比較明顯。例:He often falls asleep during the class.他在課堂上常常打瞌睡。He swims every day during the summer.夏季他每天都游泳.2)through的用法through:在期間;從開頭到結尾(所指時間包括在內,此時與throughout相同).例:Tom bore up well under the strain of supporting his family through his fathers illness.湯姆在父親生病期間頑強的頂
20、住了養(yǎng)家的壓力。3)over的用法over:在期間。例:We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我們一邊喝茶一邊愉快地聊天.此外,over還有throughout(a period)貫穿(一時間段)”的意思,相當于during 。例:He will stay in Wales over/during Christmas and the New Year.他將在威爾士度過圣誕和新年。練習:用during,over填空1、Lets discuss it lunch。2、 the past 10 years,great changes have taken
21、place in this area。答案:1、over2、Over/During5。 before, by, till, until1)before的用法before:早于;在之前。例:The new road will be completed before the end of the year。這條新道路將在年底以前建成.2)by的用法表示“不遲于,在之前”。例:All of you have to arrive at school by seven oclock.你們所有人必須在7點前到校。表示“在期間”.例:He worked by night and slept by day。他
22、晚上工作,白天睡覺。3)until和till的用法until比較正式。在肯定句中和延續(xù)性動詞連用,表示動作一直持續(xù)到until后面的時間為止;在否定句中和非延續(xù)性動詞連用,表示該動作直到until后面的時間才開始。例:I shall wait until ten oclock.我將等到10點鐘.I didnt go to sleep until midnight.直到半夜我才睡覺.till意義與until相同.例:He works from morning till night,day after day。他日復一日從早到晚地工作。練習:用before,by,until填空1、Well hav
23、e finished the work ten oclock tomorrow。2、I usually take a bath having my breakfast。3、Up last year,they didnt even own a car.答案:1、by 2、before3、until三、表工具、手段、方式的介詞1. 表示出行方式的by, in, on1)by不涉及交通工具的名詞且名詞前不帶冠詞、物主代詞。例:by sea, by water, by land, by air涉及交通工具的單數名詞且該名詞前不加冠詞等修飾語.例:by bike, by taxi, by plane,
24、by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship2)in, on當出行方式涉及特指的交通工具時,用on或in,名詞前應有冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞等修飾語.例:travel to New York on this plane, go to school in my car步行、騎馬、騎駱駝均用on例:on foot, on horseback/on a horse, on a camel練習:同義句轉換1、He went to Beijing by car.He went to Beijing 。2、I prefer to travel by ship.I prefer
25、to travel 。答案:1、in his/a car2、by water/sea/boat2。 with, in1) with用于有形的工具或身體某些器官之前,其后的名詞多被冠詞、物主代詞等修飾。例:They are digging with a pick/spade。他們正用一把鎬/鏟挖。2)in后加原料、語言、鋼筆、鉛筆等;in后加大小寫字母例:Please answer me in English。請用英語回答我。Please write in capital letters.請用大寫字母寫。3. 注意以下固定短語on/over the telephone/radio 通過電話/廣播
26、in this/that wayby this/that means 用這/那種方式with this/that method用這/那種方式練習:用by, over, in, on填空1、This form is to be filled in ink。2、This toy is mot machinemade. It is made hand.3、In the morning I usually listen to the news the radio.答案:1、in2、by3、over/on四. 表示“原因、理由”的介詞1)with 常與表示“喜、怒、哀、樂等的抽象名詞連用,強調隨著心理變
27、化而產生的情感變化。例:His face went red with anger。他氣得臉都紅了.2)for常與表示聞名、獎罰、害怕等意義的形容詞或動詞連用,如famous,known,praise,punish,tremble 等。例:The West Lake is famous for its scenery.西湖因它的景色而聞名.3)at常與表示“喜、怒、哀、樂”等的形容詞或過去分詞(如 happy,angry,delighted,surprised)連用,表示產生這種情感的原因例:I am surprised at the news。聽到這則消息我大吃一驚。4)over常用于帶有感情
28、色彩的動詞,如cry,quarrel,laugh,sigh 等詞之后,敘述所發(fā)生事情的原因例:She would not cry over split milk.她從不吃后悔藥.5)常與die連用,用of時通常指死于疾病、衰老、過度悲傷等,而用from則常指由于外部原因而死,如交通事故、地震等例:Around fifty people die of hunger every day in the camp。集中營里每天大約有五十人餓死。Tom died from the traffic accident。湯姆死于交通事故。五、表示支持、反對的介詞againt意為“反對”,指在觀點或主張等方面與
29、某人采取對立的態(tài)度。此外,against還有“倚靠,逆著,相反,在的襯托下,與比賽等意思。for指在觀點或主張等方面與某人采取一致的態(tài)度,意思是“支持,贊成,與in favor of同義。例:Are you for or against the new road scheme?你對修建新道路的計劃是贊成還是反對?Thats against the law。那是違法的。The skiers red clothes stood out clearly against the snow?;┱叩募t衣服在雪的襯托下顯得分外醒目.練習:1、An agreement seems to be impossi
30、ble because the majority of the committee members are it.2、Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back a big tree.答案:1、against2、against六、其他??冀樵~1. besides, except, buy, except for1) besides意為“除了以外(還有),與in addition to同義.例:People choose jobs for other factors besides money。人們選擇工作時除了錢之外還會考慮其他因素。2) except意為
31、“除了以外(沒有),可接名詞、代詞、副詞、介詞短語和從句,其前常有all,any,every,no及復合不定代詞。例:I know nothing about Tom except that he comes from Beijing.除了知道湯姆來自北京之外,我對他一無所知。3)but相當于except,可接名詞、代詞和動詞不定式(but前有實義動詞do及其各種形式時,省略不定式中的to)例:I could do nothing but wait at that time。那時,我除了等待什么也做不了。4)except for意為“除了,用以補充說明或修正例:Your article is
32、excellent except for a few grammar mistakes.除了幾處語法錯誤,你的文章很出色。練習:用except,except for,besides填空1、I know nothing about the young lady that she is from Beijing。2、We have lots of things in common music。3、The car is nice the color。答案:1、except2、besides3、except for2. for與to接后置的間接賓語1)buy/cook/fetch/find/get/m
33、ake/order/save+sth。+for+sb。2) bring/give/lend/offer/pay/pass/promise/read/return/send/show/tell/throw/write+sth。+to+sb.3.形容詞后的for與to英語中經常遇見一些形容詞與介詞for或to搭配.這種搭配非常靈活,現將幾種常見的搭配情況簡述如下:1)當形容詞被副詞too或enough修飾時,其后只能用for。例:The shirt is too large for me.這件襯衫對于我來說太大了。2)當側重于與別人比較,有“對于而言”之意時,常用for。例:Chinese is
34、very difficult for me. I cant learn it.中文對于我來說太難了,我學不會。3)當側重于主觀看法或感覺,有“在看來”之意時,常用to。例:Chinese is very difficult to me,but Ill try my best to learn it。在我看來中文很難,但是我會盡全力學習的.練習:1、These math problems are too difficult me.2、The house is big enough us two.答案:1、for2、for4、with的用法1)和在一起,和,同,跟例:Mr。 and Mrs。 Sm
35、ith were there,with their three little children。史密斯夫婦和他們三個年幼的孩子都在那兒。2)表示兩種事物之間的相應關系或齊頭并進,意為“隨著”例:With time passing by,they have grown into big boys。隨著時間的流逝,他們都長成大小伙子了。3)表示“帶有,表伴隨例:The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee.服務員端著一杯咖啡來了。4)表示某人的行為方式或某事的發(fā)生方式例:The stranger spoke with a foreign accent。那個陌生人說
36、話帶外國口音。5)指原因或理由例:She was shivering with cold.她冷得直發(fā)抖。練習:1、 production up by 60% the company has had another excellent year.2、It is very stuffy in the room, all the windows closed.答案:1、With2、with5。by的用法如前所述,by可表示“不遲于”“在期間”,除此之外,by還有以下用法:1)表示觸及或抓住人體或物體的某一部分.例:He seized me by the arm.他抓住了我的胳膊。2)表示“由于 憑借
37、”。例:He succeeded by hard work.他憑借努力工作取得了成功.3)含有“以的幅度,差”的意思。例:This one is shorter than the other by three inches.這一個比另一個短三英寸.We lost the match by one goal。我們以一球之差輸了那場比賽。4)表示買賣東西所按以計算的數或量,或付酬所按以計算的時間。例:Milk is sold by the pint,butter by the pound,and eggs by the dozen.牛奶論品脫賣,黃油論磅賣,雞蛋論打賣。5)表示“按照”或”從看例:
38、By my watch it is half past eleven.我的表是十一點半。By the expression on his face,he seemed to be displeased。從他的面部表情來看,他似乎不高興。練習:翻譯下列句子1、Can you finish the work by five oclock?2、The bullet missed him by two inches。3、We sell ice creams by the thousand in summer.答案:1、你能在五點鐘以前完成這項工作嗎?2、那顆釘子差兩英寸就打中他了.3、我們在夏天出售的
39、冰激淋數以千計。6. beyong的用法1)表示“(時間)過了,比晚,遲于”。例:They arrived beyond nine oclock。他們過了9點才到。He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time。他把那件事拖過了規(guī)定的時間。2)表示“(位置)在的那邊,在以外例:The small village is 20 miles beyond the town。那個小村莊在離城20英里以外的地方。The village is beyond the mountain.村莊在山的那邊.These students came from beyond th
40、e seas。這些學生來自海外。(3)表示“(范圍)超過,為所不及”。例:This book is beyond me。這本書我看不懂。He is living beyond his income.他的生活入不敷出.Her work is beyond praise。她的工作令人贊不絕口。Good health is beyond price。健康的身體是無價之寶。It was a case beyond the doctors skill.那位醫(yī)生治不了這種病.練習:Sorry, Madam. Youd better come tomorrow because its the visitin
41、g hours.答案:beyond7、表示“關于”的介詞:about,on, ofabout指泛泛地或非正式地談論某事,其談論的內容也較為普通;而on則指比較有系統(tǒng)地或理論性較強地論述某事,其論述的內容較正式或較嚴肅。在與tell,read,know,think等動詞連用時,of側重于粗略涉及,而about涉及的情況則詳細得多。例:He wrote on mathematics。他撰寫數學著作。He wrote about the school.他編寫有關這所學校的情況。It is a book on birds。那是一本論及鳥類的書.(可能是一本學術著作)It is a book about
42、 birds。那是一本關于鳥的書。(可能是一本供小孩看的關于鳥類的故事書)I know of him.我對他有所了解。(只是大致了解)練習:用about,on,of填空1、He usually tells me some stories Lei Feng.2、Tell me him 3、They talked you at the meeting yesterday。4、He is reading a book the history of China。答案:1、about2、about3、about/of4、on8.表示所用的原料的介詞:of, from(常與be made連用)of 表示從
43、成品仍可看出原材料例:The house is made of glass。這個房子是用玻璃做的。from表示從成品中已看不出原材料例:Steel is made from iron。鋼是由鐵煉的。練習:Obviously, the top of the table is made glass.Its difficult for me to tell what the box is made .答案:1、of2、from9. because of, owing to, due to, thanks to1) because of一般作狀語,不作表語,位于句首或句尾例:He walked slo
44、wly because of his bad leg.他因為腿不方便而行走緩慢。2) owing to通常作狀語,一般不作表語例:The game was cancelled owing to torrential rain。這場比賽因大雨被取消了。3) due to通常作表語或狀語,一般不放于句首例:The teams success was largely due to her efforts。這個隊的成功很大程度上是她努力的結果。4) thanks to“因為,幸虧,只能作狀語,多表示正面的意義,有時也表示諷刺含義例:It was all a great successthanks to
45、 a lot of hard work。由于盡心竭力,這才大獲成功。練習:1、由于大雨,昨天的運動會被推遲了。2、這次成功很大程度上是由于他們的及時幫助。3、多虧你的幫助,我才取得了這么大的進步答案:1、Because of/Owing to the heavy rain, the sports meeting was put off yesterday。2、The success is largely due to their timely help.3、Thanks to your help, I have made so much progress。10。名詞與介詞的固定搭配1)要求用t
46、o的名詞:access,approach,attention,key,answer,apology,introduction,attitude,monument,devotion,journey,entrance,visit等.2)要求用in的名詞:interest,expert,pride,trouble等.3)要求用on的名詞:congratulations,effect,influence等.4)要求用其他介詞的名詞:prize(for),respect(for),victory(over),struggle(with),excuse(for),(for)fear(of)等。5)to與情
47、感名詞連用,表示“某種行動后產生的感覺”to ones +delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret+ to the+delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret+of sb。這種表達法表示結果,用作狀語,位于句前、句中、句后皆可,意為“使某人的是”。為了強調,可在to前面加much。練習:1、In order to change attitudes employing women, the government is bringing in new laws.2、I sent them my sincere con
48、gratulations their marriage。3、 my anger, all of them went to the cinema without me.答案:1、to2、on3、To七、介詞運用的兩個難點問題(一)介詞的省略1. 當表示時間的詞前有this,that,next,last,every,each,some,any,all等詞時,介詞常省略。例:He thought it was possible that she would come back that day。他認為她那天有可能回來。2. 表示時間的名詞前有不定冠詞,且不定冠詞作“每一講時,前面不用介詞。例:An
49、apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天吃個蘋果,醫(yī)生遠離我.3. 習慣搭配中介詞的省略一些常和動詞、名詞或形容詞搭配使用的介詞常可省略,常見的詞類搭配有:spend/waste time(in)doing sth。,have difficulty/trouble(in)doing sth.,be busy(in)doing sth.,stop/prevent sb.(from)doing sth.。(二)介詞不可遺漏的情況1. 含有不及物動詞的不定式在形容詞easy,hard,difficult,comfortable,dangerous,nice等后面作狀語
50、,且構成不定式的動詞與句子的主語存在被動關系或主語是不定式動作發(fā)生的地點時,介詞不能遺漏.例:The man is hard to deal with.這個人很難對付.This is a good place to live in。這是個居住的好地方。2。 在 too。to,enough to。., soas to等結構中,含有不及物動詞的不定式作結果狀語,構成不定式的動詞為不及物動詞,且該動詞與句子的主語構成被動關系或主語為不定式動作發(fā)生的地點時,介詞不可遺漏。例:The ice is too thin to skate on。冰太薄了,不能在上面滑。The house is too sma
51、ll to live in.這所房子太小了,不能在里面居住.3。 在被動語態(tài)中,動詞短語中的介詞不能遺漏。例:All the babies have been taken good care of in the hospital。所有的嬰兒在這家醫(yī)院里受到了很好的照料。4. 當非謂語動詞表示被動意義時,相關介詞也不可省略。例:The place is well worth paying a visit to.這個地方很值得參觀。5. 在定語從句中,當從句的謂語動詞和先行詞構成被動關系且從句謂語動詞為不及物動詞時,介詞不可遺漏。例:The person who Tom is talking to is my uncle。湯姆正在說話的那個人是我的叔叔。練習:1、That day you shouldnt have spent so much time (read)so boring a novel。2、With the final exam approaching,everyone is busy (go)over lessons.3、You cant imagine what difficulty I had (solve)the tough problem.4、The research which he devotes himself is of great
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