工程光學(xué)英語(yǔ)

1、English Summary1. The electromagnetic spectrumGammaRaysX-RaysUltravioletVInfra-redMicro-wavesRadio-waveslongshortWave length380nmviolet-blue750nmdeep-red12. Law of Rectilinear propagationLight as it advances through free space or through homogeneous, isotropic matter follows a beeline. (a direct str

2、aight course).Example: Shadows23. The Law of ReflectionA light ray striking a reflecting surface and reflected from it makes equal angles with the normal to the surface at the point of incidence, and the incoming ray, the outgoing ray, and the normal to the surface at the point of intersection all l

3、ie in the same plane.34. The Law of RefractionThe angle made by the incident ray, that made by the refracted ray, and the surface normal at the point of incidence in a refractive process obey the expression nsinI=nsinIThe incident ray, the refracted ray, and the surface normal are all coplanar.45. T

4、otal Internal ReflectionnormalIncident rayRefracted rayDenser mediumRarer mediumCritical angleSurface6. Fermat principleLight takes the path that requires the least time.57. Key words and conceptImage space extends from infinity on one side to infinity on the other. The same holds for the object spa

5、ce; both completely overlap. Whether a given point is in the object space or the image space depends on whether it is part of a ray before or after refraction. If a given point is in the object space, it is a point object, otherwise it is a point image. 6Homework1. In ancient times the rectilinear p

6、ropagation of light was used to measure the height of objects by comparing the length of their shadows with the length of the shadow of an object of known length. A staff 2m long when held erect casts a shadow 3.4 m long, while a buildings shadow is 170 m long. How tall is the building? 2. Light fro

7、m a water medium with n=1.33 is incident upon a water-glass interface at an angle of 45o . The glass index is 1.50. What angle does the light make with the normal in the glass?7 Some Keywords1. single spherical surface2. converge and divergence3. conjugate ( points, planes, distance etc)4. magnifica

8、tion (transverse , axial , angular )5. Lagranges invariant6. sign convention (vertex, image distance, )7. image characteristics (larger or smaller, upright or inverted, real or virtual)8. Concave and convex mirror81. Vertex is the point where the optic axis intersects the surface.2. Object distance

9、is the distance from vertex to the object.3. Image distance is the distance from vertex to the image.4. Center of curvature is the center of single spherical surface.5. Meridional plane is a plane containing the optic axis and the object. Some Concept9Homework1. A goldfish swims 10cm from the side o

10、f a spherical bowl of water of radius 20cm. Where does the fish appear to be? Does it appear larger or smaller?2. An object is located 2cm to the left of convex end of a glass rod which has a radius of curvature of 1cm. The index of refraction of the glass is n=1.5. Find the image distance.10 Some K

11、eywords and concept1. Principal planes are defined as the loci where refraction is assumed to occur without reference as to where it actually does occur.2. Principal points are the points where the optical axis intersects principal planes. 3. Focal points (the first, the second / the object-side , t

12、he image-side )114. focal length is the distance from the principal point to the focal point.5. A on-axial point object at infinity and the second focal point are conjugate. 12 Some Keywords and concept1. Graphical construction HHFFFocal rayChief rayParallel rayThe parallel ray is first parallel to

13、the axis and then, after refraction passes through F. The focal ray passes through F and then is rendered parallel to the axis.The chief ray goes through the principal point without deviation.13 Some Keywords and concept2. Newtons lens equation (x, x are called Newtons extrafocal object and image di

14、stances, respectively )3. Gauss equation14 Homework1. An object 1cm high is 30cm in front of a thin lens with a focal length of 10cm. Where is the image? Verify your answer by graphical construction of the image.2. A lens is known to have a focal length of 30cm in air. An object is placed 50cm to th

15、e left of the lens. Locate the image.15 Keywords and concept1. Magnification Transverse magnification (Lateral magnification) is defined as the ratio of image size, y, to object size, y. Axial magnification (longitudinal magnification) is defined as the ratio of a short length, or depth, in the imag

16、e measured along the axis, to the conjugate length in the object. In the air, it is equal to the square of the transverse magnification.Angular magnification (magnifying power)The total magnification of a combination of lenses is the product of the magnification of the individual lenses.16 Keywords

17、and concept2. Nodal points are where no refraction occurs. Whenever the refractive indices on either side of the lens are the same, the nodal points coincide with the principal points. If the refractive indices on the two sides of the lens are different, the N points would move away from the princip

18、al planes, toward the side of higher index.17 Homework1. The object is a transparent cube, 4mm across, placed 60cm in front of a lens of 20cm focal length. Calculate the transverse and axial magnification and describe what the image looks like?18 Keywords and concept1. Plane mirrorwrong-readingIf a

19、mirror is rotated through a given angle, a beam reflected by the mirror will be rotated through twice that angle.19 Keywords and concept2. Prisms are divided into two groups- reflecting prisms and dispersing prisms. 3. Some reflecting prisms: right-angle prisms, roof (Porro) prisms, Dove (erecting)

20、prisms, pentagonal prisms.20 Keywords and concept4. Dispersing prisms Elements of a prismApexApex angleAngle of deviationBasePrism equation21 Keywords and concept5. Dispersion Generally, the index decreases as the wavelength increases. The effect is Chromatic dispersion 22 Keywords and concept6. Opt

21、ical material (glass, crystal, plastic) Crown glass (low dispersion)Flint glass (high dispersion) 23 Keywords and concept7. Material characteristics Fraunhofer lines (blue F, yellow D, red C)Mean dispersion is numerical difference between the two refractive indices nF and nC. Dispersive power Abbes

22、number 24 Keywords and concept1. Stops are either the finite size of the lenses or additional diaphragms in optical system which limit the bundle of light passing through in cross section.25 Keywords and concept2. Theory of stops3. An aperture stop is an opening, usually circular, in an otherwise op

23、aque screen.26 Keywords and concept4. The Aperture ratio of the system is the ratio D/f. Its reciprocal is f-stop number.5. Pupils (entrance pupil, exit pupil)27 Keywords and concept6. A field stop, in contrast to an aperture stop, limits the angular field, or field of view.7. Windows (entrance wind

24、ow, exit window)8. Telecentric on the object (image) side28 Homework1. A stop 8mm in diameter is placed halfway between an extended object and a large-diameter lens of 9cm focal length. The lens projects an image of the object onto a screen 14cm away. What is the diameter of the exit pupil?292. Two

25、lenses, a lens of 12.5cm focal length and a minus lens of unknown power, are mounted coaxially and 8 cm apart. The system is afocal, that is light entering the system parallel at one side emerges parallel at the other. If a stop 15mm in diameter is placed halfway between the lenses:1) Where is the e

26、ntrance pupil?2) Where is the exit pupil?3) What are their diameters? Homework30 Keywords and concept1. AberrationsMonochromatic aberrations (Spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, curvature of field, distortion)Chromatic aberrations31 Keywords and concept2. Monochromatic aberrations can be furthe

27、r divided into two groups depending on whether or not they cause the image blur. Image blur occurs in spherical aberration, coma and oblique astigmatism.32 Keywords and conceptCurvature of field and distortion cause dislocations within the image but no blur.333. Wave aberration: The degree of depart

28、ure from true sphericity,that is, the distance between the ideal reference sphere and the actual, distorted wavefront, measured along the radius of the reference sphere. Keywords and concept34 HomeworkAnswer the following questions:1. What is an aberration? How does it come?2. How can we classify th

29、e aberration?3. What is wave aberration? What relationship among wave aberration and other aberrations?35 HomeworkReading the complementary information and fill in the following form:36A person wants to look at the image of his or her own eyes, without accommodation, using a concave mirror of 60cm r

30、adius of curvature. How far must the mirror be from the eye if the person has1) Normal vision?2) 4diopter myopia, without correction?3) 4diopter hyperopia, without correction? Homework37 Keywords and concept1. Cross section of the human eye38 Keywords and concept2. Reduced eye and schematic eye3. Ac

31、commodation is accomplished by a changed of power of the lens, resulting from a change of shape.39 Keywords and concept4. Normal vision5. Anomalies Myopia (nearsightedness)Hyperopia (hypermatropia, farsightedness)40 HomeworkA person wants to look at the image of his or her own eyes, without accommod

32、ation, using a concave mirror of 60cm radius of curvature. How far must the mirror be from the eye if the person has1) Normal vision?2) 4diopter myopia, without correction?3) 4diopter hyperopia, without correction?41 Keywords and concept1. MicroscopeA microscope is an instrument for viewing objects

33、that are very small.It is a two lens system, an objective of short focal length and an eyepiece.The distance between the right-hand focus of the objective and the left-hand focus of the eyepiece is called the optical tube length.42 Keywords and concept2. The structure of a microscope43 Keywords and

34、concept3. Numerical aperture, NA4. The distance of most distinct vision, 25cm in front of the eye. 44 Keywords and concept5. TelescopeKeplers telescope contains two converging lenses: an objective of long focal length and an eyepiece of short focal length. The lenses are spaced so that the second fo

35、cus of the first lens coincides with the first focus of the second lens.45 Keywords and conceptGalileos telescope contains two lenses: the objective is positive and the eyepiece is negative. Still the two focal points coincide.46The image is seen at infinity, with accommodation, the image is seen at

36、 the distance of most distinct vision. Instrument myopia is a phenomenon that a person involuntarily accommodates when he or she looks into an optical instrument. Keywords and concept47 HomeworkDiscussion:What differences between the following situations: 1) a microscope is used for projection;2) th

37、e microscope is used for visual observation.48 Supplementary materials1. Digital cameraA/DMPU內(nèi)存LCDPC卡接口成像物鏡CCD數(shù)碼相機(jī)的成像過(guò)程工作原理顏色的形成分色棱鏡覆蓋轉(zhuǎn)輪指標(biāo)像素?cái)?shù)顏色深度49 Supplementary materialsRGRGRGRGGBGBGBGBRGRGRGRGGBGBGBGBRGRGRGRGGBGBGBGBRGRGRGRGGBGBGBGBRGBGBGBGGRGBGRGBRGBGRGBGGRGBGRGBRGBGRGBGGRGBGRGBRGBGRGBGGRGBGRGBB

38、AYER編碼三色編碼50 HomeworkClassification of camera lenses:1)Tessar camera lens (most widely used) 2) Telephoto lens3) Wide-angle lens, fisheye lens ,sky lens4) A zoom lens51 Brief history of laserThe word LASER is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. In 1916, Einstein p

39、redicted that the existence of equilibrium between matter and electromagnetic radiation required that besides emission and absorption there must be a third process, now called stimulated emission.52This prediction attracted little attention until 1954, when Townes and coworkers developed a microwave

40、 amplifier (Maser) .In 1958, Schawlow and Townes showed that the maser principle could be extended into the visible region.In 1960, Maiman built the first laser using ruby as the active medium. Brief history of laser53Compared to radiation from other sources, laser radiation stands out in several ways. It has a particular beam shape and divergence. It is highly coherent, both spatially and temporally. It is eminently suited to produce interference. Special characteristic54Often it is polarized as so