高中化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識

1、高中化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)學(xué)問（ Basic knowledge of high school chemistry）High school chemistry, knowledge points, concept, a lot of things are very abstract, difficult to understand, to review the great difficulty, Weifang young teachers to create high school chemistry aims to help the students are studying and deepen th

2、eir understanding of the chemistry of high school, to help them solve the difficulties encountered in learning. Catalog Safety of chemical experiment Separation and purification of mixtures Ion test A unit of quantity of matter The application of quantity of matter in chemistry experiment Chemicals

3、and their changes Metals and their compounds Non metals and their compounds Test of chloride ion Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide Ammonia and ammonium salt chemical experiment safety Separation and purification of mixtures Ion test A unit of quantity of matter The application of quantity of matter

4、in chemistry experiment Chemicals and their changes Metals and their compounds Non metals and their compounds Tests for chloride ion, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, ammonia and ammonium salts Safety of chemical experiment 1, 1 the test of poisonous gas should be carried out in the ventilated kit

5、chen, and attention should be paid to the proper treatment of exhaust gas absorption or ignition, etc. When conducting inflammable and explosive gas experiments, it should be observed that the tail gas should be burned or properly treated. 2 burn should be treated by a doctor. 3 concentrated acid sp

6、rinkled on the experimental table, first with Na2CO3 or NaHCO3 neutralization, and then washed clean with water. Concentrated acid stained on the skin, it should be wiped with a dry cloth, and then rinse with water. Concentrated acid splash in the eye should be diluted with dilute NaHCO3 solution, a

7、nd then ask the doctor to deal with. 4 concentrated alkali on the experimental table, first dilute with acetic acid neutralization, and then washed clean with water. Concentrated alkali on the skin, it should first flush with a large amount of water, and then coated with boric acid solution. Concent

8、rated alkali splash in the eye, rinse with water and then rinse with boric acid solution. 5 sodium, phosphorus and other fires should be covered with sand. 6 a small area of alcohol and other flammable organic matter is caught fire. It should be quickly washed with a damp cloth. Separation and purif

9、ication of mixtures The application should pay attention to matters of material separation and purification method for example filtration for solid-liquid separation mixed a paste, two low and three by distillation and purification such as purification or separation of liquid mixtures of different b

10、oiling points to prevent liquid salt bumping, the mercury thermometer is the position of the ball, the flow of the water solubility of different condensation distillation such as oil distillation such as the use of oil extraction of solute in an immiscible solvent, a solvent extraction agent selecti

11、on method of solute from its solution and another solvent composition of the extract should meet the following requirements: the original and the solvent immiscible; open the upper end of the piston or the groove the piston and the funnel water on the solubility of the solute is much larger than the

12、 original solvent with bromine in carbon tetrachloride extraction of bromine and iodine liquid separation of immiscible liquids The air is communicated with the air inside and outside the funnel. Open the piston, the piston closes slowly lower liquid outflow, in a timely manner, the upper liquid pou

13、red out from the upper end as by heating a mixture of evaporation of bromine and iodine bromine in carbon tetrachloride extraction into liquid after evaporation and crystallization for separation and purification of several soluble solid solution evaporates, with a glass rod to stir more evaporation

14、 when the solid solution; in the dish, stop heating separation of NaCl and KNO3 mixture Ion test The phenomenon of ion ion equation Cl AgNO3 reagent, dilute HNO3 white precipitate produced Cl + Ag + AgCl = SO42-: dilute HCl precipitation formula, BaCl2 white precipitate SO42-+Ba2 + =BaSO4 down the m

15、ost common should have: alkali sodium potassium calcium and barium, besides is insoluble in water; barium sulfate, lead water soluble chloride salt, silver carbonate in potassium sodium solution under. K+, Na+, K+ through the purple flame, cobalt blue glass Na+ yellow. Fe3+ uses KSCN solution to gen

16、erate red substances Fe SCN 3., Br- and I-, using a dilute HNO3 acidified AgNO3 solution Br- to produce a pale yellow precipitate that is insoluble in dilute nitric acid, and I- produces a yellow precipitate that is insoluble in dilute nitric acid. After the release of carbonate ions with hydrochlor

17、ic acid is colorless and odorless and make clear limewater turbid gases: carbon dioxide. Ammonia ions with concentrated sodium hydroxide, heated to produce a pungent odor, wet red litmus blue NH3. four gas impurity. Note: 1, in order to make the impurity, reagent cannot join is appropriate, but shou

18、ld be excessive, because you cannot guarantee that adding solvent the amount of only excess ions or ion clusters in the subsequent operation must be easy to remove. 2. Make sure that new impurity particles are not introduced, and even if added, they must be removed in subsequent operations A unit of

19、 quantity of matter 1. the quantity of a substance n is the physical quantity of a collective containing a certain number of particles. 2. moles mol: measure any particle of 23 square particles containing 6.02 x 10 particles into 1 moles. 3.: the Avogadro constant 23 times mol-1 is called Avogadro c

20、onstant 6.02 X10. 4. of the amount of substance substance containing particle number = 5. =N/NA n / Avogadro constant molar mass M 1 definition: mass per unit amount of substance of the material is called molar mass. 2: g/mol or g.Mol-1 3: numerical relative atomic mass or relative molecular mass is

21、 equal to the particle quality / quantity = 6. Material material molar mass n = m/M six, the molar volume of gas 1. gas molar volume Vm 1 definition: gas unit molar volume called the molar volume of gas. 2: unit volume = L/mol 2. gas volume / material the molar volume of gas n=V/Vm 3. standard condi

22、tion, Vm = 22.4 L/mol The application of quantity of matter in chemistry experiment 1. the concentration of a substance. 1 defined as the amount of substance in the solution of a solute contained in a unit volume solution. The physical quantity of the solution is called the concentration of the subs

23、tance B of the solute B. 2: mol/L 3 the amount of substance concentration = the amount of solute material / solution volume CB = nB/V 2. a certain amount of substance concentration of compound 1: according to the basic principle of concentration for volume and solute solution of the material, method

24、 of calculation for concentration of related substances and calculate the mass or volume required for the solute in the container will be diluted with solvent and solute to a specified volume, have to prepared solution. 2 the main operation of the A. test whether the.B. solution, Water Leakage 1. 2.

25、 3, weighing, dissolution, transfer, 5. 4., washing. The 6 fixed volume. 7. 8, shake, storage solution. Note: A selection and preparation for the flask volume of solution the same. B must be checked before use. Water Leakage whether C can not be directly dissolved in a volumetric flask. D dissolved

26、after solution and then transfer to cooling at room temperature. E constant volume When the liquid level is 1 to 2cm away from the calibration line, use a dropper to observe the water head to the lowest point of the liquid surface by the head up method. 3. solution is diluted: C concentrated solutio

27、n, V concentrated solution, =C dilute solution, V dilute solution Chemicals and their changes A system in which substances or substances are dispersed in another or more substance, known as dispersions. Substances dispersed are called dispersions gases, liquids, solids. Substances that act as disper

28、sing agents are called dispersants gases, liquids, solids. Three kinds of colloidal solution, emulsion, dispersion, scattered matter particle size /nm appearance can pass through the filter paper or the Tyndall effect was less than 1 examples of uniform, transparent and stable without NaCl, sucrose

29、solution in 1 - 100 between colloidal uniform, transparent and stable to some Fe OH 3 colloid emulsion chemical changes more than 100 chemical changes is not uniform, opaque and unstable without slurry two, material can occur in a variety of 1, between substances, according to certain standards can

30、be used to classify chemical changes. 1 according to the reactants and products categories and how many species of the reaction can be divided into: A, chemical reaction A+B=AB, B AB=A+B C, the decomposition reaction of replacement reaction A+BC=AC+B, D metathesis AB+CD=AD+CB reaction 2 according to

31、 whether is in the the reaction is divided into: A, ion reaction: there are a class of reactive ion in the. The reactions mainly involve metathesis and redox reactions involving ions. B, molecular reaction non ionic reaction 3 according to whether there is a reaction in the electron transfer reactio

32、n can be divided into: A, redox reaction: the reaction of electron transfer gain or offset of the reaction substance: the electron transfer gain or offset features: the valence of elements before and after the reaction with the change of B and non redox reaction, 2 ion reaction 1, electrolyte: condu

33、ctive compounds in aqueous solution or melt state, called electrolyte. Acids, alkalis, and salts are electrolytes. A compound that cannot conduct electricity in aqueous solution or molten state; is called a non electrolyte. Note: electrolyte and non electrolyte are compounds. The difference is wheth

34、er they can conduct electricity in water or in the melting state. Electrolyte conduction is conditional: the electrolyte must be in aqueous solution or molten state to conduct electricity. All the substances that can conduct electricity are not electrolytes: copper, aluminum, graphite, etc. Non meta

35、llic oxides SO2, SO3, CO2 and most of the organic compounds are non electrolytes. 2, ion by ion equation: in response to the actual symbol that reaction. It not only represents a specific chemical reaction, but also represents the same type of ion reaction. The reaction of such reactions is to produ

36、ce precipitation, gas, or water. Writing: write: write down the chemical equation reaction: soluble in water, easily ionized material removed form ion ion in delete will not participate in the reaction from the equations by deleting the check: check the ends of both ends of the equation of atomic nu

37、mber and charge numbers are equal 3, the so-called ion ion coexist in the same solution in a large number of coexistence, refers to any reaction does not occur between ions; if the ions can react, not a lot of coexistence. A, ions cannot combine to form insoluble material of coexistence: such as Ba2

38、 + and SO42- +, Ag and Cl-, CO32-, Ca2 + and Mg2 + OH- and B, combined with ion can not generate gas or volatile substances of coexistence: such as H + and C O 32-, HCO3-, SO32-, OH- and NH4 + C, connate into hard material water ionization ion is not a lot of coexistence: such as H + and OH-, CH3COO

39、-, OH- and HCO3- etc. Not D, ion redox reaction, hydrolysis reaction of coexistence to learn Note: what conditions such as: a colorless solution should be excluded from the colored ion: Fe2 + and Fe3 +, Cu2 +, MnO4- plasma, acidic or alkaline should be considered for ion group, there are a lot of H

40、or OH-. 4 ion equation true or false six see, the reaction is true: mainly to see whether the reaction or reaction product is correct, write two to see whether the ionic equation: reaction between not pure solid ionic equation three, write chemistry is correct: chemical precipitation, ion type, symb

41、ol, gas sign written symbols, etc. are the facts four, five, see whether the correct ratio of ion charge number, atomic number six, see whether conservation and expression are related to the amount of reaction is correct excessive amount, 3, the redox reaction is as follows: the concepts and their m

42、utual relations - the loss of electronic valence increased by oxidation the oxidation reaction occurs - reducing agent Reductive - electron valence reduction is reduced also The original - reaction is an oxidizing agent oxidizing formula: loss of oxygen to rise, fall, if the two reverse agent. Metal

43、s and their compounds 1. Metal activity Na Mg Al Fe. Two, the metal is generally more lively, easy to react with O2 and generate oxides can react with acid solution and generate H2, particularly lively such as Na can react with H2O replacement H2, special metals such as Al can react with alkali solu

44、tion by H2. Three and Al2O3 are amphoteric oxides, and Al OH 3 is an amphoteric hydroxide, which can react with strong acids to form salts and water, and react with strong bases to form salts and water. Four, Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 compared with sodium carbonate sodium bicarbonate of soda or soda soda co

45、lor white crystal fine white crystals, soluble soluble in water solution is alkaline to phenolphthalein red soluble in water but higher than the solubility of Na2CO3 in alkaline solution small phenolphthalein red thermal stability is stable, is difficult to decomposition heat easily decomposed Na2CO

46、3 + CO2 = 2NaHCO3 + H2O and acid reaction of CO32 + H + H CO3 - H - CO3 + H + CO2 = H2O + H + H + CO2 = CO3 + H2O under the same conditions from the speed of CO2 is faster than Na2CO3 Na2CO3 NaHCO3 reaction with alkali + Ca OH 2 CaCO3 here 2NaOH reaction essence: metathesis reaction NaHCO3NaOH Na2CO

47、3H2O essence CO32 and metal cations: H - CO3 - H2O and CO2 OHH2OCO32 and Na2CO3CO2H2O 2NaHC reaction O3 CO32 - CO3 - CO2 + H2O + H reaction with the reaction of CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3: Salt + 2NaCl Ca2 + + CO32 - CaCO3: no reaction mainly uses glass, paper, soap, detergent, medicine, fermentation exti

48、nguishers transformation Non metals and their compounds Silicon element: inorganic nonmetallic material in the main role of the content of 26.3% in the earths crust, inferior to oxygen. It is a kind of oxygen - loving element, which exists in rock, sand and soil with high melting point and silicate,

49、 accounting for more than 90% of the crust. Located below the third cycle, group IV, group A carbon. The outermost Si contrast C has 4 electrons, the main formation of tetravalent compounds. dioxide SiO2 naturally occurring silica is called Two, silica silica, including crystalline and amorphous. Qu

50、artz is a common crystalline silica, of which colorless and transparent is crystal, with color, ring, ribbon or layered agate. Silica crystal is a three-dimensional network structure, the basic unit is SiO4, so it has good physical and chemical properties, and is widely used. agate ornaments, quartz

51、 crucible, optical fiber Physics: high melting point, high hardness, insoluble SiO2 colorless and good transparency of chemical water, clean, good chemical stability, except HF is generally not with other acid reaction, with alkali NaOH reaction is acid oxide, With the alkaline oxide reaction SiO2 +

52、 4HF = SiF4 = 2H2O + SiO2 + CaO = under certain conditions high temperature CaSiO3 SiO2 + 2NaOH = = Na2SiO3 + H2O can not be used in glass bottles of HF bottle cork or rubber plug using alkaline solution. Three, silicic acid H2SiO3 acid is very weak less than carbonic acid, solubility is very small,

53、 because SiO2 insoluble in water, silicic acid using soluble silicate and other acidic than silicic acid reaction made. Na2SiO3 + 2HCl = H2SiO3 + 2NaCl: silica gel porous, can be used as a desiccant, catalyst carrier. Four silicate silicate is a general term of compounds composed of silicon, oxygen

54、and metal elements. It has a wide distribution, complex structure and stable chemical properties. Generally insoluble in water. Na2SiO3, K2SiO3 is the most typical representative of sodium silicate Na2SiO3: soluble in water solution is called water glass and sodium silicate, can be used as filler, f

55、ire retardant and soap wood adhesives. Commonly used silicate products: glass, ceramics, cement four, silicon elemental and carbon similar, there are crystal and amorphous two. The crystal silicon structure similar to that of diamond, metallic black solid, high melting point 1410 C, high hardness, b

56、rittle, chemically inactive under normal temperature. Is a good application: semiconductor chip, semiconductor transistor and light battery, five and chlorine in the third cycle: the seventh group A, atomic structure: easy to get an electronic form of chlorine ion Cl, non typical metallic elements,

57、exists in the chemical state in nature. Six, chlorine physical properties: yellow green gas, pungent odor, soluble in water, pressure and cooling conditions can be changed into liquid liquid chlorine and solid. Method of making: MnO2 + 4HCl concentrated MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 smell: with the hand in the

58、 mouth of the bottle gently blowing, so that a small amount of chlorine into the nostrils. Chemical property: very reactive, poisonous, oxidizing, and capable of forming metal chlorides salts in combination with most metals. Can react with metal: 2NaCl2 = 2NaCl LIT 2Fe3Cl2= LIT 2FeCl3 CuCl2= LIT CuC

59、l2 = Cl2H2 LIT 2HCl: a pale flame, generating a large number of white mist. Burning does not necessarily involve oxygen; it is not only in oxygen that it burns. The essence of combustion is a sharp oxidation-reduction reaction, and all the intense chemical reactions that emit heat are called combust

60、ion. Cl2 uses: tap water sterilization Cl2H2O = = = = = 2HClO HClHClO Guang Zhao 2 solution volume of chlorine 2HClO2 = 1 volume of water being dissolved for chlorine, is light yellow green. Among them, hypochlorite HClO has strong oxidation and drift, and plays a major role in disinfection and blea