動詞不定式講稿

1、關(guān)于動詞不定式第一張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月不定式定義：由to+動詞原形構(gòu)成。不定式是一種非限定性動詞。而非限定動詞是指那些在句中不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語的動詞，可分為不定式，動名詞，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞?！皠釉~不定式”由動詞+不定式構(gòu)成。動詞不定式在句中可以作句子除謂語之外的任何句子成分。動詞不定式的被動形式除了一般形式外還有其完成式和進(jìn)行式。第二張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月時態(tài)、語態(tài) ：介紹動詞不定式可以作各種成分除了謂語，但它畢竟是動詞，所以有動詞的屬性。 動詞不定式及其短語還可以有自己的賓語、狀語，雖然動詞不定式在語法上沒有表面上的直接主語，但它表達(dá)的意義是動作，這

2、一動作一定由使動者發(fā)出。這一使動者我們稱之為 邏輯主語，其形式如下： 第三張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月1)語態(tài)如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者，不定式一般要用被動語態(tài)形式。如： Its a great honour to be invited to Marys birthday party.（不定式作主語是被動語態(tài)to be invited是被邀請） It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主語） I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作賓語）

3、 Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定語） He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作狀語） 第四張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語的不定式可用被動，也可用主動。如：There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有時兩種形式表達(dá)的意思不同，如：There is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now

4、.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.) 第五張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月(2)時態(tài)1) 現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再見到你。 2) 完成時：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.

5、He seems to have caught a cold. 3) 進(jìn)行時：表示動作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。 He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成進(jìn)行時： She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years. 一般在情緒后加to do to do 也表將來 第六張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月不定式的完成式不定式的完成時表達(dá)下列意義：a. 不定式的完成式所表示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。I am sorry to have kept

6、you waiting.對不起，讓你久等了。（to have kept發(fā)生在I am sorry所表示的時間之前）She is said to have just completed a novel.據(jù)說她剛完成一部小說。（to have just completed a novel發(fā)生在She is said所表示的時間之前）第七張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月b. 用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等詞后，不定式的完成式表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿

7、望、期待、想法、打算或計(jì)劃等。to have + 過去分詞表示動作， to have been表示狀態(tài)。I meant to have done the work before Sunday.我本想星期天前完成這項(xiàng)工作。（沒完成）I was to have been a doctor.我本打算當(dāng)個醫(yī)生。（沒當(dāng)成）I intended to have come to see you.我本打算來看你的。(但沒來)第八張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月C .用在seem, appear, thing, consider, believe等后，表示一個動作先于另一個動作發(fā)生。I seem to

8、 have seen her somewhere before.以前我好像在那見過她。（see在seem之前發(fā)生）He was believed to have been a reporter.都認(rèn)為他從前干過記者。比較：She seems to have been ill.= It seems that she has been ill.她似乎病了。She seemed to have been ill.= It seemed that she had been ill.她似乎過去生過病。第九張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月d. 在should(would) like 或shoul

9、d(would)have like后用不定式完成式表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。I should like to have gone with her.我多么愿意和她一起去。（但沒去）I would like to have seen her face when she read the letter.我真想見到她讀信時的表情。（但沒看到）第十張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月語法功能 :1 不定式作賓語1) 動詞+ 不定式 afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare

10、, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertakeThe driver failed to see the other car in time.司機(jī)沒能及時看見另一輛車。第十一張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月2) 動詞+不定式；動

11、詞+賓語+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。第十二張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月3) 動詞+疑問詞+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPleas

12、e show us how to do that. 請演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ?。注意疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：The question is how to put it into practice. 問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。第十三張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月2. 不定式作補(bǔ)語1) 動詞+賓語+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid,

13、force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warnFather will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。第十四張，PPT共五十一頁，

14、創(chuàng)作于2022年6月2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語的動詞。acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel, find,guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。第十五張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年

15、6月3) to be +形容詞seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting.人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思。第十六張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月4) there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, u

16、ndrstandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒料到會有那么多人在哪里。注意有些動詞需用as 短語做補(bǔ)語，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father .瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。第十七張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月3. 不定式作主語1) Its easy (for me) to do that. 我做這事太容易了。easy,

17、difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enoughIts necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 當(dāng)你不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。第十八張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月2) Its very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他

18、真好。kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。第十九張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月注意1) 其他系動詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型2) 不定式作為句子成分時，動詞用單數(shù)形式。3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is to

19、的句型(對)To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。(錯)It is to believe to see.Its for sb.和 Its of sb.1) for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：Its very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。 第二十張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月2) of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, k

20、ind, nice, clever, foolish, right。Its very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我，你真是太好了。for 與of 的辨別方法用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.(通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。He is hard.(人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)第二十一張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月4. 不定式作表語不定式可放在be動詞后面，形成表語。例如：My work is to clean the room every day.His dre

21、am is to be a doctor.第二十二張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月5. 不定式作定語不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如：I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.第二十三張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月6. 不定式作狀語不定式作狀語時，常表示目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等，通常放在它所修飾的動詞之后。表目的不定式作目的狀語時，其動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后，一般放在句子后部。但如要表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可以位于句首，前面可加in order,不定式作目的狀語時其否定必須用in order

22、 not +不定式，或so as not 不定式。in order to 引出的不定式可置于句首或句中，so as not不定式不能放在句首，只能放在句中。He stopped to have a rest.他停下來休息。（目的）To search for gold, many people went to California.為了尋找金子，許多人去了加利福尼亞。（目的）第二十四張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月表示結(jié)果A few days later he came back only to find that the troop had left.他幾天后回來，發(fā)現(xiàn)部隊(duì)已經(jīng)離開了

23、。（不定式動作后發(fā)生）She tried to kill herself only to be saved.她企圖自殺，后來被救了。（常代only 一詞表明是結(jié)果）第二十五張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月a. 形容詞如right, polite, crazy, generous, good, greedy, kind, selfish, silly, splendid, nice, unselfish, unkind等對人進(jìn)行表揚(yáng)或批評，后接不定式表示結(jié)果，不定式的邏輯主語也就是句子主語。He is very polite to show us the way.他很有禮貌給我們指路。

24、He is silly to say so. 他這么說太傻了。第二十六張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月b. 不定式和only連用，表示未預(yù)料到的結(jié)果。He woke up only to find himself famous.他一覺醒來，竟發(fā)現(xiàn)自己成名了。The thief broke into the house only to find it empty.小偷闖進(jìn)屋子，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)是空的。c.在so as to, such as to, enough to等結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式皆表示結(jié)果。He is too young to join the army.他太年輕了，不能參軍。He is s

25、o careless as to forget his pen.她太粗心了，以至于把鋼筆忘了帶。d.“too to”表示結(jié)果意為：太而不能，但有時不含否定意義。He is too excited to sleep.他太激動了，不能入睡。（否定）第二十七張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月表示原因，其邏輯主語是句子的主語。She wept to see him in such a terrible state.她看到他這種可怕的樣子就哭了。The whole nation was in deep sorrow to learn the death of Lincoln. 聽到林肯去逝的消息

26、，全國都沉浸在悲痛之中。表示條件動詞不定式有時也可以表示條件，一般置于句首，否定不定式表示條件多置于句尾，這時謂語動詞常含有will, shall, should, would, can, must等。To hear him talk, you would think he owned the whole world.要是聽他講話，你會認(rèn)為整個世界都是他的。One would be careless not to see the mistake.如果一個人看不到自己的缺點(diǎn)他就會疏忽大意。第二十八張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月表示伴隨這種情況不定式常以獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)。They divi

27、ded the work, John to wash the vegetables and Mary to cook the meal.他們做了分工，約翰洗菜；瑪麗做飯。A number of students sat around the professor, some to ask questions, some to discuss among themselves.一些學(xué)生圍著教授坐，有的問問題，有的自己討論。6.表明說話人的態(tài)度， 在句中作獨(dú)立成分。To tell the truth, this all Greek to me.說實(shí)話，我對此一竅不通。第二十九張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)

28、作于2022年6月除此之外還有：to be brief 簡而言之、to be exact 精確的說、to be frank with you老實(shí)對你說 、to be plain 老實(shí)說 、to put it straight直截了當(dāng)、to bring the story short長話短說、to return to my subject言歸正傳、to change the subject換一個話題、to use his own words用自己的話說、to make matter worse更糟的是、to give him his due公正地說、strange to say奇怪地說、to s

29、ay nothing of姑且不講、to conclude總之、to crown all更好（壞）的是、to be honest直率地說、to start /begin with首先、to do him justice說句公道話、to sum up總之，總而言之等。這些短語大都位于句首，偶爾位于句中或句尾，需要用逗號和其他成分隔開。但表示“更不用說”的幾個短語一般要放在句尾，如to say nothing of, not to say, not to mention, not to speak of, let alone, much less, much more 等第三十張，PPT共五十一頁

30、，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月3) 表原因Im glad to see you.典型例題The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on答案：B.如果不定式為不及物動詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動詞與介詞連用時，常位于形容詞+動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。第三十一張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月用作介詞的toto 有兩種用法：一為不定式+動詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動名詞：adm

31、it to承認(rèn)，confess to承認(rèn)，be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于，be used to 習(xí)慣于，stick to 堅(jiān)持，turn to開始，著手于，devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 第三十二張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月注意省to 的動詞不定式 1) 情態(tài)動詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：2) 使役動詞 let, have, make：3) 感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, he

32、ar, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。第三十三張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月注意在被動語態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4) would rather，had better：5) Why / why not：6) help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth：7) but和exc

33、ept：but前是動詞do時，后面出現(xiàn)的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to 可以省去：9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：He is supposed (to be) nice.他應(yīng)該是個好人。舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比較：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wan

34、ts to believe anything but to take the medicine.第三十四張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月典型例題1) - I usually go there by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change?A. to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going答案：D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。2) Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard.A. learn B.

35、 to learn C. learned D. learning 答案：B. make后接不帶to 的動詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動時，to 不可省略。第三十五張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月動詞不定式的否定式Tell him not to shut the window She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時候，她假裝沒看見。典型例題1) Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut答案：B。 tell sb t

36、o do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.第三十六張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月不定式的特殊句型tooto1) tooto 太以至于He is too excited to speak. 他太激動了，說不出話來。- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?- Well, Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定， too 后那個詞表

37、達(dá)一種委婉含義，意 為不太。Its never too late to mend.(諺語)改過不嫌晚。3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時，意思是：非常 等于very。第三十七張，PPT共五十一頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月不定式的特殊句型so as to1) 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2) so kind as to -勞駕Would you be so kind as t