2022年在職攻讀碩士聯(lián)考考試真題卷八3測

1、2022年在職攻讀碩士聯(lián)考考試真題卷八（本卷共分為1大題50小題，作答時間為180分鐘，總分100分，60分及格。）單位：姓名：考號：題號單選題多項選擇判斷題綜合題總分分值得分一、單項選擇題（共50題，每題2分。每題的備選項中，只有一個最符合題意）1.閱讀下面的文章，完成下列各題。數理科學和中國山水畫比較這兩個從表面 看來好像絲亳不搭界的人類文化領域，是為了更好地把握數學的實質。中國山 水畫主張畫家周覽四海名川大山以自廣。只有先知天地之壯觀，而后方 能激發(fā)志氣；只有羅五岳于胸中，才能收萬象于筆下；只有看盡天下山水，才 能下筆有生機。數理科學也是如此。十九世紀法國數學家傅立葉說： “數學最豐富的

2、源泉是對自然界作深入的研究。&rdqu。;以他的姓氏命名 的傅立葉級數正是他在熱的分析理論一書中首先發(fā)展起來的。要知道，熱 現(xiàn)象是自然界存在的最普遍的形式之一。有人稱贊這部書是&ldqu。;一首數學詩 ”,我則把它看成是一幅中國山水畫。事實上，詩、畫和數理科學并無二 道。三者都是峰巒高下，煙云吞吐，萬變自溢于寸心，下筆天成。數理科學和 山水畫都是大自然在畫家心靈深處久久孕育經過藝術加工最后所得到的產物。 對于這兩類畫家，大自然都是取之不盡的創(chuàng)作源泉。兩者都強調&ldqu。;師法造 化”的現(xiàn)實主義傳統(tǒng)。在數學史上，數學分析創(chuàng)作的源泉，幾乎全來自對 自然現(xiàn)象的描述。在現(xiàn)代數學中，情形亦復如此。即使

3、是無法查明一些最美妙 的數學概念的靈感直接來源于大自然，但間接來自于她卻是無疑的。因為一切 熠熠發(fā)光的數理科學和山水畫均來自自然界的真實美感，所以才能把人引導到 “望秋云，神飛揚；臨春風，思浩蕩”的審美境界。再者，中國山 水畫還強調以形寫神，或遺貌取神，攝取造化神韻，主張寫實和寫意的統(tǒng)一。 作為另一種類型的藝術創(chuàng)作活動，數理科學也是寫實和寫意的絕妙統(tǒng)一?；蛘?說數理科學家既是寫實畫派又是寫意畫派，別的不講，就說圓周這個公式吧：C =2R,它取自于大自然（寫實），又高于大自然（寫意）。它純粹是數學家的 “胸中圓&rdqu。；。比起自然界所有呈圓形的物，它都更圓，更正宗，更 純粹。C=2R是圓中之

4、圓，只要兀的值取得足夠精確，它就越呈圓形，而高 于自然界。這是另一種&ldqu。;青，取之于藍，而青于藍；冰，水為之，而寒于 水&rdqu。;。或者說，在我們這個宇宙沒有一個可感覺的對象是絕對呈圓形的， 而數學所研討的C=2&pi ;R卻是絕對意義上的圓!所以我們千萬不要小看這個出 現(xiàn)在中學課本里的數學公式?？磥?，思想的對象比感官知覺的對象更真實；思 想比感官也更高貴。這便是我的科學自然觀和自然哲學觀。以下對文意理解正確的一項是。A.數理科學和中國山水畫的創(chuàng)作是一樣的。B.數理科學家也應該周覽四海名川大山。C.數理科學和中國山水畫都是對大自然經過藝術加工后得到的產物。D.圓周公式C=2R是數理

5、科學家虛構出來的。2.閱讀下文，完成下列問題。伏爾泰對文意理解錯誤的一項是（）。A.伏爾泰出生在剛剛露出一線晨曦的革命年代。B.伏爾泰的一生都為培育良知，教化人類而奮斗。C.伏爾泰生活在一個輕薄無聊、凄慘憂郁的專制時代。D.伏爾泰開辟了一個新的時代紀元。3.閱讀下面文字，完成下列問題。以下對文章理解正確的一項是O。A.科學勞動是社會勞動的一般勞動，是一定形式的知識。B.知識不會因為消費而消失。C.知識的主要屬性取決于它的構成。D.知識的更新和獲得都是免費的。4.閱讀下面短文，完成下列問題。第二段的“三者”指代的是（）。A.戰(zhàn)國時代的經濟、政治、文化B.莊子、天問、離騷C.文學、史學、哲學D.自

6、然哲學、歷史哲學、人生哲學5. Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the I960 s and 70 s,were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation w

7、orldwide has decreased significantly. A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by

8、Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic（北極的）snow were declining. In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the differen

9、t forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate（區(qū)分） the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United

10、States. In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeaster） United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline. Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period. The authors o

11、f the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expeeted. Scientists say both studies

12、demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.The study published in the journal Nature indicates that .the Clean Ai r Act has not produced the desi red resultslead depos

13、its in arctic snow arc on the increaselead will stay in soiI and snow longer than expectedthe U. S. is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow6. Children live in a world in which science has tremendous importance. During their lifetimes it will affect them more and more. In time, many of t

14、hem will work at jobs that depend heavily on science一for example, concerning energy sources, pollution control, highway safety, wilderness conservation, and population growth, and population growth. As taxpayers they will pay for scientific research and exploration. And, as consumers, they will Be b

15、ombarded（受到轟擊）by advertising, much of which is said to be based on science. Therefore, it is important that children, the citizens of the future, become functionally acquainted with science-with the process and spirit of science, as well as with its facts and principles. Fortunately, science has a n

16、atural appeal for youngsters. They can relate it to so many things that they encounter一flashlights, tools, echoes, and rainbows. Besides, science is an excellent medium for teaching far more than content. It can help pupils learn to think logically, to organize and analyse ideas. It can provide prac

17、tice in communication skills and mathematics. In fact, there is no area of the curriculum to which science cannot contribute, whether it is geography, history, language arts, music, or art! Above all, good science teaching leads to what might be called a scientific attitude. M Those who possess it s

18、eek answers through observing, experimenting, and reasoning, rather than blindly accepting the pronouncements of others. They weigh evidence carefully and reach conclusions with caution. While respecting the opinions of others, they expect honesty, accuracy, and objectivity and are on guard against

19、hasty judgments and sweeping generalizations. All children should be developing this approach to solving problems, but it cannot be expected to appear automatically with the mere acquisition of information. Continual practice, through guided participation, is needed.One of the reasons why science is

20、 important for children is that many of them will.work in scientific research institutionswork at jobs Closely related to sciencemake the final decision in matters concerning sciencebe fund-raisers for scientific research and exploration7.Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the

21、I960 s and 70 s,were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly. A study published recently in the journ

22、al Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environme

23、nt at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic（北極的）snow were declining. In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were differe

24、nt from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate（區(qū)分） the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from theUnited States. In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead

25、levels in soil in the Northeasten United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline. Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period. The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the s

26、ame sites of30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expeeted. Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）respond rapidly to reducti

27、ons in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.Lead accumulation * worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the U. S.was discouragedwas enforced by lawwas prohibited by lawwas introduced8.Children live in a world in which sc

28、ience has tremendous importance. During their lifetimes it will affect them more and more. In time, many of them will work at jobs that depend heavily on science一for example, concerning energy sources, pollution control, highway safety, wilderness conservation, and population growth, and population

29、growth. As taxpayers they will pay for scientific research and exploration. And, as consumers, they will Be bombarded（受至U轟擊）by advertising, much of which is said to be based on science. Therefore, it is important that children, the citizens of the future, become functionally acquainted with science-

30、with the process and spirit of science, as well as with its facts and principles. Fortunately, science has a natural appeal for youngsters. They can relate it to so many things that they encounter一flashlights, tools, echoes, and rainbows. Besides, science is an excellent medium for teaching far more

31、 than content. It can help pupils learn to think logically, to organize and analyse ideas. It can provide practice in communication skills and mathematics. In fact, there is no area of the curriculum to which science cannot contribute, whether it is geography, history, language arts, music, or art!

32、Above all, good science teaching leads to what might be called a “scientific attitude. M Those who possess it seek answers through observing, experimenting, and reasoning, rather than blindly accepting the pronouncements of others. They weigh evidence carefully and reach conclusions with caution. Wh

33、ile respecting the opinions of others, they expect honesty, accuracy, and objectivity and are on guard against hasty judgments and sweeping generalizations. All children should be developing this approach to solving problems, but it cannot be expected to appear automatically with the mere acquisitio

34、n of information. Continual practice, through guided participation, is needed.There is no doubt that children like learning science because .science is I inked with many of the things they meetscience is a very easy subject for them to learnthey encounter the facts and principles of science daily D.

35、 they are famiIiar with the process and spirit of science9.Children live in a world in which science has tremendous importance. During their lifetimes it will affect them more and more. In time, many of them will work at jobs that depend heavily on sciencefor example, concerning energy sources, poll

36、ution control, highway safety, wilderness conservation, and population growth, and population growth. As taxpayers they will pay for scientific research and exploration. And, as consumers, they will Be bombarded（受到轟擊）by advertising, much of which is said to be based on science. Therefore, it is impo

37、rtant that children, the citizens of the future, become functionally acquainted with science-with the process and spirit of science, as well as with its facts and principles. Fortunately, science has a natural appeal for youngsters. They can relate it to so many things that they encounter一flashlight

38、s, tools, echoes, and rainbows. Besides, science is an excellent medium for teaching far more than content. It can help pupils learn to think logically, to organize and analyse ideas. It can provide practice in communication skills and mathematics. In fact, there is no area of the curriculum to whic

39、h science cannot contribute, whether it is geography, history, language arts, music, or art! Above all, good science teaching leads to what might be called a scientific attitude. M Those who possess it seek answers through observing, experimenting, and reasoning, rather than blindly accepting the pr

40、onouncements of others. They weigh evidence carefully and reach conclusions with caution. While respecting the opinions of others, they expect honesty, accuracy, and objectivity and are on guard against hasty judgments and sweeping generalizations. All children should be developing this approach to

41、solving problems, but it cannot be expected to appear automatically with the mere acquisition of information. Continual practice, through guided participation, is needed.Pupils can learn logical thinking while.A. practicing communication skillsB studying geographytaking art courseslearning science10

42、.Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the I960 s and 70 s,were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has de

43、creased significantly. A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Bou

44、tron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic（北極的）snow were declining. In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead

45、 in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate（區(qū)分） the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States. In a st

46、udy published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeasten United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline. Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period. The authors of the Ambio stud

47、y examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expeeted. Scientists say both studies demonstrate that

48、 certain parts of the ecosystem（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland A. By analyzing the data pub Iished i n journals I ike Nature.By obser

49、ving the lead accumu I at i ons in different parts of the arctic area.By studying the chemicaI elements of soiI and snow in Northeastern America.By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.11. In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, mer

50、ging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 per cent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four rail roads will control well over 90 percent of all the

51、 freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy b

52、ulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rai1 company. Railroads typically charge such capt

53、ive shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government? s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will

54、 work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long nm it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of

55、transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It% theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. Do we really want railroads

56、to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplaceM asks Mar- tin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper. Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortu

57、ning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to ac- quire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire

58、 Conrail this year. Conrail, s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $ 427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who% going to pay for the rest of the bill Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.Acc

59、ording to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because .cost reduction is based on competition.services cal I for cross-trade coordination.outside competitors wiI I continue to exist.shippers wiI I have the raiI way by the throat.Recruiting（招 募）the right candidate to fill a vacancy

60、 can be a difficult and costly task. (31) the wrong person could be an expensive mistake which could cause personal problems for the whole department. And, as every HR(Human Resource) manager knows, it is much more difficult to get rid of someone than it is to (32) them. The HR manager? s first deci