高中英語Unit4AstronomythescienceofthestarsLingXianMysticalLaws靈憲閱讀素材新人教版必修3

1、高中英語Unit4AstronomythescienceofthestarsLingXianMysticalLaws靈憲閱讀素材新人教版必修3高中英語Unit4AstronomythescienceofthestarsLingXianMysticalLaws靈憲閱讀素材新人教版必修3高中英語Unit4AstronomythescienceofthestarsLingXianMysticalLaws靈憲閱讀素材新人教版必修3Ling Xian(Mystical Laws)靈憲A monumental astronomic works，Ling Xian，translated as Mystica

2、l Laws is a distillation of the years of practice and theoretical research by Zhang Heng，a famous astronomer of the Eastern Han Dynasty.Dealing with such topics as the formation and structure of the heaven and earth and the cosmicevolvement as well as the nature and movement of celestial bodies，the

3、book promoted the level of ancient Chinas astronomical level to a new high and cast a pro-found impact on the following generations.靈憲是東漢著名天文學(xué)家張衡積多年的實(shí)踐與理論研究寫成的一部天文巨著。該書全面闡述了天地的生成、宇宙的演化、天地的結(jié)構(gòu)、日月星辰的本質(zhì)及其運(yùn)動等諸多重大問題，將中國古代的天文學(xué)水平提升到了一個(gè)新階段,并對后世產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響.The astronomical achievements of Lang Xian are as follow

4、s:靈憲的天文學(xué)成就如下:First， Ling Xian discusses the origin and structure of the cosmos。 In terms of the formation of the heaven and earth，Ling Xian believes that the heaven .the earth，and all the other things have their origins in primitive and chaotic yuanqi（vi-tality).ft further holds that，instead of stay

5、ing permanently unchanged，the structure of the cosmos is constantly developing. These views，basically, are similar to modern theories on the evolution of the cosmos。第一,論述了宇宙的起源和宇宙的結(jié)構(gòu)。關(guān)于天地的生成問題，靈憲認(rèn)為天地萬物是從原始的渾沌未分的元?dú)獍l(fā)展來的。這種天體演化思想,是從物質(zhì)運(yùn)動的本身來說明宇宙的形成，認(rèn)為宇宙結(jié)構(gòu)不是亙古不變的，而是不斷發(fā)展變化的.這些觀點(diǎn)，與現(xiàn)代宇宙演化學(xué)說在基本原理上是相通的。Second

6、，based on the theory of sphere heavens,the book scientifically elabo-rates on the lunar eclipse.、.。explanation of the phenomenon，Zhang Heng wrote in the book“The moon itself is not luminescent, but rather reflecting the sunlight。 The part of the moon where the sunlight fails to reach will not give o

7、ut light。 If the moon into the shadow of the earth,a lunar eclipse occurs。第二,在渾天說的基礎(chǔ)上，科學(xué)地闡述了月食的原因.張衡在靈憲中寫道:“月光生于日之所照;魄生于日之所蔽.當(dāng)日則光盈，就日則光盡也?！?大意為:月亮本身是不發(fā)光的，而是太陽光照射到月亮上，月亮才折射出光，太陽光照不到的地方則出現(xiàn)虧缺。如果月亮進(jìn)人地影，就會發(fā)生“月食”.)Third，in relation of the finity and infinity of the cosmos，Zhang Heng compared the heaven to

8、 an eggshell,and the earth to the egg yolk.Zhang Heng,however ， did not believe the eggshell to be the boundary of the cosmos. He viewed the cosmos that people could see with the naked eye as limited while the part that could not be seen as infinite.第三，宇宙的有限性和無限性。張衡把天比作一個(gè)雞蛋殼，把地比作蛋殼中的雞蛋黃，但他并不認(rèn)為硬殼是宇宙的

9、邊界。張衡認(rèn)為,人們目之所及的宇宙世界是有限的，但在人們目之所及之外的宇宙世界則是無限的。Fourth，Zhang recorded his measurement of both the sun and the moons an-gular diameter， which is 1 /736 of the celestial sphere，or rather 29度 21 （or 29度21 ”），an absolute difference of 20from the modern average value of 31度5（or 31度5）。Considering the scienti

10、fic level and observatory conditions of over 2000 years ago，the number is fairly precise。第四，張衡實(shí)測出日、月的角直徑是整個(gè)周天的1/736，即29021，這與近代天文測量所得的日和月的平均角直徑值3105,相比,絕對誤差僅有2。由于2000多年前的科學(xué)技術(shù)水平及觀測條件，這個(gè)數(shù)值可以說是相當(dāng)精確的。Fifth，based on his careful observation of the celestial bodies，Zhang Heng sorted out the various star ch

11、arts made by his predecessors and re-established a new chart， recording the position of over 3，000 stars。第五，張衡在認(rèn)真觀察天體的基礎(chǔ)上，對前人留傳下來的好幾種星表作了整理、匯總，建立了恒星多達(dá)三千的新星表。The last but not the least, concerning the movement of the five planets,Zhang worte:”The sun，the moon and the flue planets all move inbetween t

12、he heaven and earth rather than on the wall of the celestial sphere。 Moreover the seven ce-lestial bodies move at different speeds?！钡诹P(guān)于五星的運(yùn)動問題，張衡提出:日、月、五星是在天地之間運(yùn)行，而非在天球壁上運(yùn)行。并且，這七個(gè)天體運(yùn)動的速度各不相同。Ling Xian,is one of the most outstanding astronomic works in the history of ancient Chinese astronomy,represents a milestone in the development of