專業(yè)英語翻譯原文

1、P1藍色字。In particular, with the rapid development of Chinas economy and its acting as a center of world manufacturing industries, the demand for IE will increase and widen continuously and urgently.A production system or service system includes inputs, transformation, and outputs. Through transformati

2、on, the added values are increased and the system efficiency and effectiveness are improved. Transformation processes rely on the technologies used and management sciences as well as their combination.Managing a production system or service system is a challenging and complex taskone that requires t

3、he knowledge of fundamental sciences, engineering sciences, behavioral sciences, computer and information sciences, economics, and a great number of topics concerning the basic principles and techniques of production and service systems.P2How did the two words “industrial” and “engineering” get comb

4、ined to form the tern “industrial engineering”? What is the relationship between industrial engineering and other engineering disciplines, to business management, or the social sciences?To understand the role of industrial engineering in todays economic and knowledge-based era, it is beneficial to l

5、earn the historical developments that were hopeful in the evolution of IE. There are many ways to write a historical development of engineering. The treatment in this unit is brief because our interest is in reviewing the significances of engineering development, particularly those leading to engine

6、ering as a specialty. More complete histories are available in the reference.Engineering and science have developed in a parallel, complementary fashion, although they are not always at the same pace. Whereas science is concerned with the quest for basic knowledge, engineering is concerned with the

7、application of scientific knowledge to the solution of problems and to the quest for a “better life”. Obviously, knowledge cannot be applied until it is discovered, and once discovered, it will soon be put to use. In its efforts to solve problems, engineering provides feedback to science in areas wh

8、ere new knowledge is needed. Thus, science and engineering work hand in hand.P7藍色字。P37Industrial engineering covers techniques aimed at improving productivity. And work study is the important part of the classical industrial engineering, which regards the work or operations systems that are the micr

9、ocosmic foundations of the production systems as the research objects. It is the earliest technique of industrial engineering, its basic function is to diagnose and analyze the existing production systems, and the final purpose is to improve productivity .藍色字Work study includes two parts: method stu

10、dy and work measurement. Figure 2.1 illustrates thebasic research contents of work study. P90In this chapter， we consider how automation and material handling technologies are synthesizedto create manufacturing systems. 藍色字。The integrated equipment includes production machines and tools, material ha

11、ndling and work positioning devices, and computer systems. Human resources are required either full time or periodically to keep the system running. Themanufacturing system is where the value-added work is accomplished on the part or product. The position of manufacturing system in the larger produc

12、tion system is shown as Figure 3.1 examples of manufacturing systems include:One worker tends one machine, which operates on semi-automatic cycle.A cluster of semi-automated assembly machines, which are attended by one worker. A full automatic assembly machine, periodically attended by a human worke

13、r.A group of automated machines work on automatic cycles to produce a family of similar parts.A team of workers perform assembly operations on a production line.P91In virtually all modern manufacturing systems, most of the actual processing or assembly work is accomplished by machines or with a aid

14、of tools. The machines can be classified as (1) manually,(2)semi-automated, or(3)fully automated. Manually operatedmachines aredirected or supervised by a human worker. The machine provides the power for the operation and the worker provides the control. Conventional machine tools (e.g. lathes, mill

15、ing machines, drill press) fit into this category. The worker must be at the machine continuously.In manufacturing systems, we use the term workstation to refer to a location in the factory where somewell-definetaskoroperationisaccomplishedbyanautomatedmachine,a worker-and-machine combination, or a

16、worker using hand tools/or portable powered tools. In the last, there is no definable production machine at the location. Many assembly tasks are in this category. A given manufacturing system may consist of one or more workstations. A system with multiple stations is called production line, or asse

17、mbly line, or machine cell, or other name, depending on its configuration and function.P99Group Technology (GT) is a manufacturing philosophy in which similar parts are identifies, and grouped together to take advantage of their similarities in design and production. Similar parts are arranged into

18、part families. Where each part family possesses similar design and/or manufacturing characteristics. For example, in a plant there are over 10000 different kinds of parts to be produced. There parts may be able to group into 30 40 distinct families. It is reasonable to believe that the processing of

19、 each member of a given familyis similar and this should result in manufacturing efficiencies. The efficiencies are generally achieved by arranging the production equipment into machine groups, or cell, to facilitate in flow. Grouping the production equipment into machine cell, where each cell speci

20、alization is an example of mixed model production.P100A Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is a system of numerical control (NC) machine tools which has automated material handle and central so that it has an automatic tool handling capacity. Because of its automatic tool handling capability and co

21、mputer control, such a system can be continually reconfigured to manufacture a wide variety of parts. This is why it is called a flexible manufacturing system.P101Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is the term used to describe the modern approach to manufacturing.AlthoughCIMencompassedmanyofthe

22、otheradvancedmanufacturing technologiessuchasComputerNumericalControl(CNC),Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), robotics, and Just-In Time (JIT) delivery, itis more than a new technology or a new concept. Computer Integrated Manufacturing is actually an entirely new approach

23、 to manufacturing, a new way of doing business.P116Many definitions of service are available but all contain a common theme of intangibility and simultaneous consumption. The following represents a sample definition of service:Services are deeds, processes, and performance.A service is an activity o

24、r series of activities of more less intangible nature that normally, but no necessarily, take place in interactions between customer and service employees and/or physical resources or goods and or systems of the service provider, which are provided as solutions to customer problems.Most authorities

25、consider that services sector including all economic activities whose output is not a physical product or construction is generally consumed at the time it is produced, and provides added value in forms (such as convenience, amusement, timeliness, comfort or health) that are essentially intangible c

26、oncerns of its first purchaser.A precise definition of goods and services should distinguish them on the basis of their attributes. A Good are tangible physical objects or products that can be created and transferred; they are existent over time and thus can be created and used later. A service is i

27、ntangible and perishable. It is an occurrence or process that is created and used simultaneously or nearly simultaneously. While the consumer cannot retain the actual service after it is produced, the effect of the service can be retained.A service is a time-perishable, intangible experience perform

28、ed for a customer acting in the role of co-producer.P118The product development model that is driven by technology and engineering could be called a push theory of innovation. A concept for a new product germinates in the laboratory with a new scientific discovery that becomes a solution looking for

29、 a problem. The 3M experience with Post-it notes is one example of this innovation process. The laboratory discovery was a poor adhesive, which found a creative use as a glue for notes to be attached temporarily to objects without leaving a mark when removed.Information technology provides many exam

30、ple of the push theory of service innovation. The growth of the World Wide Web as a place of commerce is changing the delivery of services. People can browse the Internet for every imaginable product or service from around the world. In fact, to stay competitive, many businesses may soon be required

31、 to offer new cost-effective and convenient services for customers who have home computers equipped with modems.P126The dimensions of service quality as shown in Figure 4.3 were identified by marketing researchers studying several different services, categories: appliance repair, retail banking, lon

32、g-distance telephone service, securities brokerage, and credit card companies. They identified five principal dimensions that customers use to judge service quality-reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles, which are listed in order to decline relative importance to customers.R

33、eliability. The ability to perform the promised services both dependable and accurately. Reliable service performance is a customer expectation and means that the service is accomplished on time, in the same manner, and without errors every time. For example, receiving mail at approximately the same

34、 time each day is important to most people. Reliability also extends into the back office,where accuracy in billing and record keeping is expected.Responsiveness. The willingness to help customers and to provide prompt service. Keeping customers waiting, particularly for no apparent reason, creates

35、unnecessary negative perceptions of quality. If a service failure occurs, the ability to recover quickly and with professionalism can create very positive perceptions of quality, for example, serving complimentary drinks on a delayed flight can turn a potentially poor customer experience into one th

36、at is remembered favorably.P133Production Planning is the process of converting corporate strategy along with market and financial policy into details for the efficient utilization of the production system. Production planning is the principal chain in the whole production management system that is

37、the precondition of plan and control with the production system. Its purposes are to prescribe the target and task of production activities of the future.Planning can be divided into strategic planning, management planning and work planning according to the different levels. The content, time, peopl

38、e who undertake the planning of the three kind of planning are all differently. Any company should have a total strategy that prescribed the whole target and develop orientation of company, and directed the activities of the company.Management planning and work planning are all proceeded in terms of

39、 the strategy planning.In toadys highly competitive business environment, budget-oriented planning or forecast-based planning methods are insufficient for a large corporation to survive and prosper. The firm must engage in strategic planning that clearly defines objectives and assesses both the inte

40、rnal and external situation to formulate the strategy, implement the strategy, evaluate the progress, and make adjustments as necessary to stay on track.P141Forecasting the future has long been a challenge to managers.藍色字. Knowledge of the future has always promised many kinds of advantages and opportunities.The forecast is a prediction of future events used for planning purposes. Changing and increasing env