綜合教程2何兆熊張春柏unit1-4筆記

1、綜合英語Unit 1lash vt. hit violently or suddenlye.g. The farmer lashed the mules with a stick.The waves lashed the shore.Collocation: lash out (at / against sb. / sth.) make a sudden violent attack with blows or wordsSynonym: whip, beatscoff vi. laugh (at)e.g. All the students scoffed at the poor boys c

2、lothes.The disabled people are often scoffed.Derivation: scoffer n.Synonym: jeer, mocksway vi. move or swing from side to sidee.g. He swayed slightly, as if about to fall. 他身子一歪，像要倒下。Synonym: swing, waveTranslation:1. 那棵蘋果樹在風中搖曳。The apple tree sways in the wind.2.她演講時優(yōu)雅地擺動著手。She swayed her hands gra

3、cefully as she gave lectures.illusion n. sth. that deceives a person by seeming to be reale.g. The mirrors all round the walls give an illusion of greater space.I have no illusions about my ability.我對自己的能力如何頗有自知之明。Derivation: illusive a. illusively ad.Collocation: be under the illusion that believe

4、wronglye.g. I was under the illusion that he was honest until he was caught stealing some money.他偷錢當場被人抓住，在此之前我一直誤以為他是個老實人。devastating a. completely destructivee.g. It is the most devastating flood in 100 years.Derivation: devastate vt. devastation n. Synonym: disastrous, destructiveglance at look a

5、t sb. or sth. quickly, esp. by raising your eyes and then lowering them againe.g. The president glanced at the clock and announced that the meeting started.Comparison: gaze at, stare at, glare at, gape atgaze at :look at sth. or sb. for a long time, for example, because they are beautiful or interes

6、ting, esp. without realizing that you are doing ite.g. The poet lay down and gazed at the bright moon, missing his hometown.stare at :deliberately look at sb. or sth. for a long time without moving your eyes, for example, because you are angry, shocked, or very interestede.g. Dont stare at people; i

7、ts very rude.glare at :look angrily at sb. for a long time without moving your eyese.g. The heroine stepped forward bravely and glared at the enemy.女英雄挺身而出，以仇恨的目光瞪著敵人。gape at :look at sb. or sth. for a long time, esp. with your mouth open, because you are very surprised or shockede.g. His father sto

8、od there gaping at him, too astonished to say anything. purgatory n. a place or condition of great sufferinge.g. The devastating earthquake changed peoples home into a purgatory.Synonym: torture, plagueDerivation: purgatorial a. dilemma n.a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what to d

9、o, because all of the possible courses of action seem equally good or equally bade.g. The only way out of this dilemma is to cooperate within the group. 面對這樣的兩難境地，唯一的出路就是在團隊內(nèi)合作。Collocation: in a dilemmae.g. Mary was in a dilemma whether to marry or continue her study.Synonym: quandary, predicamentco

10、nfusion n. a very disorganized situation usually with lots of noise, in which a lot of things are happening at the same time, so that it is difficult to understand or controle.g. The enemys unexpected attack threw them into total confusion.敵人的突然進攻使他們完全不知所措。Comparison: disorder, chaosdisorder n.:a si

11、tuation in which things or people are not in the correct position, place, or order, so that they are unable to control or organizee.g. The Civil War came at the end of a long period of social disorder.chaos n.: a situation that is full of disorder and is completely out of controle.g. The thieves lef

12、t the house in chaos.小偷走后房屋中一片凌亂Derivation: confused a.confuse vt.Transfer n. a change from one place to anothere.g. The headmaster arranged for his transfer to another school.校長安排他轉到另一個學校。vt. move sth. / sb. from one place to anothere.g. The head office has been transferred from London to New York.

13、 總部已由倫敦遷至紐約。Synonym: remove, hand overDerivation: transferable a.reassuring a. making sb. feel less worried or frightenede.g. Before commencing the performance, she gave me a reassuring smile.The President gave a reassuring speech about the future of the country.Derivation: reassurance n.reassure vt

14、.reassuringly ad. Antonym: threatening, discouragingpanic vt. be suddenly frightened by sth.e.g. The firecrackers panicked the chicks. The shot panicked all the customers in the restaurant. n. a sudden strong feeling of fear or nervousnessCollocation: panic sb. into doing sth. make sb. do sth. unwis

15、e or hasty because of panice.g. The banks were panicked into selling sterling.銀行因恐慌而拋售英國貨幣Synonym: dread, terror, feardescent n. the act or process of going downe.g. The wild goose began its descent into the West Synonym: decline, subsidenceAntonym: ascentstoop vi. bend downe.g. The policeman stoope

16、d to pick up a lost gun in the room.Collocation: stoop (down) to pick sth. upstoop so low (as to do sth.): lower ones moral standards so far (as to do sth.)e.g. He tried to make me accept a bribe I hope I would never stoop so low.他想讓我接受賄賂希望我決不至于做出這種低級的事。Antonym: straighten (up)collapse vi. (break in

17、to pieces and) fall down suddenly because of a weakness in the structure, or because of a sudden violent forcee.g. The heavy storm caused the hovel to collapse.Synonym: break down, crumbleTranslation:1.地震之后許多房屋都倒塌了。Many buildings collapsed in the earthquake.2.大雨把禾苗都壓塌了。Grain seedlings collapsed unde

18、r the weight of the big rain. sap vt. weaken slowlye.g. They were traveling very slowly, and the heavy load they were carrying sapped their strength.The constant tension was sapping my energy.Synonym: weaken, exhaust, drainCollocation: sap up on sb. beat up sb. persuade vt. convince sb.e.g. King Lea

19、r was completely persuaded by his elder daughters honeyed words. She persuaded her father to change his mind.Derivation: persuasion n.persuasive a.Collocation: persuade sb. of sth. convince sb.e.g. We are persuaded of the justice of her case.我們確信對她案件的審理是公正的。meet up withcome acrosse.g. Mary met up wi

20、th her student on the street of a foreign country. Notes: meet the case 適當，令人滿意meet sb. half-way 與某人妥協(xié)meet ones Waterloo （在比賽中）慘敗Translation:1. 在一次會議上，那位教授偶遇了十年前幫助過她的恩人。In a conference, the professor met up with her benefactor who helped her 10 years ago. 2. 在與民主黨的辯論中，共和黨遭到了慘敗。During discussion with

21、 the Democratic Party, the Republican Party met its Waterloo. in flames: burning 著火，失火e.g. That factory was in flames. 那家工廠失火了。The opera house was soon enveloped in flames. 歌劇院很快就被一片火海所包圍。a matter of sth.: a situation or circumstance relating to sth. 事關的問題e.g. For me, it was just a matter of money.

22、對我來說那只是一個錢的問題。off and on: in an intermittent manner 不時地，斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地e.g. It has rained off and on for two months. 雨斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地下了兩個月。He just received junior education off and on when he was a child. 他只是小時候斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地讀過小學。give sb. a hand: help sb. 幫助 e.g I would be glad to give you a hand with this box if you like. 如果你愿

23、意，我很高興為你拿這個箱子。Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.1. Others faced the ultimate moral dilemma: Save yourself, or save anotherAntonym: amoral, nonmoral2. But as hard as she tried, as many questions as she asked, the picture began to fade on the

24、36th floor.Synonym: disappear3. The drawstrings on his window shades would appear to sway slightly, but it was an illusion.Antonym: wildly4. He ripped his T-shirt into pieces, soaked the pieces in water and gave them to colleagues to cover their faces.Antonym: uncover, disclose, reveal5. Hong and Ra

25、mos tried to persuade him to continue.Antonym: dissuade6. “I left,” Hong says.Antonym: happily, joyfully, joyously7. Mayblum would be one of thousands cast into extraordinary purgatory that morning.Antonym: ordinary, common8. On the 53rd floor, he came across a heavyset man whose legs just wouldnt m

26、ove any more.Antonym: small, thin, slenderPractice： 母親得癌早逝，艾米受到了嚴重打擊。Her mothers early death from cancer devastated Amy.石油泄漏破壞自然環(huán)境，危害公眾健康，污染飲用水且擾亂經(jīng)濟。Oil spills devastate the natural environment, endanger public health, imperil drinking water and disrupt the economy.那場大地震中，我們聽到太多太多教師的事跡，他們拒絕離開學生自己逃生，

27、獻出了自己的生命。(leave behind)In that earthquake, we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives. 另外，我不僅僅留下了裝修一新的辦公室，還留下了一支受過良好訓練、努力工作、勤懇工作的強大團隊。Moreover, I leave behind not only a well-furnished office, but also a strong team of well-trained, har

28、d-working and fully devoted people.我們在身后留下什么并不重要，重要的是，我們是怎么活過來的。What we leave behind is not as important as how we have lived.1980年我遇到她時，她剛從國外讀完碩士回來。(meet up with)In 1980, when I met up with her, she had just returned from abroad with a masters degree.我與另一位作家會合，兩人慢悠悠地穿過市中心。I meet up with another wri

29、ter and we wend our way through downtown.“哈，”爸爸對我們說，“既然上帝領她來見我，我期望與她相會?！薄癢ell,” Dad told us, “since the Lord showed her to me, I expected Id meet up with her.”那部關于古代戰(zhàn)爭的電影采用了先進技術，令觀眾仿佛身臨其境。 (illusion)Thanks to modern technology, the film about that ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of be

30、ing on the battlefield themselves. 如果有人認為，領導人經(jīng)驗越多，就會變得越成熟，那只是幻想。It is an illusion to believe that leaders gain profundity while they gain experience.他仍抱著幻覺：農(nóng)村生活就是優(yōu)越于城市生活。He still lives under the illusion that country life is somehow superior to town life.Unit 2aging n.the process of becoming olde.g.

31、 People want to figure out whether doing sports can influence aging in the body.Comparison:elderly a. :a polite word meaning olde.g. The building has now been converted into a retirement home for the elderly.senior citizen :a polite expression meaning old peopledread vt. feel great fear or anxiety a

32、boute.g. The little girl dreads sleeping alone.The staff in this company dread to think what will happen if the financial crisis comes.Derivation: dreadful a. Synonym: fear, frightendistinct a. noticeable, unmistakablee.g. The footprints are quite distinct; they must be fresh.Collocation: distinct f

33、rom sth. different in kind; separatee.g. Mozarts style is quite distinct from Haydns. Astronomy, as distinct from astrology, is an exact science. 天文學是一門嚴謹?shù)目茖W，與占星術完全不同。Derivation: distinction n.distinctly ad. be obsessed with have an unreasonably strong and continuous interest in particular things or

34、 personse.g. The new president was obsessed with the thought of being watched. 新主席總覺得受人監(jiān)視而心神不寧。Derivation: obsession n. obsessive a. Synonym: preoccupy, hauntTranslation:她童年時一直害怕父母離異。The fear of her parents divorce obsessed her throughout her childhood. perfect vt. make sth. perfecte.g. Nowadays, mo

35、re and more foreigners come to China to perfect their Chinese. Derivation: perfection n. perfectible a.Comparison:improve vt. cause sth. to become betterrefine vt. improve sth. by removing defects and attending to detailsturn into change completely and become sth. elsee.g. After years development, S

36、henzhen, which used to be a small village, has turned into an international metropolis. Synonym: change into, becomeComparison: turn against sb. 與某人反目成仇turn sth. inside out 把里面翻作外面turn (sb. / sth.) over （使某人/某物）翻身或翻轉diet vi.eat less in order to lose weighte.g. The doctor told the patient to diet and

37、 take some exercise.n. the type of food that a person regularly eatse.g. Exercise and a well-balanced diet keeps you fit and healthy.Collocation: a diet of sth. so much of sth. that you feel boring or unpleasante.g. a constant diet of soap operas on TV 多得令人膩煩的電視連續(xù)劇be satisfied with feel pleased beca

38、use you have what you want or because things have happened in the way that you hopede.g. The CEO of this company is not satisfied with the volume of business. Comparison: satisfactory a. a word for describing a result, situation, etc., that makes one feel satisfied because it is what one was hoping

39、fore.g. The score of her TOEFL was satisfactory.satisfying a. a word for describing a job, activity, or experience that makes one satisfied because one enjoys doing it and results are often very goode.g. Theres something very satisfying about making explorations.Synonym: gratified, contentplead vi.

40、make an urgent, emotional statement or request for sth. e.g. The little girl pleaded with her parents not to leave her in her uncles home.The criminal pleaded to see his wife once more. Comparison:beg vi. ask sb. very strongly in a way that makes one feel ashamed or makes other people lose respect f

41、or hime.g. The unfilial son begged mercy of his mother.Collocation: plead with sb. for sth. make repeated urgent requests to sb. for sth.tolerate vt. be willing to accept sth. unpleasant or difficult, even though one does not like it or approve ite.g. As newcomers, they had to tolerate the awful wea

42、ther and the tough living conditions.Comparison:stand vt. :accept or be forced to accept an unpleasant situationendure vt. :accept or be forced to accept an unpleasant situation for a long timebear vt. :accept or be forced to accept an unpleasant situation that makes one angry, sad, or upset put up

43、with: accept or be forced to accept an annoying situation or unpleasant behavior as part of ones daily lifebeyond prep.outside the range or limit ofe.g. Dealing with such a troublesome problem is beyond my capability.The radio is beyond repair. 這臺收音機已經(jīng)不能修理了。Collocation: be beyond sb. be impossible f

44、or sb. to imagine, understand or calculatee.g. Its beyond me why she wants to marry Burton.我不明白她為什么想嫁給伯頓。Antonym: withinagony n.extreme mental or physical pain or sufferinge.g. The mother was in an agony of losing five sons in the war. He suffered agonies of remorse.他飽受悔恨的煎熬。Derivation: agonize v.ag

45、onizing a.agonizingly ad. Synonym: distress, anguishdeny oneself not do sth. that one enjoys doing or have sth. one desires to have, because he thinks that will be good for hime.g. He denied himself all small pleasures and luxuries in his effort to live a holy life.Comparison:do without :be able to

46、manage without sth. one really wants to havee.g. No one can do without drinking water for a long time.Translation:為了省錢給女兒治病，他戒煙了。In order to save money for his daughters medical treatment, he denied himself smoking.preferable a. more desirable or suitablee.g. For me, teamwork is preferable to single

47、 action.Synonym: better, superiorAntonym: inferiorDerivation: preferably ad.preference n. critical a. extremely important, cruciale.g. Facing the enemys invasion, the nation is at a critical time in history. This document is critical for all the citizens living in this area. Antonym: insignificant,

48、uncriticalDerivation: critically ad.criticize v.criticism n.confront vt. deal with sth. in a brave and determined way; bring face to facee.g. The problems confronting us are knotty. Confronted by a black bear, the hunter retreated. Synonym: oppose, encounterDerivation: confrontation n.await vt. wait

49、 fore.g. A large party awaited him on his birthday.A big decision awaits him to make. Synonym: be ready for, wait forTranslation:對于這個罪犯而言，等待他的將是法律的嚴懲。For this criminal, severe punishment of the law awaits him. carefree a. cheerful and without worriese.g. Our childhood, those carefree days have gone

50、for ever. Synonym: lighthearted, untroubledCollocation: keep a peaceful and carefree mind 悠閑自在unknown n. an unknown person or thinge.g. I wish to have a journey into the unknown so that I can be oblivious of myself. Recently I always see an unknown appearing in my neighbors garden.Antonym: celebrity

51、Collocation: content unknownidentity unknownbenefit n. anything that brings help, advantage, profite.g. All the 11 countries get benefit from China-ASEAN Free Trade Area.Derivation: beneficial a. benefit vt.Synonym: profit, advantageworth a. deserving ofe.g. The football game between England and Ger

52、many is worth watching. The scheme is well worth a try. 這個計劃倒值得一試。Collocation:not worth a straw :worthlessworth its weight in gold :extremely helpful, useful, etc.; invaluableTranslation:他覺得他的生命已經(jīng)沒有繼續(xù)下去的意義了。He felt that his life was not worth a straw to continue.sanity n. the state of being mentally

53、 healthy; the ability to think and behave normally and reasonablye.g. His story was so extraordinary that we began to doubt his sanity.The presidents sanity in investing huge amounts of money in gold mines was questioned.Synonym: reasonableness, rationalityAntonym: insanityDerivation: sane a.sanely

54、ad. make a speech speak formally to a group of listenerse.g. Jacks friend pleaded with him for making a speech at a wedding reception. Synonym: give a lecture, lectureComparison: make a face 做鬼臉make a fortune 發(fā)大財make a fool of oneself / sb. 使自己/某人出丑quirk n. a strange or unusual habit or part of sb.s

55、 charactere.g. One of her quirks is that she is always doubtful about being watched by somebody. Many scientists have quirks in their life or work.Synonym: oddity, eccentricityTranslation:他很怪，把自己的妻子稱作史密斯夫人。He had a strange quirk of addressing his wife Mrs. Smith. contradict vt. be opposite in nature

56、 toe.g. The document contradicts what we heard in the conference last week. Synonym: oppose, disagreeDerivation: contradictory a.contradiction n. phase n. stage of developmente.g. Usually, spring is a significant phase of a lot of illness.Childhood is an enlightening phase for a child.Synonym: stage

57、, periodCollocation:in phase :being in the same state at the same timeout of phase :not being in the same state at the same timee.g. The two subsidiary corporations operations were out of phase so that the headquarters could not handle the problems timely. 這兩個子公司的業(yè)務活動不同步，總部因而沒能及時地解決一些問題。be apt to: b

58、e likely to 易于，有的傾向e.g. Infants are apt to put their hands into their mouths. 嬰兒愛把手往嘴里塞。in general: as a whole 通常，大體上；總的來說，從總體上看e.g. In general, this companys products are very reliable. 這家公司的產(chǎn)品通常是很可靠的。 In general, this paper is a bit difficult for these students to finish in an hour. 總的來說，讓學生在一個小時內(nèi)

59、完成這份試卷有些困難。at the mercy of: powerless against; completely controlled by 對無能為力；任處置，任由擺布e.g. Some people are born with the belief that they are masters of their own lives. Others feel they are at the mercy of fate. 有些人天生相信自己是生命的主宰，另一些人則覺得他們受到命運的支配。I dont want to put myself at the mercy of others. 我不希望

60、任由他人擺布。no wonder: not surprising / only too natural 不足為奇，并不奇怪e.g. It is no wonder that it is so wet in the south. 南方這么潮濕，并不奇怪。No wonder youre so tired, youve worked three hours without a break. 難怪你這么累，你已經(jīng)連續(xù)工作了三個小時。It is no wonder that he failed his final exam. 他沒能通過期末考試，這是不足為怪的。Give a synonym or an