專八真題語(yǔ)言知識(shí)

1、1995-2018年英語(yǔ)專業(yè)八級(jí)改錯(cuò)真題及答案2018年真題Mass media is media that is inten ded for a large audie nee. It maytake the form of broadcast media, as in ease of televisi on and radio, 1.or print media, as n ewspapers and magaz in es.2.Usually, mass media aims to reach a very large market, suchas the en tire populat

2、i on of a eoun try. By eon trast, local media coversa much small populati on and area, focus ing on regi onal n ews of 3.in terest, specialty media is provided for particular demographic groups. 4.Some local media outlets that cover state or prov in cial n ews may raise to 5.prominence tha nks to th

3、eir in vestigative jour nalism, and to the clout that their particular regions have in national politics.People ofte n thi nk of mass media as the n ews, it also in cludes 6.en terta inment like televisi on shows, books, and films. It may also beeducati onal in the n ature, as in the in sta nee of p

4、ublic broadcast ing stati ons 7.that provide educati onal program ming to a n ati onal audie nee. Political com muni cati ons in clud ing propaga nda are also freque ntly distributed through the media, as were public service announ ceme nts and 8.emerge ncy alerts.When elitists may be tempted to sne

5、er at the mass media, referring to it 9.as the opiate of the masses,it is a critical part of huma n societies.Un dersta nd mass media is usually key to un dersta nd a populati on 10.and culture, which is why the field of media studies is so huge.2017年真題The ability to com muni cate is the primary fac

6、tor that dist in guishes huma nbeings from ani mals. And it is the ability to com muni cate well which1.dist in guishes one in dividual from ano ther.The fact is that apart from the basic n ecessities, one n eeds tobe equipped with habits for good com muni cati on skills, thus this is2.what will mak

7、e one a happy and successful social being.In order to develop these habits, one n eeds to first ack no wledgethe fact that they n eed to improve com muni cati on skills from time to time.They n eed to take stock of the way how they in teract and the directi on3.in which their work and pers onal rela

8、ti ons are going. The only eon sta nt in life is cha nge, the more one accepts one s stre ngths an d4.workstowards deali ng with their shortco min gs, specially in the area muni cati on skills, the better will be their in teractio ns and the more their social popularity.The domin ated questi on that

9、 comes here is: How to muni cati on skills? The an swer is simple. One can find ple ntyof literature on this. There are also experts, who eon ductworkshops and sem inars based on com muni cati on skills of menand wome n. In fact, a large nu mber of compa nies are bringing intrainers to regularly mak

10、e sessi ons on the subject, i n order to7.help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.Today effective com muni cati on skills have become a predo minant factor eve n while recruit ing employees. While in terviewi ng can didates, most in terviewers judge them on the basis of th

11、e skills they com muni cate with.They believe that some skills can be improvised on the job; but ability to muni cate well is importa nt, as every employee becomes the represe nting face of the compa ny.There are trai ners, who specialized in deliveri ng grams on the subject. Through

12、 the sessions they not only facilitate better com muni cati on skills in the workplace, but also look into the problems in the manner of being able to con vey messages effectively. 10.2016年真題All social un its develop a culture. Eve n in two-pers on relati on ships,a culture develops in time. In frie

13、 ndship and roma ntic relati on ships,1.for example, part ners develop their own history, shared experie nces,Ian guage patter ns, habits, and customs give that relati on ship a special 2.character a character that differs it in various ways from3.other relati on ships. Examples might in clude speci

14、al dates, places, son gs, or eve nts that come to have a unique andimporta nt symbolic meaning for the two in dividuals. Thus, any4.social unit whether a relati on ship, group, orga ni zati on, or society develops a culture with the passage of time.While the defi ning characteristics of each culture

15、 are uniq ue,all cultures share certa in same fun cti ons. The relati on ship betwee n muni cati on and culture is a very complex in timate one.6.Cultures are created through com muni cati on; that is, com muni cati on isthe means of huma n in teracti on, through it cultural characteristics7.are cre

16、ated and shared .It is not so much that in dividuals set out to create a culture whe n they in teract in relati on ships, groups, orga ni zati ons, or societies, but rather tha n that cultures are a n atural by-product of social interaction.8.In a sen se, cultures are theresidue ” of social com muni

17、 cati on.Without com muni cati on and com muni cati on media, it would be impossible to have and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to 9.ano ther. One can say, furthermore, that culture is created, shaped, 10.tran smitted, and lear ned through com muni cati on.2015年真題Whe n I

18、 was in my early tee ns, I was take n to a spectacular showon ice by the mother of a frie nd. Looked round at the luxury of the1.rink, my friend mother remarked on the plush seats ” we had beengive n. I did not know what she meant, and being proud of my vocabulary, I tried to infer its meaning from

19、the con text.“ Plush ”was clearly inten ded as a complime ntary, a positive evaluati on; that much I could tell it from the tone of voice and the con text. So I started to use the word. Y es, I replied, they certa inly are plush, and so are the ice rink and the costumes of the skaters,aren t they? M

20、y friend s mother was very polite to correct me, but I could tell from her expression that I had not got the word quite right.Ofte n we can in deed infer from the con text what a word roughly means, and that is in fact the way which we usually acquire both new words and new meanings for familiar wor

21、ds, specially in our own first Ian guage. But sometimes we n eed to ask, as I should have asked for plush, and this is particularly true in the aspect of a foreig n Ian guage. If you are con ti nu ally surro un ded by speakers of the Ian guage you are lear ning, you can ask them directly, but ofte n

22、 this opport unity does not exist for the lear ner of En glish. So dicti on aries have bee n developed to mend the gap..3.4.910.There is widespread consen sus among scholars that sec ond Ian guage acquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s to early 1960s.The

23、re is a high level of agreeme nt that the follow ing questi ons1.have possessed the most atte nti on of researchers in this area:2.Is it possible to acquire an additi on al la nguage in thesame sense one acquires a first Ian guage?3.What is the expla nati on for the fact adults have4.more difficulty

24、 in acquiri ng additi on al la nguages tha n childre n have?What motivates people to acquire additi on al la nguages?What is the role of the Ian guage teach ing in the5.acquisiti on of an additi on al la nguage?What socio-cultural factors, if any, are releva nt in study ing the lear ning of additi o

25、n al la nguages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all6.the approaches adopted to study the phe nomena of SLA so far have one thing in com mon: The perspective adopted to view the acquiri ng of an additi on al la nguage is that of an in dividual attempts to do so. Whether o

26、ne labels it“l(fā)earning ” or “ acquiringitional7.” an add8.9.7.” an add013年真題Psycho-I in guistics is the n ame give n to the study of the psychological processes in volved in Ian guage. Psycholi nguistics study un dersta nding,.3.In deed, whe n you liste n to some one to speak ing, or l

27、ook ing at this page, 4.you no rmally cannot help but un dersta nd it.It is only in excepti onal circumsta nces we might become aware of 5.6.the complexity in volved: if we are searchi ng for a word but cannot 6.“anguagein exceptional circumstances reveal ” a great deal about theprocesses evolved in

28、 speak in g, liste ning, writi ng and readi ng. But9.give n that Ian guage processes were n ormally so automatic, we aIso10.n eed to carry out careful experime nts to get at what is happe ning.2012年真題The cen tral problem of tran slat ing has always bee n whether totran slate literally or freely. The

29、 argume nt has bee n going since at Ieast1.the first cen tury B.C. Up to the beg inning of the 19th cen tury, manywriters favored certain kind offree translation: ” the spirit, not the 2.letter; the sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter3.not the manner. This is the ofte n revol

30、uti onary sloga n of writers who 4.7.19th century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the Ianguage was en tirely the product of culture, the view tran slati on was impossiblegained some curre ncy, and with it that, if was attempte

31、d at all, it must8.be as literal as possible. This view cul min ated the stateme nt of the9.extreme fiteralists Walter ” Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argume nt was theoretical: the purpose of the tran slati on, the n ature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed.Too often, wr

32、iter, translator and reader were implicitly identified with eachother. Now, the con text has cha nged, and the basic problem rema in s10. 2011年真題1.From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I1.knew that when I grew I should be a writer. Between the agesof about seve ntee n and twen ty-fo

33、ur I tried to aba ndon this idea, but I did so with the con scie nee that I was outragi ng my true n ature and that soon or later I should have to settle dow n and write books.I was the child of three, but there was a gap of five years on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. F

34、or this and other reas ons I was somewhat Ion ely, and I soon developed disagree ing mann erisms which made me un popular throughout my schooldays. I had the Ionely childs habit of making up stories and holding con versati ons with imagi native pers ons, and I thi nk from the very start my literal a

35、mbiti ons were mixed up with the feeli ng of being isolated and un dervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing in un pleasa nt facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the volume

36、 of serious i.e. seriously inten ded writi ng which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation...9.10.So far as we can tell, all huma n Ian guages are e

37、qually complete and perfect as in strume nts of com muni cati on: that is, every Ian guage appears to be well equipped as any other to say the thi ngs their speakers want to say.There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, no

38、t all groups of people are equally compete nt in nu clear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice . Whereas this is not the fault of their Ian guage. The Eskimos , it is said, can speak about snow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in En glish, but this is not because the

39、Eskimo Ian guage (one of those sometimes miscalled primitive) is in here ntly more precise and subtle tha n En glish. This example does not come to light a defect in English, a show of unexpected primitiveness. The position is121268910Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo Ianguage co

40、uld be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manu facture 8910For obvious historical reas on s,E nglishme n in the nin etee nth cen tury could not talk about motorcars with the minute discrim in ati on which is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture. But they had a host of ter

41、ms for horse-drawn vehicles which send us, puzzled, to a historical dicti onary whe n we are read ing Scott or Dicke ns. How many of us could dist in guish betwee n a chaise, a Ian dau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a dilige nee, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaet on, and a

42、 clare nee?2009年真題The previous secti on has show n how quickly a rhyme passes fromone school child to the n ext and illustrates the further differe nee1.betwee n school lore and nu rsery lore. I n nu rsery lore a verseearnt inearly childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener 2

43、.has grow n up, and has childre n of their own, or eve n gran dchild.3.The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting it maybe somethi ng from twen ty to seve nty years.With the playgro und lore, 4.therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on with in the very hour it is 5.learnt; and

44、in the gen eral, it passes betwee n childre n of the same age, 6.or n early so, since it is un com mon for the differe nee in age betwee n playmates to be more than five years. If, therefore, a playground rhyme can be show n to have bee n curre ntly for a hun dred years, or eve n just 7.for fifty, i

45、t follows that it has bee n retra nsmitted over and over; very 8.possibly it has passed along a cha in of two or three hun dred young hearers and tellers, and the won der is that it remai ns live after so much 9.han dli ng, to let alone that it bears resembla nee to the10. 2008年真題..5.6

46、.9.Since n early two hun dred years now, they have show n the world 10.that political in depe ndence and n ati onal ide ntity can be complete without sacrific ing the eno rmous mutual adva ntages of a com mon Ian guage.2007年真題From what has bee n said, it must be clear that no one canmake very positi

47、ve stateme nts about how Ian guage origi nated. There is no material in any Ian guage today and in the earliest records of an cie nt Ian guages show us Ian guage in a new and1.2.emerg ing state. It is ofte n said, of course, that the Ian guage3.origi nated in cries of an ger, fear, pain and pIeasure

48、, and the4.n ecessary evide nee is en tireIy Iack ing: there are no remote tribes, no an cie nt records, providi ng evide nee ofa Ianguage with a Iarge proportion of such cries5.than we find in EngIish. It is true that the absenceof such evide nce does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds6.

49、too the theory is not very attractive.PeopIe of aII races and Ian guages make rather simiIar noises in return to pain or pIeasure. The fact that such no ises are simiIar on the Iips of Fren chme n and MaIaysia ns whose Ian guages are utterIy differe nt, serves to emphasize on the fun dame ntal diffe

50、re nce betwee n these no ises and Ian guage proper. We may say that the cries of pain or chortIes of amuseme nt are IargeIy refIex acti on s, i nst in ctive to Iarge exte nt, whereas Ian guage proper does not con sist of sig ns2007年真題From what has bee n said, it must be clear that no one canmake ver

51、y positive stateme nts about how Ian guage origi nated. There is no material in any Ian guage today and in the earliest records of an cie nt Ian guages show us Ian guage in a new and1.2.emerg ing state. It is ofte n said, of course, that the Ian guage3.origi nated in cries of an ger, fear, pain and

52、pIeasure, and the4.n ecessary evide nee is en tireIy Iack ing: there are no remote tribes, no an cie nt records, providi ng evide nee ofa Ianguage with a Iarge proportion of such cries5.than we find in EngIish. It is true that the absenceof such evide nce does not disprove the theory, but in other g

53、rounds6.too the theory is not very attractive.PeopIe of aII races and Ian guages make rather simiIar noises in return to pain or pIeasure. The fact that such no ises are simiIar on the Iips of Fren chme n and MaIaysia ns whose Ian guages are utterIy differe nt, serves to emphasize on the fun dame nt

54、al differe nce betwee n these no ises and Ian guage proper. We may say that the cries of pain or chortIes of amuseme nt are IargeIy refIex acti on s, i nst in ctive to Iarge exte nt, whereas Ian guage proper does not con sist of sig ns006年真題We use Ian guage primariIy as a means of com muni ca

55、ti on with other huma n bein gs. Each of us shares with the com munity in which we Iive a store of words and meanings as weII as agree ing conven ti ons as to the way in which words shouId be arran ged to con vey a particuIar message: the En gIish speaker has in his disposaI vocabuIary and a set of

56、grammaticaI ruIes which en abIes him to com muni cate his thoughts and feeIi ngs, i n a variety of styIes, to the other En gIish speakers. His vocabuIary, in particuIar, both that which he uses activeIy and that which he recog ni ses, i ncreases in size as he grows oId as a resuIt of education and e

57、xperience....9.10.2005年真題The Uni versity as Bus in essA nu mber of colleges and uni versities have announ ced steep tuiti on in creases for n ext year much steeper tha n the curre nt, very low rate of in flati on. They say the in creases are n eeded because of a loss in value of

58、 uni versity en dowme nts heavily in vesti ng in com mon stock. I am skeptical. 1.A bus in ess firm chooses the price that maximizes its net reve nu es,irrespective fluctuati ons in in come; and in creas in gly the outlook of2.uni versities in the Un ited States is in dist in guishable from those of

59、3.bus in ess firms. The rise in tuiti ons may reflect the fact econo mic4.un certa inty in creases the dema nd for educati on. The biggest cost ofbeing in the school is forego ing in come from a job (this is primarily a5.factor in graduate and professi on al-school tuiti on);the poor on es job prospects, the more sense it makes to6.reallocate time from the job market to educati on, in order to make on eself more marketable.The ways which uni versities make themselves attractive to students7.include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving studentsa gover nance role, and elim in