國際商法 合同法 違約 Unit+6+Breach+of+the+Contract+and+Reme課件

1、Unit 5 Breach of the ContractWhen a persons performance is due, any failure to perform that is not excused is a breach of contract. Not all breaches of contract are of equal seriousness, however. Some are relatively minor deviations, whereas others are so extreme that they deprive the promisee of th

2、e essence of what he bargained for. The legal consequences of a given breach depend on the extent of the breach.Classification of Contract Breach1. Non-performance （1）Subjective non-performance不愿履行 （2）Objective non-performance履行不能 2. Late performance 3. Partial performance 4. Defective performance 5

3、. Anticipatory Breach and Actual Breach 6. Material Breach and nonmaterial Breach違約的種類 中國1）單方違約：指違約是由一方當事人的行為造成的。雙方違約：指合同的雙方當事人都違反了其依據(jù)合同所應(yīng)盡的義務(wù)。2）根本違約：一方的違約致使另一方訂約目的不能實現(xiàn)。非根本違約：指一方的違約并沒有導(dǎo)致另一方訂約目的不能實現(xiàn)，或者使其遭受重大損害。3）不履行：指無正當理由完全不履行合同義務(wù)。不完全履行：當事人歲有履行行為，但履行不符合法律和合同的約定。不完全履行包括：遲延履行，不適當履行，部分履行等行為。4）預(yù)期違約指在合同履

4、行期限到來之前，一方無正當理由明確表示其在履行期到來后將不履行合同，或者其行為表明其在履行期到來后將不可能履行合同。預(yù)期違約：包括明示預(yù)期違約和默示的預(yù)期違約實際違約：即實際發(fā)生的違約行為。 Effect of Material BreachA material breach occurs when the promisors performance fails to reach the level of performance that the promisee is justified in expecting under the circumstances.The party who i

5、s injured by a material breach has the right to withhold his own performance. He is discharged from further obligations under the contract and may cancel it. He also has the right to sue for damages for total breach of contract.Determining the Materiality of the BreachThe standard for determining ma

6、teriality is a flexible one that takes into account the facts of each individual case. The key question is whether the breach deprives the injured party of the benefits that he reasonably expected.Anticipatory RepudiationOne type of breach of contract occurs when the promisor indicates before the ti

7、me for his performance that he is unwilling or unable to carry out the contract. This is called anticipatory repudiation or anticipatory breach. Anticipatory breach generally constitutes a material breach of contract that discharges the promisee from all further obligation under the contract.Legal R

8、emedies ( Damages ) - Limitation on recovery of Damages in contract Cases1 A party can recover damages only for those losses that he can prove with reasonable certainty.2 A breaching party is responsible for paying only those losses that were foreseeable to him at the time of contracting.3 Plaintiff

9、s injured by a breach of contract have the duty to mitigate ( avoid or minimize ) damages.Compensatory DamagesSubject to the limitations discussed above, a person who has been injured by a breach of contract is entitled to recover compensatory damages.1 Loss in value: The starting point in calculati

10、ng compensatory damages is to determine the loss in vale of the performance that the plaintiff had the right to expect.2 Consequential damages: compensate for losses that occur as a consequence of the breach of contract.3 Incidental damages: compensate for reasonable costs that the injured party inc

11、urs after the breach in an effort to avoid further loss.Alternative Measures of DamagesNominal DamagesNominal Damages are very small damage awards that are given when a technical breach of contract has occurred without causing any actual or provable economic loss.Liquidated damagesThe parties to a c

12、ontract may expressly provide in their contract that a specific sum shall be recoverable if the contract is breached. Such provisions are called liquidated damages provisions. Punitive DamagesPunitive damages are damages awarded in addition to the compensatory remedy that are designed to punish a de

13、fendant for particularly reprehensible behavior and to deter the defendant and others from committing similar behavior in the future.The traditional rule is that punitive damages are not recoverable in contracts cases unless a specific statutory provision ( such as some consumer protection statutes

14、) allows them or the defendant has committed fraud or some other independent tort.賠償?shù)姆秶贤ㄉ蠈p害賠償采取的是完全賠償原則，即賠實際損失，也賠可得利益。損害賠償?shù)挠嬎惴椒ㄖ饕罁?jù)當事人約定，在當事人沒有約定的情況下，確定的公式是：（1） 完全賠償原則包括直接損失與間接損失。前者主要表現(xiàn)為標的物滅失，費用的支出等，后者指在合同適當履行后可以實現(xiàn)和取得的財產(chǎn)利益，也稱為可得利益的賠償。（2） 合理預(yù)見規(guī)則違約損害賠償?shù)姆秶赃`約方在訂立合同時預(yù)見到或者應(yīng)當預(yù)見到的損失為限。（3） 減輕損失規(guī)則一方違約后，另一

15、方應(yīng)當及時采取合理措施防止損失的擴大，否則，不得就擴大的損失要求賠償。損害賠償?shù)挠嬎愎綋p害賠償范圍=直接損失+間接損失-可避免的費用 可避免的損失例：張三與李西與8月1日約定由張三于10月1日交付活雞1000只，價格10000元，由李四負責提貨。李四為此安排車輛運輸，運費500元。李四又與王五簽訂合同，將該批活雞轉(zhuǎn)賣，價格15000元。問（1）如果張三未能與10月1日將該批活雞交付給李四，應(yīng)當賠償李四多少錢？（2）如果張三準時交付，但交付的1000只活雞有禽流感，導(dǎo)致李四自有的兩千只鴨子死亡。每只鴨子8元。問張三應(yīng)賠償李四多少錢。（3）如果張三在發(fā)現(xiàn)活雞得了禽流感以后可以及時將其隔離，并予以

16、處理。但張三拒絕及時處理該批活雞，導(dǎo)致其兩千只鴨子受感染。問張三應(yīng)賠償李四多少錢。Avoidance of contract In the case of a dispute under CISG, one party can avoid the contract only in the case of a fundamental breach by the other party.Sellers right to remedyA seller who has delivered some goods to the buyer prior to the delivery date, even

17、if the goods are nonconforming or the shipment is not complete, has the chance to remedy the problem in the shipment, until the time for performance expires. Money damagesThe method of measuring money damages depends on whether the buyer has been able to purchase substitute goods from another suppli

18、er. If the buyer does purchase substitute goods, the buyer may claim damages if the substitute goods cost more than the contract price. If the buyer has not purchased substitute goods, damages are measured by the difference between the contract price and the current market price. Specific performanc

19、e under CISGA court may grant specific performance only if all of the following conditions are met: (1) the buyer had not resorted to another remedy, such as avoidance or price reduction; (2) the seller had failed to deliver, or in the case of nonconforming goods, the nonconformity was so serious th

20、at it constituted a fundamental breach; (3) the buyer gave timely notice to the seller that the goods were nonconforming; (4) the buyer had made a timely request that the seller provide substitute goods. Remedies of anticipatory breachRight to suspend performance: either party may suspend performanc

21、e under a contract if one party realizes that the other party will not perform a substantial part of its obligations. The right to suspend performance ends when the other party provides adequate assurance that it will perform.Right to avoidanceAvoidance of installment contractelements of contract br

22、each (China) the two elements that constitute a contract breach：（1）existence of breach，（2）no excuses classification of contract breach 1 breach by one party/ breach by both parties單方違約與雙方違約。2 material breach/ non-material breach根本違約與非根本違約。3 non-performance/ incomplete performance不履行，不完全履行。4 anticipa

23、tory breach/ actual breach預(yù)期違約與實際違約。案情介紹：恒通商場與瑞達電器集團于某年11月份訂立了一份空調(diào)買賣合同，約定由瑞達電器集團于第二年的5月底交付空調(diào)500臺給恒通商場，每臺價4000元，恒通商場向瑞達電器集團交付30萬元定金。第二年3月，氣象部門紛紛預(yù)測今年將持續(xù)高溫，瑞達電器集團的空調(diào)被訂購一空，且訂價達4500元每臺。3月底，瑞達電器集團給恒通商場發(fā)了份函，聲稱無法履約，要求取消合同。商場為了防止瑞達電器集團向他人交付貨物，于4月2日將瑞達電器集團訴至法院，要求其實際履行合同，如不實際履行，則應(yīng)雙倍返還定金，賠償其利潤損失，以及支付違約金。瑞達電器集團辯

24、稱，合同未到履行期，拒絕承擔違約責任。remedies in China 1） 強制履行 (specific performance)又稱為實際履行，繼續(xù)履行。指一方違反合同時，另一方有權(quán)要求其依據(jù)合同的規(guī)定繼續(xù)履行。強制履行在我國是最重要的補救方法。對于金錢債務(wù)均可以適用強制履行，對于非金錢債務(wù)，適用強制履行有如下限制：（1）法律上或者事實上不能履行（2）債務(wù)的標的不適于強制履行或者履行費用過高違約的救濟（補救方法）- 中國2） 解除合同 cancellation of contract 按英美法的規(guī)定，只有在違反條件或重大違約時，才發(fā)生解除合同的問題。如果一方僅僅是輕微違約，對方只能請求損

25、害賠償，不能解除合同。在中國，違約致使合同履行成為不必要時，才成為解除合同的理由。3）寬限期（給予違約方一段合理的額外履約期限）在買方要求賣方履行義務(wù)時，他可以規(guī)定一段合理時限的額外時間，就是Sellers Additional Time to Perform。在這種情況下，除非買方收到賣方的通知，聲稱他將不在所規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)履行義務(wù)，買方在這段時間內(nèi)不得對違反合同采取任何其他補救辦法。但是，買方并不因此喪失他對遲延履行義務(wù)可能享有的要求損害賠償?shù)娜魏螜?quán)利。違約的救濟（補救方法）- 中國5） 定金 (deposit) 6） 違約金 這是違約補救的最常用辦法之一。但各國規(guī)定有所不同。大陸法認為違約

26、金具有兩重性，即懲罰性和賠償性，英美法認為，對于違約只能賠償，而不能予以懲罰。其他救濟方式 Other Remedies 中國7）采取補救措施 修理：指因出賣人交付的貨物，承攬人提供的工作物等有瑕疵，如果該瑕疵能夠修理且修理瑕疵并不影響非違約方訂約目的的實現(xiàn)，可以由違約方進行修理，也可由違約方提供修理費請他人修理。更換：如果該標的物是可替代的物，則應(yīng)當由違約方予以更換，在更換的情況下更換物應(yīng)當在質(zhì)量，規(guī)格，品種等方面與原物保持相同。重作：指出賣人交付的貨物，承攬人提供的工作物等有瑕疵，可以使違約方真正按照合同規(guī)定的質(zhì)量重新制作標的物，并向非違約方交付標的物，從而使非違約方得到符合合同規(guī)定的質(zhì)量

27、的貨物。減少價款或者報酬：A 公司為房地產(chǎn)公司，2002年初，其開發(fā)的某寫字樓預(yù)計將于2002年6月竣工，A 公司開始進行預(yù)租售。B公司與A公司簽訂了房屋租賃合同，合同規(guī)定：B公司承租該寫字樓六樓某寫字間200平米，日租金4元，自2002年7月1日起租，租期3年。合同簽訂后，B公司按照約定預(yù)付了一年的租金。但2002年6月底，該寫字樓未能如期完工。A公司承諾2002年底肯定竣工，B公司同意租期順延。2002年底，該寫字樓仍未竣工，B公司提出解除合同，并要求A公司返還預(yù)付租金，賠償經(jīng)濟損失。而A公司認為合同一經(jīng)簽訂，就具有法律效力，B公司不能解除合同，雙方遂發(fā)生爭議。B公司將A公司告上法庭，請求

28、解除合同并賠償損失。請分析本案主要涉及什么法律問題？你對此如何分析？ 違約的免責事由 Excuses Although nonperformance of a duty that has become due will ordinarily constitute a breach of contract, there are some situations in which nonperformance is excused because of factors that arise after the formation of the contract. When this occurs,

29、the person whose performance is made impossible or impracticable by these factors is discharged from further obligation under the contract. The following discussion concerns the most common grounds for excuse of nonperformance.約定的免責事由免責條款 Disclaimers 免責條款是指當事人在合同中約定免除將來可能發(fā)生的違約責任的條款，其所規(guī)定的免責事由即約定免責事由。

30、對此，合同法未作一般性規(guī)定。但免責條款不能排除當事人的基本義務(wù)，也不能排除故意或重大過失的責任。 特別是格式化的免責條款不得不合理地免除條款制作人的責任，加重對方的責任，排除對方的主要權(quán)利。法定的免責事由不可抗力 Force Majeure Clauses 根據(jù)我國法律的規(guī)定，所謂不可抗力，是指不能預(yù)見，不能避免并不能克服的客觀情況。不可抗力的要件為：（1）不能預(yù)見，即當事人無法知道事件是否發(fā)生，何時何地發(fā)生，發(fā)生的情況如何。對此，應(yīng)以一般人的預(yù)見能力為標準加以判斷；（2）不能避免，即無論當事人采取什么措施，或即使盡了最大努力，也不能防止或避免事件的發(fā)生；（3）不能克服，即以當事人自身的能力和條件無法戰(zhàn)勝這種客觀力量；（4）客觀情況，即外在于當事人的行為的客觀現(xiàn)象。 Excuses for breach in Civil Law情勢變更原則 fundamental change in circumstances 情勢變更原則是指合同成立后，作為合同關(guān)系基礎(chǔ)的情勢，由于不可歸責于當事