國際商務(wù)英語教程(第三版)翻譯

1、 商務(wù)英語課文翻譯資料Lesson 1Modes of International Business國際商業(yè)模式When pursuing international business, private enterprises and governments have to decide how to carry out their business, such as what mode of operation to use. The following shows that a company has a number of modes from which to choose. 在進(jìn)行國

2、際商務(wù)時，民營企業(yè)和政府必須決定如何展開他們的業(yè)務(wù)，比如使用什么操作方式。下面展示了一個公司的一種選擇模式。MERCHANDISE EXPORTS and IMPORTS商品出口和進(jìn)口Companies may export or import either goods or services. More companies are involved in exporting and importing than in any other international mode. 公司可以出口和進(jìn)口任何商品或服務(wù)。與其他任何國際模式相比，越來越多的公司參與出口和進(jìn)口業(yè)務(wù)。This is espe

3、cially true of smaller companies, even though they are less likely than large companies to engage in exporting. ( large companies are also more apt to engage in other forms of foreign operations in addition to exporting and importing. ) merchandise exports are tangible products goods sent out of a c

4、ountry ; merchandise imports are goods brought in. 這種情況特別適合于較小的公司，盡管他們不太可能像大公司那樣從事出口。（大企業(yè)也更容易以其他形式從事出口和進(jìn)口的海外業(yè)務(wù)。）商品出口是有形資產(chǎn) 商品 輸出到外國的過程;商品進(jìn)口是商品的引進(jìn)。Because these goods can be seen leaving and entering a country , they are sometimes called visible exports and imports. The terms exports and imports frequ

5、ently apply to merchandise, not service. 因為這些商品可以 看做輸出和輸入到一個國家，它們有時被稱為有形出口和進(jìn)口。這個關(guān)于出口和進(jìn)口的術(shù)語通常使用與商品，而不是服務(wù)。When a Chinese contractor sends Phantom Menace action figures from China to the United States, the contractor exports and Hasbro imports. The action figures are exports for China and imports for t

6、he United States. For most countries, exporting and importing of goods are the major sources of international revenue and expenditures. 當(dāng)一個中國承包從中國向美國輸出Phantom Menace的人物玩具時,承包商出口和Hasbro進(jìn)口。這個人物玩具從中國出口和從美國進(jìn)口。對大部分國家來說,進(jìn)口和出口商品是國際收入和支出主要來源。SERVICE EXPORTS and IMPORTS服務(wù)出口和進(jìn)口Service exports and imports are

7、nonproduct international earnings, the company or individual receiving payment is making a service export. The company or individual paying is making a service import. Service exports and imports take many forms. In this section, we discuss the following sources of such earnings: 服務(wù)出口與進(jìn)口是無形產(chǎn)品的國際收益,公

8、司或個人收取形成服務(wù)出口。公司或者個人支付形成服務(wù)進(jìn)口。服務(wù)出口和進(jìn)口有多種形式。在這一節(jié)中,我們討論如下收益來源:Tourism and transportation Performance of services Use of assets旅游與交通；服務(wù)性支付；可用資產(chǎn)When Lucasfilm exports films from the United States, the films travel internationally, as do Lucasfilm employees when they go abroad to promote the films. Lets sa

9、y that Lucasfilm sends its employees and films to Germany on Lufthansa, a German airline, and the employees stay in Germany for a few days. 當(dāng)盧卡斯影業(yè)從美國出口電影，盧卡斯的員工就要通過國際旅行到國外推銷電影電影國際旅行一樣。讓我們這么說,盧卡斯影業(yè)把他們的員工和電影送往德國漢莎航空公司,而員工在德國逗留幾天。Their payments to Lufthansa and thear expenses in Germany are service exp

10、orts for Germany and service imports for the United States. International tourism and transportation are important sources of revenue for airlines, shipping companies, travel agencies, and hotels. Some countries economies, too, depend heavily on revenue from these economic sectors. 他們的付款給德國漢莎航空公司的費(fèi)用

11、在德國是服務(wù)出口和在美國是服務(wù)的進(jìn)口。國際旅游、運(yùn)輸收入的重要來源是航空公司、船舶、旅行社、及酒店。某些國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)在很大程度上依賴于這些經(jīng)濟(jì)部門。For example, in Greece and Norway, a significant amount of employment, profits, and foreign-exchange earnings comes from foreign cargo that is carried on ships owned by citizens of those countries. 例如,在希臘和挪威,大量的就業(yè)、利潤以及外匯收入是來自這些

12、國家的公民擁有的船舶進(jìn)行外國貨物的運(yùn)輸。Earnings from foreign tourism are more important for the Bahamian economy than are earnings from the export of merchandise. Similarly, in recent years the United States gas earned more from foreign tourism than from its exports of agricultural goods. 巴哈馬的更重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)來源是外國旅游業(yè)收入，超過了商品出口。

13、同樣，最近幾年美國天然氣賺取更多的外國旅游而不是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的出口。Performance of Services Some services anking, insurance, rentals ( sch as of Star Wars films ), engineering management services, and so on net companies earnings in the form of fees, that is, payments for the performance of those services. 經(jīng)營銀行、保險、租賃（像影片星球大戰(zhàn)的租賃）、工程、經(jīng)營管

14、理服務(wù)等服務(wù)性事業(yè)的那些公司凈得服務(wù)費(fèi)形式的收入，即對它們完成那些服務(wù)性活動所支付的款項。On an international level, for example, companies pay fees for engineering services that are often handled through turnkey operations construction, erformed under contract, of facilities that are transferred to the owner when they are ready to egin operat

15、ing. 例如，從國際角度來看，公司對常常通過統(tǒng)包式業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行的工程方面的服務(wù)支付服務(wù)費(fèi)，而統(tǒng)包式業(yè)務(wù)就是根據(jù)合同進(jìn)行設(shè)施的建造，這些設(shè)施在準(zhǔn)備開始運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時轉(zhuǎn)移給物主。Companies also pay fees for management contracts arrangements in which one company provides personnel to perform general or specialized management functions for another company. Disney receives management fees from man

16、aging theme parks in France and Japan. 公司還管理合同支付費(fèi)用 - 安排在其中一個公司提供的人員為另一家公司執(zhí)行一般或?qū)ｉT的管理職能。迪斯尼收取來自法國和日本的管理主題公園管理費(fèi)。Use of Assets 資產(chǎn)的使用When companies allow others to use their assets, such as trademarks, patents, copyrights, or expertise under contracts, also known as licensing agreements, they receive ear

17、nings called royalties. 當(dāng)公司允許他人使用其資產(chǎn)，如商標(biāo)，專利，版權(quán)，或根據(jù)合同的專業(yè)知識，也被稱為許可協(xié)議，他們收取所謂的特許權(quán)使用費(fèi)收入。On an international level, for example, Lucasfilm has licensed The Lego Group from Denmark to use its trademarked Phantom Menace figures in Mindstorm construction toys. Royalties also come from franchise contracts. 在國

18、際層面，例如，盧卡斯電影公司已經(jīng)授權(quán)由丹麥樂高集團(tuán)使用其注冊商標(biāo)的玩具Phantom Menace。特許權(quán)使用費(fèi)來自特許經(jīng)營合同。Franchising is a mode of business in which one party ( the franchisor ) allows another party ( the franchisee ) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisees business. The franchisor also assists on a continuing

19、 basis in the operation of the business, such as by providing components, mangement services, and technology. 特許經(jīng)營是一種商業(yè)模式，在其中一方（特許人）允許另一方（被特許人）商標(biāo)的使用是一項重要資產(chǎn)，是成為加盟商的業(yè)務(wù)。特許人在業(yè)務(wù)繼續(xù)運(yùn)作的基礎(chǔ)上還協(xié)助有關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)操作，如提供組件，管理服務(wù)和技術(shù)。Dividends and interest paid on foreign investments are also treated as service exports and impor

20、ts because they represent the use of assets ( capital ). However, countries treat the investments themselves separately in the international economic statistics they report.紅利和外國投資的利息也被當(dāng)作服務(wù)出口和進(jìn)口因為它們代表使用資產(chǎn)(資金)。然而,國家的投資分別對應(yīng)本國在國際經(jīng)濟(jì)統(tǒng)計數(shù)字的報告。INVESTMENTS投資Foreign investment means ownership of foreign prope

21、rty in exchange for financial return, such as interest and dividends. Foreign investment takes two forms: direct and portfolio外國投資意味著擁有外國資產(chǎn)的所有權(quán),以換取經(jīng)濟(jì)回報,如利息和紅利。外商投資以兩種形式:直接投資和有價證券。Direct Investment 直接投資A direct investment is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company. Suc

22、h a direct investment is also a foreign direct investment ( FDI ). Control need not be a 100-percent or even a 50-percent interest. 直接投資是指投資者擁有一家外國公司的控股權(quán)。這樣的直接投資也是一種外國直接投資（FDI）?？刂茩?quán)不一定是百分之百，甚至是百分之五十的股份。If a company holds a minority stake and the remaining ownership is widely dispersed, no other owner

23、 may be able to counter the company effectively. When two or more companies share ownership of an FDI, the operation is a joint venture. When a government joins a company in an FDI, the operation is called a mixed venture, which is a type of joint venture. 如果一個公司擁有少數(shù)股權(quán),其余的所有權(quán)是分散的,沒有任何其他的業(yè)主可以對公司有效控制。

24、則兩家以上的公司的股權(quán)的外國投資操作合資企業(yè)。當(dāng)政府加入一個公司能夠掌控外國直接投資,操作所說的混合風(fēng)險,它是一種合資企業(yè)。Companies may choose FDI as a mode to access certain resources or reach a market. 公司可以選擇外國直接投資的一種模式用以接收特定資源或獲得市場。Today, about 60,000 companies worldwide have FDIs that encompass every type of business function extracting raw materials fro

25、m the earth, growing crops, manufacturing products or components, selling output, providing various services, and so on. 現(xiàn)今，全世界約60 000家公司擁有對外直接投資，它們的這些投資包括各種經(jīng)營的業(yè)務(wù)，像從陸地采掘原料、種植莊稼、制造產(chǎn)品或零部件、銷售產(chǎn)品及提供各種服務(wù)等。 FDI is not the domain of large companies only. For example, many small firms maintain sales offices

26、abroad to complement their export efforts, which are FDI along with the real estate they own abroad. However because large companies tend to have larger foreign facilities and operate in more countries, the value of their FDI is higher. 外國直接投資不是只有大公司。例如，許多小公司保持銷售辦事處，在國外，以補(bǔ)充其出口的空間，這是伴隨著他們自己的海外房地產(chǎn)的外國直

27、接投資。但是，由于大公司往往有較大的外國設(shè)施和經(jīng)營在更多的國家，其外國直接投資價值較高。Porfolio Investment 有價證券投資A portfolio investment is a noncontrolling interest in a company or ownership of a loan to another party. Usually a portfolio investment takes one of two forms: stock in a company or loans to a company or country in the form of bo

28、nds, or notes that the investor purchases. 一有價證券投資是一個公司貸款所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓給其他當(dāng)事人控制性權(quán)益。通常有價證券投資有兩種形式:一個公司的股票和借款或國家債券以票據(jù)形式向投資者出售。Foreign portfolio investments are important for most companies that have extensive international operations. Companies use them primarily for short-term financial gain, that is, as a me

29、ans for a company to earn more money on its money with relative safety. Company treasurers routinely move funds among countries to get higher yields on shortterm investments. 外國有價證券投資對大多數(shù)公司是重要的,這些公司有一般有廣泛的國際業(yè)務(wù)。公司主要是利用他們從事短期經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,作為一種手段為公司去賺更多的相對安全的錢。公司的財務(wù)人員經(jīng)常將資金通過在國家間短期投資得到更高的收益INTERNATIONAL COMPANIE

30、S and TERMS to DESCRIBE THEM國際公司和描述術(shù)語Many of the terms in international business are confusing because writers, both in the popular media and in governmental ad academic reports, use them to define different things. 在國際業(yè)務(wù)中許多條款因為書寫方式而混亂，無論是在大眾媒體和廣告的學(xué)術(shù)報告還是政府，用它們來定義不同的事物。There are numerous ways that co

31、mpanies may work together in international operations, such as through joint ventures, licensing, management contracts, minority ownership in each others company, or long-term contractual arrangements. An all-encompassing term to describe these operations is collaborative arrangements. 有許多方法，企業(yè)可以一起進(jìn)

32、行國際業(yè)務(wù)，如通過合資，許可證，管理合同，對于少數(shù)的公司，可安排長期合同。一個包羅萬象的術(shù)語來描述這些行動就是安排合作。Another term, strategic alliance, can sometimes mean the same things, but more narrowly to indicate an agreement that is of critical importance to the competitive viability of one or more partners. 另一個專門名詞“戰(zhàn)略同盟”有時可指同一事件，但含義更為狹隘，它指一項對一個或更多經(jīng)營

33、伙伴的競爭上的生命力極為重要的協(xié)議。We shall use strategic alliance only in its narrower meaning. 更狹隘的意義是我們將使用較窄的戰(zhàn)略同盟。The multinational enterprise ( MNE ) is a company that takes a global approach to foreign markets and production. It is willing to consider market and production locations anywhere in the world. The t

34、rue MNE usually uses most of the modes discussed so far. 多國企業(yè)（跨國公司）公司是指全球性，可以對一個外國市場和生產(chǎn)。它原意考慮在世界市場和生產(chǎn)場所的任何地方。真正的跨國公司通常采用到目前為止討論的模式。However, it can be difficult to determine whether a company takes this global approach, so narrower definitions of the term multinational enterprise have emerged. For ex

35、ample, some say a company, to qualify as an MNE, must have production facilities in some minimum number of countries or be of a certain size ( usually in terms of sales ). Under this definition, an MNE usually would have to be a giant company. 然而,很難決定公司采取這個全球性的定義,所以較窄的跨國企業(yè)的術(shù)語層出不窮。例如,一些人認(rèn)為一個公司,擁有跨國公司

36、資格,必須在一些國家具有一定規(guī)模生產(chǎn)設(shè)施或最低數(shù)量(通常以銷售額計算)。在這個定義,一個跨國公司通常是指一個巨大規(guī)模的公司。However, a small company also can take a global approach within its resource capabilities and might use most of the operating forms we have discussed; therefore, most writers today use the term to include any company that has operations i

37、n more than one country. 可是，一家小型公司也能在它的資源能力范圍內(nèi)采取一種全球性的方法，而且可能采用我們已經(jīng)論述的大多數(shù)經(jīng)營方式。因此，現(xiàn)今大多數(shù)作者所使用的這個專門名詞，都包括任何一家在超過一個國家中擁有經(jīng)營活動的公司。The term multinational corporation ( MNC ) is also commonly used in the international business arena and often is a synonym for MNE. We prefer the MNE designation because there

38、 are many internationally involved companies, such as accounting partnerships, that are not organized as corporations. Another term sometimes used interchangeably with MNE, especially by the United Nations, is transnational company ( TNC ). 多國公司（跨國公司）一詞也常用在國際商業(yè)舞臺上，往往是跨國公司的代名詞。我們更喜歡跨國公司的指定，因為有很多國際的公司

39、，如合作伙伴關(guān)系，是不是公司組織的。另一個詞有時可以與跨國公司互換使用，尤其是由聯(lián)合國，是跨國公司（跨國公司）。However, this term also has two other meanings. The first ( and earliest ) is a company owned and managed by nationals in different countries. For example, Royal Dutch Shell is a company whose owners and corporate management are split between t

40、he United Kingdom and the Netherlands. However, this type of company is uncommon, so we dont often use the term in this way. Today, the most common use of the term has come from writers on international business strategy. 然而，這個術(shù)語也有兩個其他的意義。第一個（最早）是一個擁有并在不同國家的國民托管公司。例如，荷蘭皇家殼牌公司，其業(yè)主和企業(yè)管理不和導(dǎo)致分成英國公司和荷蘭公司

41、。然而，這種類型的公司并不常見，所以我們不經(jīng)常使用這種術(shù)語。今天，這個詞最常出現(xiàn)在國際化經(jīng)營戰(zhàn)略中。They use the term to maen an organization in which capabilities and contributions may differ by country but are developed and integrated into its worldwide operations. 他們使用這個專門名詞來說明，一家經(jīng)營機(jī)構(gòu)的能力和貢獻(xiàn)可能在不同國家之間有區(qū)別，但已發(fā)展和融入其全球性的經(jīng)營活動。This type of organization

42、learns from all its operating environments and uses that knowledge throughout its global operations. 這種組織學(xué)習(xí)的類型在其全球業(yè)務(wù)利用所有操作的環(huán)境和知識。Companies with international operations can be global or multidomestic. A global company, sometimes called a globally integrated company, integrates its operations that ar

43、e located in different countries. 進(jìn)行國際業(yè)務(wù)的公司可以是跨全球或跨本國的。一個全球性公司，有時也被稱為全球性的綜合公司，它在不同的國家設(shè)有業(yè)務(wù)。For example, it might design a product or service with a global market segment in mind. Or it might depend on its operations in different countries to produce the components used in its products and services. I

44、n this type of company, the development of capabilities and the decisions to diffuse them globally are essentially made in the companys home country. 例如，它可以設(shè)計一個具有全球考慮市場的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。或者，它可能取決于不同國家生產(chǎn)其產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)所使用的組件在其業(yè)務(wù)。在這個公司，基本上在該公司的總部運(yùn)用決策的能力和發(fā)展型向全球擴(kuò)散。 A multidomestic company, sometimes called a locally respons

45、ive company and sometimes a multinational company, allows each of its foreign-country operations to act fairly independently, such as by designing and producing a product or service in France for the French market and in Japan for the Japanese market. 一個跨本國公司,有時被稱為一種本地公司,有時一家跨國公司,允許它的各個外國公司操作的行為又相當(dāng)獨(dú)

46、立,如如通過設(shè)計和生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)在法國為了法國市場，在日本為了日本市場。Thus a global company and a multidomestic company differ in the degree of integration among company operations in defferent countries. However, a companys operations may be global, while its marketing is multidomestic. 因此，一個全球性公司和跨本國公司不同點(diǎn)在于公司之間的一體化程度不同模式下運(yùn)作。然而，公司

47、的業(yè)務(wù)可能是全球性的，而它的營銷是國內(nèi)性的。The TNC is like the global company in that it leverages the capabilities of both the home country and the foreign countries where it operates, but its main location of power within the organization may be geographically dispersed.跨國公司和全球公司相似之處在于它們在其經(jīng)營所在的本國和外國舉債經(jīng)營潛力的開發(fā)，但它們的經(jīng)營機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)

48、力量的主要所在地在地理位置上可能是分散的。Lesson 3The Importance of International Trade to Economic Development 國際貿(mào)易對經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要性Trade as an engine of growth貿(mào)易是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的引擎 During the nineteenth century, most of the words modern industrial production was concen trated in great Britain. Large increases in industrial production an

49、d population in resource-poor Britain led to a rapidly rising demand for the food and raw material exports of the regions of recent settlement (the United States, Canada, Australia,New Zealand, Argentina, Uruguay, and South Africa).Fox example ,during the century from 1815 to 1913,Britains populatio

50、n tripled , its real GNP increased 10 times ,and the volume of its imports increased 20 times, This growth spread to the rest of the economy of these newly settled lands through the familiar accelerator multiplier process. Tues , The export sector was the leading sector that propelled these economie

51、s into rapid growth and development .That is ,international trade functioned as an engine of growth for these nations during the nineteenth century. 在19世紀(jì)，這個詞的現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的濃度trated在英國。在資源貧乏的英國工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和人口的大量增加導(dǎo)致的需求迅速上升，近期結(jié)算的地區(qū)（美國，加拿大，澳大利亞，新西蘭，阿根廷，烏拉圭和南非的食品和原料出口）。?？怂估?，在本世紀(jì)的1815年至1913年，英國人口的三倍，其真正的國民生產(chǎn)總值增加了10倍

52、，其進(jìn)口量增加20倍，這種增長擴(kuò)散到這些新定居的土地經(jīng)濟(jì)的其余部分通過熟悉油門乘數(shù)效應(yīng)。周二，出口部門的主導(dǎo)部門，推動這些國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)入快速增長和發(fā)展，也就是說，這些國家在19世紀(jì)，國際貿(mào)易作為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的引擎。 The regions of recent settlement were able to satisfy Britains burgeoning demand for food and raw materials (and in the process grow very rapidly ) because of several favorable circumstances .Fi

53、rst ,these countries were richly endowed with natural resources such as fertile arable land, forests, and mineral deposits . second, workers with various skills moved in great waves from overpopulated Europe to these mostly empty lands, and so did huge amounts of capital. Though data are far from pr

54、ecise, it seems that from 30 to 50 percent of total capital formation ( i. e ., investments) in such nations as Canada, Argentina, and Australia was financed through capital inflows .the huge inflows of capital and workers made possible the construction of railroads , canals , and other facilities t

55、hat allowed the opening up of new supply sources of food and raw materials . Finally, the great improvement in sea transportation enabled these new lands to satisfy the rising demand for wheat, corn ,cotton ,wool , leather, and a variety of other foods and raw materials more cheaply than traditional

56、 sources of supply in Europe and elsewhere. Thus ,all “ingredients” were present for rapid growth in these new lands: the demand for their products was rising rapidly; they had great and unexploited natural resources; and they received huge amounts of capital and millions of workers from Europe . To

57、 be sure ,there are some economists who believe that rapid growth of the regions of recent settlement during the nineteenth century was due primarily to very favorable internal conditions (such as abundant natural resources) , with trade playing only an important supportiverole. Be that as it may ,i

58、t is generally agreed that todays developing nations can rely much less on trade for their growth and development . This is due to less favorable demand and supply conditions. 該地區(qū)最近的結(jié)算是能，以滿足英國的新興需求的食品及其原料（和在這個過程中成長非常迅速），因為幾個有利的情況下。首先，這些國家被豐富的賦予與天然資源，如肥沃的耕地土地，森林，礦藏。第二，具有多種技能的工人移動波瀾從人口過剩的歐洲到這些大部分是空的土地

59、，所以沒有大量的資金。盡管數(shù)據(jù)很不精確，似乎從30到50的資本形成總額（即投資），加拿大，阿根廷和澳大利亞等國家的資金通過資本流入的大量流入的資本和工人建設(shè)的鐵路，運(yùn)河和其他設(shè)施，允許開放的食品和原材料的新供應(yīng)來源。最后，極大地提高了海上運(yùn)輸，使這些新的土地，以滿足不斷增長的需求，對小麥，玉米，棉花，羊毛，皮革，以及各種其他食品及原料成本比傳統(tǒng)的在歐洲和其他地區(qū)的供應(yīng)來源。因此，所有的“成分”的快速增長，這些新的土地為他們的產(chǎn)品的需求迅速上升，他們有偉大的，未開發(fā)的自然資源，以及來自歐洲，他們收到了大量的資金和數(shù)以百萬計的工人?？梢钥隙ǖ氖牵灿幸恍┙?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家相信近期結(jié)算的地區(qū)在十九世紀(jì)的快速增

60、長，主要是由于非常有利的內(nèi)部條件（如擁有豐富的天然資源），只打了一個重要的supportiverole與貿(mào)易。 ，因為它可能普遍認(rèn)為，今天的發(fā)展中國家可以為他們的成長和發(fā)展貿(mào)易的依賴要少得多。這是由于有利的需求和供給條件。 On the demand side, it is pointed out that the demand for food and raw materials is growing much less rapidly today than was the case for the regions of recent settlement during the ninete