香港經(jīng)濟(jì)史9教學(xué)課件

1、Trans-border Flow: Between Hong Kong and Mainland China(Part I)Theme: The formation of transborder governance (跨境管治) between Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta, South ChinaQuestions:What is transborder urban governance? What is transborder flow and when did it begin?An increasing demand of transbor

2、der economy between Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta, South China in the past two decades. Transborder Urban Governance“an increasingly complexity of modalities (形態(tài)) of governing including governmental actors, para- government agencies (輔助政府的機(jī)關(guān)), business networks and societal actors who may work tog

3、ether or against each other in a cross-border context”. Transborder Urban GovernanceTung Chee Wah VS Huang Hua HuaKey concept to remember!We need to develop useful middle-ranged concepts like multi-scalar politics.Globalization - but a multiple re-ordering of time and space conducive to new configur

4、ation of scale politics and forms of governance, often in a transborder-border context.Transborder Urban GovernanceScaling processes can be further distinguished into: cross-border relations (internationalization); open-border relations (liberalization); trans-border relations (re-making of social r

5、elations in multiple forms).Multi-scalar Politics:Key concept to remember!Harrell (1995) helps to distinguish two processes: regionalism refers to top-down processes- the conscious and deliberate attempts by national states to create formal mechanisms for dealing with common transnational issues; Mu

6、lti-scalar Politics:Key concept to remember!regionalisation refers to bottom-up processes- the driving forces come from markets, from private trade and investment flows, and from the policies and decisions of companies.Multi-scalar Politics:Key concept to remember!highlighting the “bottom-up” nature

7、 of transborder interaction in in China.The term economic integration often refers to the formal cooperation between states, and thus ignoring the societal factors in pushing forward the transborder governance.Multi-scalar Politics:Key concept to remember!Despite to the state factors, transborder in

8、teractions between Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta from the bottom have been underway for more than two decades.Hong Kong and Transborder FlowsIn addition to capital relocation both in manufacturing and services sectors, there are also: a) cross-border employment, b) marriage; c) housing A “tran

9、sborder society” has been forging long before both sides of governments finally came to the scene.Hong Kong and Transborder FlowsHong Kong and Transborder FlowsHong Kong residents working in Mainland China Special Topics Report No. 21 and 30, Social data collected via the General Household Survey, C

10、ensus and Statistics Department, Hong Kong, 1999, 2001.YearNo. of persons working in Mainland China198852,300198945,600199264,2001995122,3001998157,3002001190,80035.5% were aged 30-39; while 32.9% were aged 40-49. Their median age was 39. Analysed by sex, 135,500 (86.2%) were males. The working popu

11、lation in Mainland China generally had relatively higher educational attainment. Hong Kong and Transborder FlowsSome 55.4% of them had secondary or matriculation education and 33.2% had tertiary education.72.7% were employees; 19.8%, employers; and 7.5%, self-employed persons. Nearly all the employe

12、es (95.3%) were employed by companies in Hong Kong to work in Mainland China.Hong Kong and Transborder FlowsHong Kong residents who had worked in mainland China by occupation in June 2001OccupationNo. of Person (000)Percentage (%)Compared to all employed persons in HK (%)Managers and administrators6

13、7.835.58.1Professionals and associate professionals81.542.723.5Clerks15.28.017.5Service workers and shop sales workers6.33.314.9Craft and related workersPlant and machine operators and assemblersElementary occupationsOthersOverall190.8100.0100.0Hong Kong residen

14、ts working in Mainland China by occupation in 199843% were in the wholesales, retail and import/export trades, restaurants and hotels sector; 37.8% were in the manufacturing sector. The percentage of those engaged in manufacturing sector in 1998 decreased from 58.0% in October 1995 to 37.8% in June

15、1998. Hong Kong and Transborder FlowsOn the contrary, the percentage of those engaged in the wholesale, retail and import/export trades, restaurants and hotels sector was higher.Hong Kong and Transborder FlowsHong Kong residents who had worked in mainland China by industry in June 2001IndustryNo. of

16、 Person (000)Percentage (%)Compared to all employed persons in HK (%)Manufacturing71.237.310.0ConstructionWholesale, retail, and import/export trades, restaurants and hotels83.543.830.5Transport, storage and communications6.73.510.8Financing, insurance, real estate and business services18.0

17、9.514.4Community, social and personal5.32.824.7OthersOverall190.8100.0100.0Hong Kong residents who had worked in the Mainland China during the 12 months before enumeration by no. of times having worked in the Mainland China (1998 and 2001)Number of times having worked in the mainland of Chi

18、naNo. of persons (May-Jun 1998)(000)%No. of persons (Apr-Jun 2001)(000)%1-3 days23.2314.821.911.54-9 days20.913.318.09.410-19 days26.016.530.315.920-29 days25.416.225.013.130-49 days38.924.736.319.0 50 days22.914.558.430.6Unknown-0.90.5Total157.3100.0190.8100.0Median (times)2026Therefore:Trans-borde

19、r labour flow has been the central part of the globalization process, especially, in trans-border making between China and Hong Kong in the 90s and this will continue in the coming years.The picture foretold a process of “economic integration” from below emerged in early 1990s, long before the state

20、 discourses proliferated ten years later.Hong Kong and Transborder FlowsTrans-border Flow: Between Hong Kong and Mainland China (Part 2) Theme: The formation of transborder governance between Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta, South ChinaQuestions:What is transborder labour relation? What cultural

21、 implication we can learn?Hong Kong residents working across theborder in Mainland China became aninternational eye-catching issue. Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsUnderstanding Trans-border Labor RelationsTime Magazine in May 2001 states, “Nowhere is the demarcation more striking than at

22、its border with Shenzhen - a line that Hong Kong people can cross freely but most mainlanders can only gaze at. The one-way traffic has become a nonstop flood: up to 200,000 people a day, 100 million crossings a year, a number likely to triple by 2010.” Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsOn a

23、verage, 31,000 vehicles and 280,000 people traveled across the boundary every day during the year of 2000.Hong Kong Annual Report 2000: Mainland China is the most important trading partner with Hong Kong. 40 per cent of its trade was with the Mainland and three quarters of the 18 million containers

24、handled by the port of Hong Kong were connected to trade with the Mainland. Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsThree Objectives:understand the trans-border labour flow in terms of its multi-scalar politics as new labour relations are forged in the restructuring of Hong Kongs political economy

25、. explore not only novel forms of cross-border labour relations but also the process of how these forms are constructed in all its conflict and tension-ridden nature. Understanding Trans-border Labor Relationshighlight the cultural production of this trans-border subject and its implications for ide

26、ntity issues. Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsHong Kong people may live here and have a big house in ChinaHistorical PerspectiveThis trans-border configuration is made possible by the changing geopolitics of both sides: South China and Hong Kong. Upon the establishment of the PRC in 1949,

27、Guangdong was the major gateway connecting the whole country to the outside world.Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsUnderstanding Trans-border Labor RelationsCanton City had been one of the important cities in connecting the national economy with global capitalism. Its geographical location

28、at the southern end of China made the region more competitive and conducive to international capitalist players.Chinas Open-door policy and the Economic Reform of the late 70s brought forth a great change in the geopolitics of South China. The “open-door” policies were the first attempt to incorpora

29、te the socialist system of China - the national-local spaces into the global market - the global-regional scalar mix.Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsUnderstanding Trans-border Labor RelationsThis bold experiment won support from key party elites and coastal-provincial actors, esp. when the

30、 four SEZs and 14 coastal cities witnessed a rapid influx of foreign capital and fast development in 80s and 90s.Thanks Deng again!The rapid increase of foreign direct investment and joint-ventured cooperation, esp. with HK capital in the 90s, thus allowed the national-local scales of Chinese indust

31、rialism to link up with the global and regional scalar mixes. The pace of new spatial configuration was greatly accelerated with the rise of Shanghai as a global city in the late 90s. Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsChinas entry to the WTO in 2001 and Beijings successful bid for the 2008 O

32、lympics finally signify a rise in Chinas status as a globalizing society.Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsHong Kong ProblemThe Asian Financial Crisis and its aftermath hit the Hong Kong economy badly at the time of its restructuring into a regional financial city. The unemployment rate rose

33、 to 7.8% in mid 2002 and still there is no trace of great improvement. Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsThe bubble in the property economy - has burst and asset prices have dropped by over 50% in 2002 in comparison to the highest prices in 1997. The poor performance of the economy further p

34、ushed the SAR government to further depend on the trans-border imaginary to solve its internal economic crisis.Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsIn his 2001 Policy Address, Tung stressed that HK as a gateway city has a unique position, with the Mainland as its hinterland and extensive links

35、to all corners of the globe. Tung also boasted that HKs infrastructure, such as the HK International Airport and the international container port, were world-class, as were the talents of HKs professionals and their management experience. Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsUnderstanding Trans

36、-border Labor Relations we are in the right place at the right time to benefit most from the economic development of our Motherland Following Chinas accession to the World Trade Organization, co-operation between Hong Kong and Guangdong will rise to new heightsThe HK government thus openly encourage

37、s trans-border flow and persuades its citizens to look for jobs in Mainland China. Also aided by extensive newspaper coverage and media propaganda- “Looking northward”, literally meaning to search for opportunities in China. Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsMing Pao Editorial: “Citizens cou

38、ld consider working on mainland” (October 17, 2001) it states, “When the Mainlands economy soars, people well versed in international trade will be in great demand there. Mainland businesses will then need financial professionals, accountants, lawyers and people experienced in import and export busi

39、ness. Many Hong Kongers have much such experience. If they are prepared to work on the mainland, they are likely to accomplish much.”Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsComment:These official discourses encouraging Hong Kong people to find a way-out in Mainland China seem a bit redundant if no

40、t ridiculous. Trans-border interactions between Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta, from the bottom up, have been underway for more than two decades.Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsIn addition to capital relocation, both in manufacturing and services sectors, cross-border employment, marr

41、iage and housing have already become conspicuous social phenomena in the last decade. The creation of a trans-border spatial structure thus was more inclined to informal and soft integration and reliant on the actions and decisions of non-state actorsUnderstanding Trans-border Labor RelationsThe tra

42、ns-border labour flow no doubt was a kind of regionalisation process before it turned to be a regionalism process when the HK government plans for a “South China Economic Circle”. Understanding Trans-border Labor RelationsNew trans-border managerial class: “We enjoyed the first class life in China,

43、the kind of luxurious life that we cant ever dream of while we are in Hong Kong.”Crossing the border enhanced their social status and living quality, yet this class never tried to mix with the local community:“We dont make friends with the locals. We are people with different heads. Ill never contac

44、t the locals unless my business needs them, often the local officials or powerful men.” Cultural ImplicationNew trans-border working class: “Although I have a Mainland wife now, I still dont like the Mainlanders. If I have son or daughter in the future, I will have them educated in Hong Kong and app

45、ly for them to leave Mainland China. Dongguan is not a nice place, nice people wont come here.” (a truck driver)This trans-border settlement never leads to the “assimilation” into Mainland society. He is still reluctant to blend into this society. Cultural ImplicationIn his eyes, Mainland society is

46、 full of social disorders such as corruption, crime, traffic chaos, bad and slow work pace, cheating and so on. About the identity issue, he insists on claiming himself as a “complete” Hong Konger and resists the idea of sharing any cultural traits with the Mainlanders.Cultural ImplicationAnother notable trend in this globalizing process is “trans-border housing”, triggered by the relocation of capital and labour. Since the price of properties was nearly 10 ti