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1、管理學(xué)原理第四講組織行為第1頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二個體行為團隊行為層級組織行為任務(wù)完成與人力資本價值升值目標、任務(wù)第2頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二一個企業(yè)完成任務(wù)的基本行為方式包括哪些? 個體方式:職員被作為一個獨立的個體來對待,工作任務(wù)、目標和報酬等以個體為導(dǎo)向。自我管理的團隊方式:這種組織方式通常被定義為多個個體的集合,每一個成員與其他成員擁有一個共同的目標,每一個成員的報酬依賴于整個團隊的經(jīng)營業(yè)績。層級組織的方式:某個人專職從事對其他成員的監(jiān)督和協(xié)調(diào)工作。盡管大多數(shù)企業(yè)一般都采用一定形式的層級結(jié)構(gòu),但是在正式權(quán)威方面卻有很
2、大的差異。 第3頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二三種完成任務(wù)的行為方式存在哪些差異?主要表現(xiàn)在:成員之間相互聯(lián)系的程度和協(xié)調(diào)成本的大小。當任務(wù)不需要協(xié)調(diào)時,采用個體方式是比較適合的,例如設(shè)計工作;當協(xié)調(diào)變得非常必要的時候,團隊方式就更合適一些。這樣,每一個成員的產(chǎn)出可以直接受益于成員之間的頻繁接觸、技能互補和團隊本身所產(chǎn)生的利益(例如成員之間的信息共享和共同價值觀)。當按照團隊方式很難對個體的產(chǎn)出進行監(jiān)督和控制,當團隊的規(guī)模達到到某種程度、協(xié)調(diào)的成本開始大大增加的時候,層級組織方式可能更為合適。 第4頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二第十四章:
3、個體行為 Individual Behavior1、態(tài)度Attitudes2、個性Personality 3、認知Perception 4、學(xué)習learning第5頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Learning ObjectivesYou should learn to:Define the focus and goals of organizational behaviorDescribe the three components of an attitudeIdentify the role that consistency plays in attitudes
4、第6頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Learning ObjectivesExplain the relationship between satisfaction and productivityTell how managers can use the Myers-Briggs personality type framework and the big-five model of personality第7頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Learning Objectives (cont.)Define emotional intell
5、igenceDescribe attribution theory and its use in explaining individual behaviorIdentify the types of shortcuts managers use in judging othersExplain how managers can shape employee behavior第8頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Why Look At Individual Behavior?Organizational Behavior (OB)concerned specifical
6、ly with the actions of people at workaddresses issues that are not obvious第9頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二The Organization as an Iceberg第10頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Why Look At Individual Behavior (cont.)Focus of OBindividual behavior - attitudes, personality, perception, learning, and motivationg
7、roup behavior - norms, roles, team building, leadership, and conflictGoals of OBexplain, predict, and influence behaviormanagers success depends on getting things done through other people第11頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Attitudes第12頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Attitude Definition evaluative statemen
8、ts concerning objects, people, or eventsthree componentscognitive - beliefs, opinions, knowledge, or information held by a personaffective - emotion or feelingterm attitude usually refers to this componentbehavioral - intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something第13頁,共98頁,2022年,5月
9、20日,16點52分,星期二Attitudes (cont.)Job-Related Attitudes job satisfaction - employees general attitude toward her/his jobjob involvement - degree to which an employee identifies with her/his jobdegree of active participation in the jobfeeling that job performance is important to self-worthorganizational
10、 commitment - employees loyalty to, identification with, and involvement in the organizationorganizational citizen behavior (OCB) - discretionary behavior that is not part of the formal job requirementspromotes effective functioning of the organization第14頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Attitudes (cont.
11、)Attitudes and Consistencypeople seek consistency:among their attitudesbetween their attitudes and behaviorinconsistency gives rise to steps to achieve consistencyalter attitudes or behaviordevelop rationalization for the inconsistency第15頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二present employee with questions t
12、hat elicit how they feel about their jobs, work groups, supervisors, or the organizationattitude score is the sum of responses to individual itemsAttitude Surveys第16頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Sample Attitude Survey第17頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Implications for managersSatisfaction-Productivity C
13、ontroversytraditional belief was that happy workers were productive workersresearch evidence suggests that if satisfaction has a positive influence on productivity, it is smallcontingency factors have clarified the relationship between satisfaction and productivityeffect of environmental factors tha
14、t constrain employee behaviorresearch designs do not permit conclusions about cause and effect第18頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二態(tài)度的概念態(tài)度由三個部分組成:(1) 態(tài)度的認知成分由一個人所持有的信念、觀點、知識或信息組成。(2) 態(tài)度的情感成分是態(tài)度中的情緒或感受部分。 (3) 態(tài)度的行為成分是指以某種方式對某人或某事做出反應(yīng)的行為。第19頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二與工作相關(guān)的態(tài)度工作滿意度(Job satisfaction)是人對其工作
15、的一般態(tài)度。 工作投入( Job involvement)是員工認可自己的工作,主動參與工作,認為工作績效對自己的個人價值很重要的程度。(3) 組織承諾(Organizational Commitment)是員工對組織的忠誠性、認可程度及參與程度。第20頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二對管理者的意義有明顯的證據(jù)表明,對于那些承諾和滿意的員工來說,他們的離職率和缺勤率很低。同時,那種為了提高生產(chǎn)率而以員工快樂為目標的做法可能會誤入歧途。第21頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二PersonalityPersonality is defined as
16、 a combination of psychological traits that classifies a person.(個性是個體的心理特質(zhì)的綜合)Predicting behavior from personality traits(根據(jù)個性特質(zhì)預(yù)測行為)第22頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二PersonalityPredicting Behavior from Personality TraitsLocus of Controlinternals - believe that they control their own destinyexternals
17、 - believe their lives are controlled by outside forcesless satisfied and involved with their jobsmore alienated from the work settingMachiavellianism - people who are high on this trait:are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance, believe that ends can justify the meansare productive in jobs that re
18、quire bargaining and have high rewards for success第23頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Predicting Behavior from Personality Traits (cont.)Self-Esteem - degree of liking for oneselfrelated to expectations for successhigh self-esteem individualswill take risks in job selectionmore satisfied with their jobs
19、low self-esteem individuals susceptible to social influenceSelf-Monitoring - ability to adjust ones behavior to situational factorshigh self-monitors can present striking contradictions between their public persona and their private selvesPersonality (cont.)第24頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二君王論在人類思想史上
20、,沒有一位思想家像馬基雅維里那樣受到如此尖銳的毀與譽的了。近5個世紀以來,他的名字始終與陰險狡詐、背信棄義聯(lián)系在一起。因為他在自己的經(jīng)典著作君主論中描述了一個意大利君主如何壯大自己、排擠他人的基本行為和做法,并且為許多政治家和野心家效仿和實踐。第25頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二在君主論的開篇首頁,馬基雅維里提出,“君主國不是世襲的就是自己開創(chuàng)的”。只要不改變相應(yīng)的政策和人們的生活方式,并且有足夠的智慧應(yīng)付突發(fā)事件,世襲的國家比較容易管理;而自己開創(chuàng)的新君主國,管理起來就困難重重。因為那些被征服的君主國在文化、語言和習慣等方面征服者有很大的差異,要有效地控制被征服的
21、君主國,運氣和努力是必須的。第26頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二最有力的辦法是征服者進駐;其次是征服者在一或二個關(guān)鍵要地把守。第27頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二同時,馬基雅維里在君主論中說過,“君主易變而且健忘,他隨時準備改變自己的立場,只要對他有利,君主必須做到不仁,并且根據(jù)需要選擇仁和不仁”。馬基雅維里將人性的弱點毫無保留地揭示出來,希望人們理性地對待和順勢管理。第28頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Predicting Behavior from Personality Traits (cont.)Ris
22、k-Taking - affects time required to make a decisionhow much information is required before making a choicePersonality Types in Different Culturesa countrys culture can influence dominant personality characteristics of its peoplee.g., national cultures differ in the strength of locus of controlPerson
23、ality (cont.)第29頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) - four dimensionssocial interaction: Extrovert or Introvertpreference for gathering data: Sensing or Intuitivepreference for decision making: Feeling or Thinkingstyle of making decisions
24、: Perceptive or Judgmental第30頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Personality (cont.)Personality Traits (cont.)Big-Five Model of Personality - traits include degree of:extraversion - sociability, talkativeness, assertivenessagreeableness - good-natured, cooperative, trustingconscientiousness - responsibilit
25、y, dependability, persistence, and achievement orientationpredicts job performance in a number of jobsemotional stability - calmness, enthusiasm, securityopenness to experience - imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity, and intellectualismpredicts training competency第31頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Emo
26、tional Intelligence (EI)self-awareness - aware of what youre feelingself-management - ability to manage ones emotionsself-motivation - persistence in the face of setbacksempathy - ability to sense how others are feelingsocial skills - ability to handle the emotions of othersPersonality (cont.)第32頁,共
27、98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Implications for managersThe major value of a manager understanding personality differences probably lies in employee selection.第33頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二個性特質(zhì)(Personality traits)控制點(Locus of Control)權(quán)威主義(Authoritarianism)馬基雅維里主義(Machiaviellism)自尊(Self esteem)自我監(jiān)控(Self
28、 monitoring)冒險型(Risk taking)第34頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二個性評估社會的相互作用 (性格外向或內(nèi)向)對資料收集的偏好(感覺或直覺)Preference for gathering data(sensing or intuitive)對決策的偏好(感覺或思考)Preference for decision making(felling or thinking)決策的風格(敏銳的或傾向于做出判斷的)Style of making decision(perceptive or judgmental)第35頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20
29、日,16點52分,星期二對管理者的意義管理者理解個性差異的主要價值可能在于選拔過程,管理者如果能在個性類型與職業(yè)的匹配性方面予以考慮,將會擁有更高績效和更滿意的員工。第36頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二PerceptionDefinitionprocess by which individuals give meaning to their environment by organizing and interpreting their sensory impressionsnone of us sees realitywe interpret what we se
30、e and call it reality第37頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Factors That Influence Perceptionperceiver - individuals personal characteristics attitudes, personality, experience, expectationstarget - relationship of target to its background situation - time, location, light, color, and other environmental f
31、actors第38頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Perception Challenges: What do you see?第39頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Attribution Theoryused to explain how we judge people differently depending on what meaning we attribute to a given behaviordevelop explanations of why people behave in certain waysinternal e
32、xplanations - behavior under the control of the personexternal explanations - behavior the result of situational constraintse.g., chance, rules, custom第40頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二cause of behavior determined by:distinctiveness - whether person displays a behavior in many situations or whether it
33、 is particular to one situationless distinctiveness leads to internal attributionconsensus - behavior of others in same situationhigh consensus leads to external attributionconsistency - regularity with which person engages in the behaviorgreater consistency leads to internal attributionAttribution
34、Theory (cont.)第41頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Attribution TheoryInternalExternalAttributionof CauseExternalInternalExternalInternalInterpretationLowHighLowHighLowHighDistinctivenessConsistencyConsensusObservationIndividualBehavior第42頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二errors and biases may distort attribut
35、ionsfundamental attribution error - tendency to explain behavior of others by:overestimating the influence of internal factorsunderestimating the influence of external factorsself-serving bias - personal success attributed to internal factorspersonal failure attributed to external factorsAttribution
36、 Theory (cont.)第43頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Perception (cont.)Shortcuts Frequently Used in Judging Othersmake perceptual task easiercan be valuable or lead to errorsselectivity - portions of stimuli bombarding ones senses are selected based on interests, background, and attitudes of the perceiver
37、assumed similarity - “l(fā)ike me” effectperception of other based on perceived similaritiesstereotyping - base perceptions of an individual on ones impressions of the group to which s/he belongshalo effect - general impression about a person is forged on the basis of a single characteristic第44頁,共98頁,20
38、22年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Implications for a managersManagers need to recognize that their employees react to perceptions,not reality.第45頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二影響認知的因素許多因素影響著認知的形成有時造成了知覺的失真,這些因素有:認知者或人的特點,包括態(tài)度,個性,動機,興趣,經(jīng)驗和期望。 被認知的標的或客體:目的的特點以及目的同其背景的關(guān)系影響認知。 認知發(fā)生的情境(地點,光,熱,顏色等)第46頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,1
39、6點52分,星期二判斷行為原因依據(jù)三個因素 (1) 區(qū)別性是指在眾多場合下都表現(xiàn)出這種行為還是僅在某一特定情境下表現(xiàn)這一行為。(2) 一致性是指每個人面對相似情境,對相同的行為都有相同的反應(yīng)。(3)一貫性是指人的行為的持續(xù)一貫性。第47頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二導(dǎo)致歸因失真的錯誤或偏見基本歸因錯誤(Functional attribution error) 是指人們在評價他人行為時,低估外部因素的影響而高估內(nèi)部因素的影響的傾向。自我服務(wù)偏見(Self-serving bias )是個體傾向把自己的成功歸因為內(nèi)部因素,而把失敗歸因于外部因素。第48頁,共98頁,2
40、022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二評價他人行為時常走的捷徑(1) 選擇性接受(Selectivity)是指人們根據(jù)自己的興趣、背景、態(tài)度和經(jīng)驗等對觀察到的信息進行主動選擇 的過程。(2) 假設(shè)相似性(Assumed similarity)是假定別人和我們類似 。 (3) 刻板印象(Stereotyping)是以個體所在的團體知覺為基礎(chǔ)對個體的判斷。 (4) 暈輪效應(yīng)(Halo effect)是根據(jù)個體的某個特征而建立對總體的印象。第49頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二對管理者的意義管理者需要認識到,員工根據(jù)知覺而不是客觀現(xiàn)實做出反應(yīng)。 第50頁,共98頁,20
41、22年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二LearningDefinition any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experiencealmost all complex behavior is learnedOperant Conditioningargues that behavior is a function of its consequencesdescribes voluntary or learned behaviorreinforcement strengthens a b
42、ehavior and increases the likelihood that it will be repeatedpleasing consequences that follow a specific behavior increases the frequency of that behavior第51頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Learning (cont.)Social Learninglearning by observing other people and direct experienceinfluence of model determi
43、ned by:attentional processes - must recognize and attend to critical features of the modelretention processes - must remember the models actionsmotor reproduction processes - performing actions observed in the modelreinforcement processes - positive incentives necessary to motivate performance of th
44、e models actions第52頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Learning (cont.)Shaping: A Managerial Toolshape behavior by systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves the individual closer to the desired behaviorshaping accomplished by:positive reinforcement - desired response is followed by somethi
45、ng pleasantnegative reinforcement - desired response followed by eliminating or withdrawing something unpleasantpunishment - undesirable behavior followed by something unpleasantextinction - no rewards follow undesired response第53頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Learning (cont.)Implications for Managers
46、manage employee learning by means of rewardspositive and negative reinforcement strengthen a desired behaviortend to increase its frequencypunishment and extinction weaken an undesired behaviortend to decrease its frequencymanagers should serve as modelsset examples of the desired behavior第54頁,共98頁,
47、2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Implications for managersManagers can clearly benefit from understanding the learning process.Implications for individual: Individual learningIncremental learningAdaptive learningDevelopmental learning第55頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二社會學(xué)習理論 (SLT)社會學(xué)習理論認為,人們通過觀察和直接經(jīng)驗進行學(xué)習。業(yè)已得到證實,榜
48、樣的影響是社會學(xué)習的核心。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)四個過程決定了榜樣對個體學(xué)習的影響(1) 注意過程(Attentional Process)(2) 保持過程(Retention process)(3) 動力復(fù)制過程(Motor re-production)(4) 強化過程(Reinforcement process)第56頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二四個過程(1) 注意過程: 只有當人們認識到榜樣的重要特點時,彩繪想榜樣學(xué)習。 (2) 保持過程:榜樣的影響取決于個體對榜樣活動的記憶程度,即使當榜樣不再真正出現(xiàn)時。(3) 主動模仿過程:個體通過觀察而能夠執(zhí)行榜樣的活動。(4) 強
49、化過程:如果提供了積極的獎勵,個體會被激勵從事榜樣的行為。第57頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二行為塑造行為塑造是系統(tǒng)的強化每一連續(xù)步驟而使個體越來越趨近理想反應(yīng)。這是一個有用的管理工具。行為塑造有四種方法:(1)積極強化(Positive reinforcement);(2)消極強化( Negative reinforcement); (3)懲罰( Punishment); (4) 消除(Extinction).第58頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二行為塑造的四種方式(1) 積極強化是在一個行為發(fā)生后而出現(xiàn)的愉快的事情。(2) 消極強化是中
50、止或逃避不愉快事件的反應(yīng)而獲得獎勵。(3) 懲罰指對不希望出現(xiàn)的行為的處罰。(4) 消除是指祛除任何維持行為的強化物的辦法。第59頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二第十五章:組織和團隊行為UNDERSTANDING GROUPS AND TEAMS第60頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二第61頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Learning ObjectivesYou should learn to:Differentiate between formal and informal groupsDescribe the
51、five stages of group developmentIdentify how roles and norms influence an employees behavior第62頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Learning ObjectivesYou should learn to:the key components in the group behavior modelIdentify the advantages and disadvantages of group decision making第63頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點
52、52分,星期二Learning Objectives (cont.)You should learn to:Explain the increased popularity of teams in organizationsDescribe the four most common types of teams in organizationsList the characteristics of effective teamsIdentify how managers can build trust第64頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Understanding G
53、roup BehaviorGrouptwo or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve particular goalsformal groups - established by the organizationhave designated work assignments and specific tasksdifferent types existinformal groups - occur naturally in the workplace in response
54、to the need for social contact第65頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Examples of Formal Groups第66頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Understanding Group Behavior (cont.)Stages of Group Developmentforming - people join the group either because of a work assignment or for some other benefitbegin to define the group
55、s purpose, structure, and leadershipstage marked by much uncertaintystorming - acceptance of the groups existenceconflict over who will control the groupnorming - relationships and a sense of group identity developgroup assimilates a common set of expectations of what defines correct member behavior
56、第67頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Understanding Group Behavior (cont.)Stages of Group Development (cont.)performing - group structure is functional and acceptedgroup energy has moved to task performanceadjourning - group prepares to disbandattention devoted to wrapping up activitiesgroup does not nece
57、ssarily become more effective as it moves through the first four stagesgroup effectiveness is a complex issue that is affected by factors other than developmental stage第68頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Stages Of Group DevelopmentPrestageStage IFormingStage IIStormingStage IIINormingStage VAdjourningSt
58、age IVPerforming第69頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Understanding Group Behavior (cont.)Basic Group ConceptsRole - set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone who occupies a given position in a social unitgroup members have particular rolesroles oriented towards task accomplishment or mainta
59、ining group member satisfactionindividuals play multiple rolesrole conflict - individual confronted by different role expectations第70頁,共98頁,2022年,5月20日,16點52分,星期二Understanding Group Behavior (cont.)Basic Group Concepts (cont.)Norms - acceptable standards or expectations that are shared by the groups
60、 memberseach group has:its own unique set of normscommon norms related to levels of effort and performanceexert powerful influence on performanceConformity - acceptance by group makes some members susceptible to conformity pressuresgroup norms push members toward conformityresults in alignment of op
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