高中英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)之閱讀理解題解題技巧課件

1、閱讀理解題解題技巧高考大綱中關(guān)于閱讀理解的要求 要求考生讀懂簡(jiǎn)易的英語(yǔ)文學(xué)作品、科普文章、公告、說(shuō)明、廣告以及書、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文章并回答相關(guān)問(wèn)題?？忌鷳?yīng)能：、理解主旨要義；、理解文中具體信息；、根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；、作出簡(jiǎn)單判斷和推理；、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；、理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度； 7、根據(jù)所讀，用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)補(bǔ)全文章提綱、 概括關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容或作重要詞詞語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換。因此有關(guān)閱讀理解題目主要有以下幾種:命 題 類主旨大意型事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型 詞 義 猜 測(cè) 型推 理 判 斷 型一、主旨大意題 （做題要領(lǐng)）1. 干擾項(xiàng) 可能屬文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。2. 干擾項(xiàng) 可能屬?gòu)奈闹心承?(不完全的

2、) 事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。3. 干擾項(xiàng) 可能屬非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。正確答案是根據(jù)文章意思全面理解而歸納概括出來(lái)的；但不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過(guò)其實(shí)或以偏概全。Question: Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraph ?A. GM is one of the largest car producers.B. Ford operates not only in the U.S.A., but also in Asia.C. The foreign cars have not t

3、aken away the jobs from American autoworkers.D. The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is terrible for American autoworkers(汽車工人).解釋段落 In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before.

4、 The flood of cheaper foreign cars has not cast American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted. Ford operates as far as Asia, and General Motors is considered Australians biggest employer. Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet

5、 the needs of an insatiable(不能滿足的)society.問(wèn)題解釋 文章中心是論點(diǎn)，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)是論據(jù)或主要理由；有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)的問(wèn)題常對(duì)文中某個(gè)詞語(yǔ)、某句子、某段落等細(xì)節(jié)及事實(shí)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)，所提問(wèn)題一般可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。 提問(wèn)的特殊疑問(wèn)詞常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型 解題原則：忠實(shí)于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷。在閱讀理解中，要求查找主要事實(shí)和特定細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題常有以下幾種命題方式：1）Which of the following statement is true?2）Which of the fo

6、llowing is not mentioned in the text?3）The author ( or the passage) states that_.4）According to the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)_?Q1) _ calories are required to raise the temperature of 5kg of water from 35to 90. A. 55 B. 175 C. 325 D. 275Q2) Which statement is TRUE accor

7、ding to the chart above?A. A child aged 8 requires more than 3 times the amount of calories that a baby does. B. A boy aged 16 requires nearly twice the amount of calories that a boy aged 8 does. C. An office worker requires the same amount of calories per day as a woman feeding a baby does. D. A fa

8、rmer requires nearly 1.5 times the amount of calories that an office worker does.文章解釋P14 The human body is a living machine, and like all machines, it needs fuel to supply it with energy. That is the food we eat. But how much do we need to stay healthy? The energy value of food is usually measured i

9、n calories. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1. The number of calories people need per day is different, as the chart shows. CALORIES NEEDED PER DAYBaby 750Office worker 2,700Child aged 8 2,100 Woman feeding baby 2,700Man over 70 2,100Boy aged 16 3

10、,000Woman 3,600Farmer 2,600問(wèn)題【解析】答案為 D 。 根據(jù)文章細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容，計(jì)算公式為： (90-35)51=275【解析】答案為 C 。 根據(jù)文章圖表，依次驗(yàn)證A、B、C、D 四個(gè)答案的內(nèi)容是否正確。很易找出 C 符合圖表內(nèi)容。文章問(wèn)題詞義猜測(cè)型 同義法 常在詞或短語(yǔ)之間有并列連詞and或or，它們連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此可以推測(cè)。 反義法 如 hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句為肯定，后句為否定。總之，詞與詞間都起著互為線索的作用。 釋義法 對(duì)文章中的生詞用定語(yǔ)（從句）或同位語(yǔ)（從句）、表語(yǔ)甚至于用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)

11、等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)引出并加以解釋說(shuō)明。 情景推斷法、代詞替代法等Q: Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “illiterate” A. repeat B. reiterated C. uneducated D. sick Passage3: Most women in Ghana the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old work to earn an income in addition to mainta

12、ining their roles as housewi- ves and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved(應(yīng)得的，值得的). 解釋本題答案選C這段文字中講到加納這個(gè)國(guó)家中的大多數(shù)婦女，受過(guò)教育的 （educated）和沒(méi)有受過(guò)教育的 （illiterate）；住在城市的 （urban）和住在農(nóng)村的（rural），年輕的（young）和年長(zhǎng)的（old）正好是一對(duì)對(duì)反義詞。因此選 C 項(xiàng)。推理判斷型 推

13、理判斷題：高考重頭戲，20個(gè)題中常有6-8個(gè)，著重考查學(xué)生歸納概括、邏輯推理等綜合能力。 透過(guò)現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)，領(lǐng)悟作者思想傾向、觀點(diǎn)、立場(chǎng)、語(yǔ)氣及態(tài)度等。 以原文內(nèi)容為前提，據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)理論（非考生觀點(diǎn)），客觀地對(duì)文中未明顯說(shuō)明的現(xiàn)象或事例給予合理的邏輯推斷，做出一定解釋。1. 推斷隱含意義 2.推斷作者觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度 3.推斷寫作目的 4.推斷文章出處 5.推斷文脈邏輯關(guān)系閱讀推理判斷題推斷題分類 1. 問(wèn)題形式: 1)It can be inferred from the text that . 2)From the text we know that is most likely . 3)Whe

14、n the writer talks about , what the writer really means is . 4)The writer suggests that . 5)The story implies that . 6)We can infer conclude from the passage that . 這類題干中通常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude等標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)。一、如何推斷隱含意義2.技巧點(diǎn)撥1).全面分析 2).忠實(shí)原文3).不要選擇表層信息1.Did you ever hear a strange sound coming fro

15、m the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it may have been made by a beetle(木錘). Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was about to die. Thus the beetle is called “the deathwatch(守靈) beetle. The sound of this beetle _.A. pleased people. B. surprised people. C. frightened people.

16、 D. excited people.Practice:2. It is fun to turn over a big rock on the beach. Make sure you turn the rock back to the position it was in after you moved it. If you dont turn it back over, all the sea animals under it or clinging to（依附）the underside will die. You can tell that rocks _.A. hurt sea an

17、imals B. protect sea animalsC. wont be found on beaches D. cant be found on beaches二、如何推斷作者觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度： 1. 問(wèn)題形式:The writers attitude towards is_.The writer thought that_.According to the author _.2.技巧點(diǎn)撥注意作者表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞及所舉的例子，推斷出作者的弦外之音。2. Why isnt your newspaper reporting any good news？All I read abou

18、t is murder, bribery(行賄)，and death. Frankly，Im sick of all the bad news. This authors attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to _. A. complain B. apologize C. amuse D. inform說(shuō)明文中作者的態(tài)度: objective neutral在議論文中，有：(1)positive (2)negative(3)neutral (4)approval (5) disapproval(6) indifferent(7)ironic

19、 (8)critical (9)optimistic (10)pessimistic客觀的消極的漠不關(guān)心的贊成的不贊成的樂(lè)觀的悲觀的中立的積極的諷刺的批評(píng)的中立的(2) 考查某處細(xì)節(jié)的寫作意圖A. The writer uses the example ofto show that _.B. The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _.C. are mentioned in the first paragraph to _. 2. 常見的寫作目的歸納不同的文章可能有不同的寫作目的, 但寫作目的通常

20、有以下三種：(1) to entertain readers（娛樂(lè)讀者，讓人發(fā)笑）(2) to persuade readers（說(shuō)服讀者接受某種觀點(diǎn)）(3) to inform readers（告知讀者某些信息）常見于故事類的文章。to make people laugh; to tell an interesting experience常見于廣告類的文章。to sell a product or a service; to attract more visitors / readers / audience多見于科普類新聞報(bào)道類文化類或社會(huì)類的文章。1. “Have you ever b

21、een out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,” he said. The writer uses the two question

22、s at the beginning of the passage to _. A. test the readers knowledge about waves B. draw the readers attention to the topic C. show Jamie Taylors importance D. invite the readers to answer them2. A young man from a village called Nawalapitiya married a young woman from Maliyuwa, a nearby village. T

23、hey lived with the mans big family-his parents, his brothers, their wives and children. The family kept an elephant, in which the young woman soon took a great interest. Every day she fed it with fruit and sugar. Three months later the woman went back to her parents home, having quarreled with her h

24、usband. Soon the elephant refused to eat or work. It appeared to be ill and heart-broken. One morning after several weeks the animal disappeared from the house. It went to the womans home. On seeing her, the elephant waved its trunk(象鼻) and touched her with it. The young woman was so moved by the ac

25、t of the animal that she returned to her husbands home. The writer wrote the story in order to_. A. show that elephants are very clever B. tell how a woman trained a wild animal C. show that women care more for animals than men do D. tell how an animal reunited a husband and wife1. 問(wèn)題形式:1)The passag

26、e is most likely to be taken from_.2)Where would this passage most probably appear?3)The passage is most likely a part of _.四、如何推斷文章出處2. 解題技巧這類問(wèn)題應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)判斷其出處：(1)報(bào)紙: 前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱 (2)廣告: 因其格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn) (3)產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明: 器皿、設(shè)備的使用說(shuō)明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說(shuō)明會(huì)告知服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等 1.（全國(guó)卷）Do you always understand the direc

27、tions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them. To reduce pain, take two tablets(藥片) with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief (緩解疼痛) ta

28、ke two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours. For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount (量). For children under six years old, ask your doctors advice. Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.T

29、his text is most probably taken from a _. A. textbook B. newsreel(新聞片) C. doctors notebook D. bottle of medicine2. More than 30,000 drivers and front seat passengers are killed or seriously injured（受傷）each year. At a speed of only 30 miles per hour it is the same as falling from a third floor window

30、. Wearing a seat belt（安全帶）saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half. Therefore drivers or front seat passengers over 14 in most vehicles must wear a seat belt. If you do not, you could be fined up to $ 50. It will not be up to the drivers to make sure you wear

31、your belt. But it will be the drivers responsibility（責(zé)任）to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing seat belt of some kind. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing（倒退）your vehicle or you are making a local delivery（發(fā)送）or collection u

32、sing a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. Make sure these circumstances（情形）apply to you before you decide not to wear your seat belt. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court

33、 that you have been excused from wearing it. This text is taken from _. A. a medical magazine B. a police report C. an advertisement（廣告）D. a government information booklet （小冊(cè)子）More than 30,000 are killed or seriously injured（受傷）each year.you could be fined up to $ 50Remember you may be taken to cou

34、rt you may be fined a police report解題技巧：推測(cè)下文的內(nèi)容：根據(jù)作者的思路進(jìn)行推理推測(cè)上文的內(nèi)容：關(guān)注第一段，特別是文段 開始的幾句話。五推斷文脈邏輯關(guān)系1)推斷上下文內(nèi)容問(wèn)題形式:The next paragraph would most probably deal with _The paragraph preceding this one would most likely discuss _. When early humans hunted and gathered food, they were not in control of their e

35、nvironment. They could only interact with their surroundings as lower organisms did. When humans learned to make fire, however, they became capable of altering their environment. To provide themselves with fuel they stripped(剝?nèi)? bark from trees, causing the trees to die. Clearings were burned in for

36、ests to increase the growth of grass and to provide a greater grazing(放牧) area for the wild animals that humans fed upon. This development led to farming and the domestication(馴養(yǎng)) of animals. Fire also provided the means for cooking plants which had previously been inedible. Only when the process of

37、 meeting the basic need for food reached a certain level of sophistication (老練) was it possible for humans to follow other pursuits such as the founding of cities. The paragraph following this passage would most likely be about _. A. fire B. hunting C. farming D. urbanization （城市化）2.解題技巧：按段落的組織方法理解文

38、章結(jié)構(gòu)按寫作方法（論證方法）理解文章結(jié)構(gòu) 2)推斷篇章組織結(jié)構(gòu) 1.問(wèn)題形式: Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? How is the passage organized?推理判斷題其它常見的命題形式：1.The passage implies (暗示) that_.2.We can conclude (得出結(jié)論) from the passage that_.3.Which of the following can be inferred (推論)?4.What is the tone (語(yǔ)氣) o

39、f the author ?5.What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?6.The passage is intended to _.7.Where would this passage most probably appear? Q: The concept of personal choice about health is important because_. A. personal health choices help cure most illnesses. B. it helps raise the level of our medic

40、al knowledge. C. it is basic to personal freedom in American society. D. wrong decisions could lead to poor health.文章解析：據(jù)前兩句可以得知，不良的選擇會(huì)導(dǎo)致健康狀況變壞，因此答案選 D 。選出的答案一定要在原文中找到依據(jù)或理由，不能只憑常識(shí)或自己主觀胡亂推測(cè)。 The concept (n. 觀念 ) of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. About 90 percent

41、of all illnesses might be preventable if individual (n. 個(gè)人 ) made sound ( adj. 健康的 ) personal health choices based upon present (adj.現(xiàn)在的) medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it limited when it is within the legal (adj. 法律的 ) and moral boundaries ( n.界限 ) of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may affect our health. If we do desire, we can smoke , drink much, refuse to wea