Chap像經(jīng)濟學家一樣思考

1、Thinking Like an Economist像經(jīng)濟學家一樣思考Chapter 2The Economist as a Scientist作為科學家的經(jīng)濟學家The economic way of thinking . . . 經(jīng)濟學思考方法Involves thinking analytically and objectively. 客觀地分析與思考。Makes use of the scientific method. 利用科學的方法。The Scientific MethodUses abstract models to help explain how a complex, re

2、al world operates.Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.Observation, Theory and More Observation!科學方法利用抽象的模型幫助解釋復雜的真實世界如何運行。形成理論，收集并分析數(shù)據(jù)來驗證理論。觀察, 理論 ，更多的觀察Economic Models Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world Two o

3、f the most basic economic models include:The Circular Flow ModelThe Production Possibilities Frontier經(jīng)濟模型 經(jīng)濟學家利用模型來簡化真實世界，使我們更好地理解這個世界。 兩個最基本的經(jīng)濟學模型是：循環(huán)流向圖生產(chǎn)可能性邊界The Circular-Flow Model經(jīng)濟循環(huán)流向圖The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between househo

4、lds and firms in the economy.循環(huán)流向圖一個直觀地說明一個經(jīng)濟體內(nèi)家庭和企業(yè)之間的經(jīng)濟交易行為的簡單方式。The Circular-Flow DiagramFirmsHouseholdsMarket for Factors of ProductionMarket for Goods and ServicesSpendingRevenueWages, rent, and profitIncomeGoods & Services soldGoods & Services boughtLabor, land, and capitalInputs for productio

5、n經(jīng)濟循環(huán)圖企業(yè)家庭生產(chǎn)要素市場物品與勞務市場支出收入工資、租金和利潤收入銷售商品和服務購買商品和服務勞動、土地和資本生產(chǎn)投入The Circular-Flow Diagram經(jīng)濟循環(huán)圖Factors of Production 生產(chǎn)要素 Inputs used to produce goods and services 用于生產(chǎn)物品與勞務的投入 Land, labor, and capital 土地、勞動和資本The Production Possibilities FrontierThe production possibilities frontier is a graph showin

6、g the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology.生產(chǎn)可能性邊界生產(chǎn)可能性邊界 表示一個經(jīng)濟在可得到的生產(chǎn)要素與生產(chǎn)技術既定時所能生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量的各種組合的圖形。 The Production Possibilities Frontier生產(chǎn)可能性邊界Quantity ofComputersProducedQuantity ofCars Produced3,0001,0002,0002,

7、200A70060030001,000BCDProductionpossibilitiesfrontier電腦產(chǎn)量汽車產(chǎn)量生產(chǎn)可能性邊界Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities FrontierEfficiencyTradeoffsOpportunity CostEconomic Growth生產(chǎn)可能性邊界闡明的概念效率權衡取舍機會成本經(jīng)濟增長Microeconomics and MacroeconomicsMicroeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the economy.

8、How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific marketsMacroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level.微觀經(jīng)濟學與宏觀經(jīng)濟學微觀經(jīng)濟學 的研究對象是經(jīng)濟中的個體家庭和企業(yè)如何作出決策，以及他們?nèi)绾卧谔囟ㄊ袌錾舷嗷ソ灰?。宏觀經(jīng)濟學 研究經(jīng)濟總體現(xiàn)象。從總體上看，各種市場在國家水平上如何相互影響。Two Roles of Eco

9、nomists經(jīng)濟學家的兩個角色When they are trying to explain the world, they are scientists. 當他們努力去解釋世界時，他們是科學家。When they are trying to change the world, they are policy advisors. 當他們想要改變世界時，他們是政策顧問。Positive versus Normative AnalysisPositive statements are statements that describe the world as it is.Called descr

10、iptive analysisNormative statements are statements about how the world should be.Called prescriptive analysis實證分析與規(guī)范分析實證表述 是企圖描述世界是什么的觀點。被稱為描述性分析。規(guī)范表述 是企圖描述世界應該如何運行的觀點。被稱為命令性分析。?Positive or Normative Statements?實證性還是規(guī)范性表述？An increase in the minimum wage will cause a decrease in employment among the

11、least-skilled.提高最低工資水平會導致最低技能工人的就業(yè)減少。Positive 實證性?Positive or Normative Statements?實證性還是規(guī)范性表述？The income gains from a higher minimum wage are worth more than any slight reductions in employment.提高最低工資水平得到的利益比由此帶來的稍微的就業(yè)減少造成的損失大Positive 規(guī)范性Economists in Washington . . . . . serve as advisers in the po

12、licymaking process of the three branches of government:LegislativeExecutiveJudicial華盛頓的經(jīng)濟學家 . . . . .在以下三個政府部門的政策制定過程中充當顧問：立法行政司法Economists in WashingtonSome government agencies that collect economic data and make economic policy:Department of CommerceBureau of Labor StatisticsCongressional Budget OfficeFederal Reserve Board華盛頓的經(jīng)濟學家一些收集經(jīng)濟數(shù)據(jù)并制定經(jīng)濟政策的政府部門:商務部勞工統(tǒng)計局國會預算辦公室聯(lián)邦儲備委員會小結(jié)經(jīng)濟學家像科學家一樣客觀地來研究他們的學科。為了理解周圍的世界，經(jīng)濟學家進行適當?shù)募僭O并建立簡單的模型。兩個簡單的經(jīng)濟模型是經(jīng)濟循環(huán)圖和生產(chǎn)可能性邊界。小結(jié)經(jīng)濟學分為兩個領域：微觀經(jīng)濟學和宏觀經(jīng)濟學。微觀經(jīng)濟學家研究市場中的家庭和企業(yè)所