歐洲文化入門-Rise-of-Christianity課件

1、DIVISION TWOTHE BIBLE AND CHRISTIANITYDIVISION TWOTHE BIBLE Christianity means a belief in the divinity of Jesus Christ.Itis based upon the teachings of Jesus. Roman communications networks enabled Christianity to spread quickly throughout the Roman empire and eventually to the rest of Europe, and f

2、inally the entire globe. Christianity means a belief inThe Rise of ChristianityHistory of Christianity Basic Beliefs of ChristianityThe Rise of ChristianityHistorHistory of ChristianityIt was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity.The ancestors of the Jews were the Hebrews, which mean

3、s “Wanderers”.Some 3,800 years ago the Hebrews wandered through the deserts of the Middle East.History of ChristianityIt was About 1,300 B.C., the Hebrews left Egypt and began the Exodus, journey to the Promised LandCanaan. 40 years later, the Hebrews came to settle in Canaan, which roughly correspo

4、nds to the present-day Palestine, and formed small kingdoms.About 1,300 B.C., the Hebrews When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive God message from, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments.By now, the Hebrews had b

5、een welded into a tough, strong and great nation.When the Hebrews left the deseIn the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues in Babylon to practise their religion.The Jewish scholars wrote down the laws of Moses in five books called Torah, which composed the oldest and m

6、ost important part of the Old Testament, which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible.In the 6th century B.C., the HChristianity, although stemmed from Hebrew roots 2,000 years ago, seperates itself from Judaism. At the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus: how he lived and d

7、ied to redeem the whole human race.Christianity, although stemmedChristianity based itself on two strong beliefs:First , Jesus christ is the Son of God, and was sent to earth to live and suffer as humans do, and to die to redeem mankind.Second, God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever belie

8、ves in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.Christianity based itself on tRise of Christianity Christianity first arose historically as a reform movement within Judaism. The apostle Paul forced it open to non-Jews and gave it the Greek flavor that allowed it to flourish in the eastern Me

9、diterranean. The significant question is how it became the official religion of the Roman empire and an agency of the Roman imperial government.Rise of Christianity ChristianRise of ChristianityThe Romans had an elaborate religious system with many groups and types of deities, but Roman religion did

10、 not provide a moral base or message of hope.Rise of ChristianityThe RomansChristianitys AdvantagesIts founder was an actual person.It had the Jewish legal code and tradition of morality.It had the ability to adopt and adapt: Christmas was taken from the cult of Mithras, the Madonna from that of Isi

11、s, and many other Christian traditions were borrowed from other religions.The early Christians were extreme bigots, filled with zeal and commanded to evangelize; expansion was built into Christianity.Christianitys AdvantagesIts fChristianity appealed to the downtrodden masses. Women, low-skilled wor

12、kers, prostitutes, the uneducated, slaves, fishermen, tax collectors, and so forth were the companions and beloved of Jesus, and a growing class of the oppressed and despised saw Christianity as the only faith that viewed them without contempt - as the salt of the Earth - and that offered them the h

13、ope of a better life - sometime.Christianity appealed to the dChristianity attracted only the committed, since becoming a Christian was like signing ones own death warrant, and the sects numbers were periodically purged in a wave of Roman persecution. Those of weak faith did not stay long.Christiani

14、ty attracted only thIt is said that the blood of the martyrs was the seed of the Church, and this was true in many respects. The Christians met horrible deaths with equanimity and even joy, impressing all who watched with the fact that the Christians seemed to have something worth dying for. Christi

15、anitys ability to survive persecutions impressed those who possessed little faith of their own.It is said that the blood of Why were the Christians So Disliked?Why were the Christians So DiExclusivistChristian monotheism denied other gods. While Roman paganism had certain trends toward monotheism, t

16、his entailed one god assuming the traits of others (syncretism). But that did not mean denying the existence of the other gods. Christian refusal to recognize the gods of others was offensive. Indeed the existence of the pagan gods was not denied outright; instead they were thought of as demons by C

17、hristians. ExclusivistChristian monotheisExclusivistThe Christians refused to recognize emperor worship, the practice of extending to the emperors a form of reverence that equated them with gods. To what extent people really believed that the emperors were gods is debatable, but the practice demonst

18、rated ones loyalty to the emperor, and refusal to do so was a rejection of normal civic behavior. ExclusivistThe Christians refuExclusivistAll these aspects of Christian monotheism led pagans to describe Christians as misanthropic (haters of mankind).ExclusivistAll these aspects oSinister Misunderst

19、andingsThe pagans interpreted certain Christian practices along the lines of various secret rites in certain pagan cults. The Eucharist was taken to be cannibalism. The love feasts (agape) of the early Christians in which they celebrated their metaphorical brotherhood in Christ was taken to be a for

20、m of incest. Even though these accusations were not true, they turn up surprisingly often in pagan views on the Christians in the first two centuries.Sinister MisunderstandingsThe Lack of Traditional JustificationAt the beginning it was hard to distinguish Christians from Jews, especially for pagans

21、. The exclusivism of the Jews led to them being generally disliked among the pagans of the Greco-Roman world. But the Jews acted as they did because that was the tradition they had inherited from their ancestors, and any Roman could easily understand the idea of doing something solely for the reason

22、 that that was what had always been done (the Romans revered their own mos maiorum or ancestral custom). Lack of Traditional JustificatLack of Traditional JustificationAccordingly, the Romans bent over backwards to accommodate Jewish practices. For instance Jews could not be summoned to court on the

23、 Sabbath. Christians on the other hand had no such excuse. Indeed, in the beginning the vast majority of Christians had to be converts themselves and thus violators of their forebears ways.Lack of Traditional JustificatHow did the Relations Between Christians and the Roman Government Change?How did

24、the Relations Between At the beginning Christianity was regarded as a rebellious and disintegrating movement and was subjected to frequent persecution. Jesus Christ was rushed to trial and crucified as a revolutionary preacher and dangerous reformer.Both St. Peter and St. Paul suffered martyrdom und

25、er the Roman Emperor Nero about 67 A.D. The Romans blamed and punished the Christians for all kinds of disasters such as plagues and famines.At the beginning Christianity In 64 A.D. when half of Roman was burned to the ground, Nero illuminated his garden with a public display of burning Christians.B

26、y 305 Diocletian gave up his effort to destroy the young religion.When Constantine I won the throne from his rivals, in 313 he issued the Edict of Milan which granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal.In 64 A.D. when half of Roman In 392 A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity

27、the official religion of the Emperor and outlawed all other religions.Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression to a weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.In 392 A.D., Emperor TheodosiuBranches of ChristianityAs time progressed, Christianity divided into th

28、ree major branches. A. The Roman Catholic branchB. the Eastern Orthodox branchC. The Protestant branchBranches of ChristianityAs timThe Roman Catholic branchit is the successor of the church established in Rome soon after Christs death. It traces its spiritual history to the early disciples of Jesus

29、. Roman Catholicism was originally predominately practiced in Ireland, Poland, France and Spain. The leader of this branch of Catholicism is called The Pope. Until 1963, all Roman Catholic services and communications were done in Latin. The Roman Catholic branchit isThe Roman Catholic branchUsually

30、in the West, references to The Church (capitalized) mean The Roman Catholic Church. For almost 1500 years it was the only major Western Christian group. It is also referred to in some literature as Holy Mother Church, a reflection of the love and the relationship Catholics envision to have with thei

31、r church. The Roman Catholic branchUsualThe Roman Catholic branchDoctrine: 1. a Catholic believes that during the communion (eucharist) (n.宗圣餐) ceremony, the bread and wine actually becomes the body and blood of Jesus Christ. 2. a Catholic believes in the infallibility of the Pope on matters of doct

32、rine (called speaking ex cathedra) 3. a Catholic believes in the Immaculate Conception of Mary (means that she was born without original sin). This is the belief that the Holy Spirit made Mary pregnantThe Roman Catholic branchDoctThe Roman Catholic branchSacraments are special events in Catholics li

33、ves when God sends special grace. Catholics recognize seven: baptism, communion, confession, confirmation, marriage, holy orders, and anointing of the sick (this used to be called Extreme Unction and was used when a person was dying, but it was opened up to the ill in the late 20th century). The Rom

34、an Catholic branchSacrThe Roman Catholic branchThe Catholic Church system is hierarchical. Pope 羅馬教皇 Archbishops 紅衣大主教 Bishops diocese (主教教區(qū)) Priest a parish 教區(qū)（最小組成單位) Disciples 門徒The Roman Catholic branchThe CThe Roman Catholic branchSt. Cecelia The Angel in this romanticized portrayal of Cecilia

35、is holding the roses that are one of her emblems.St. Patrick Patrick is invoked against snakes and is often portrayed driving them before him.The Roman Catholic branchSt. Cthe Eastern Orthodox branchDuring the fourth century, due to the division of the Roman Empire into western and eastern component

36、s, the Roman Catholic church split and the Eastern Orthodox branch was formed. The two churches became officially separate in 1054. Orthodox churches are largely national, each associated with a particular country. It is common in Russia, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, the Ukraine, and Armenia. the East

37、ern Orthodox branchDurthe Eastern Orthodox branchA marriage in an Eastern Orthodox Church. The priest holds the wedding crowns over the heads of the bride and groom.the Eastern Orthodox branchA mthe Eastern Orthodox branchThe Inside of a Romanian Churchthe Eastern Orthodox branchThethe Eastern Ortho

38、dox branch The virgin Marythe Eastern Orthodox branch The Protestant branchIt split from Roman Catholicism during the Reformation, a sixteenth and seventeenth century series of church reforms in doctrine and practice. In the 16th century, alarmed at the corruption of the Catholic Church, a number of

39、 priests tried to get Christianity back to its earlier simplicity and biblical basis.The Protestant branchIt split The Protestant branchAt first, they tried for reform, but they soon believed that only a total split from the Church would do. These events revolve around four major reform movements: t

40、he Lutherans, Anglicans, Anabaptists, and the Reformed Tradition.Chief names among these protesters (or Protestants) were Martin Luther, Ulrich (or Huldreich) Zwingli, John Calvin and John Knox.The Protestant branchAt first,The Protestant branchThis movement challenged the authority of the Pope, and

41、 became popular in Scandinavia, England, and the Netherlands. There are many, many branches of Protestantism with different beliefs in the various streams. Some of the large denominations today are Lutherans, Methodists and Baptists.The Protestant branchThis move歐洲文化入門-Rise-of-Christianity課件The Prot

42、estant branchThe Seven-Headed Papal Beast.Around 1530 a Lutheran cartoon was circulated in Germany which turned the papacy into the seven-headed beast of the Book of Revelation. The papacys seven heads consist of pope, cardinals, bishops, and priests; the sign on the cross reads for money, a sack fu

43、ll of indulgences; and a devil is seen emerging from an indulgence chest below.The Protestant branchThe SevenThe Protestant branchThe Seven Headed Martin Luther.In response, a German Catholic propagandist showed Luther as Revelations beast. In the Catholic conception Luthers seven heads show him by

44、turn to be a hypocrite, a fanatic, and Barabbas-the thief who should have been crucified instead of Jesus.Today, in the spirit of ecumenism, Catholics and Protestants are brothers in Christ. Except in rare cases, the hatred is gone.The Protestant branchThe SevenBasic Beliefs of ChristianityThe centr

45、al figure in Christianity is Jesus (or Christ). This man was not only man, but also the son of God and lived his life without sin. During his lifetime, Jesus performed many miracles and spoke to many people about his father in heaven. He was arrested for claiming to be Gods son and was hung on the c

46、ross by the Romans at age 33. Basic Beliefs of ChristianityTBasic Beliefs of ChristianityChristians believe that the suffering and death upon the cross which this sinless man endured paid for the sins of all mankind, and because of Jesus actions, salvation can be achieved by anyone who believes in h

47、im. (celebrated at Lent)Basic Beliefs of ChristianityCBasic Beliefs of ChristianityFollowing his death, Christians believe that he rose from the grave (celebrated at Easter) and returned to the earth, appearing to his followers and telling them of the kingdom of God to which he was going. He also pr

48、omised his disciples that he would return one day to bring all believers with him to that kingdom, to enjoy eternal life in the presence of God.Basic Beliefs of ChristianityFBasic doctrines of ChristianityTrinityHoly ProprietiesLast JudgmentParadiseHellPurgatoryMassVirtuesSinsHoly ApostlesHoly DayEx

49、communication Basic doctrines of ChristianitBasic doctrines of ChristianityTrinity Holy FatherPower; Holy SonWisdom; Holy Spirit-LoveGod the Father (top), the Holy Spirit (represented by a dove), and child JesusBasic doctrines of ChristianitBasic doctrines of ChristianityHoly Proprieties Baptism; La

50、ying on of; Confession; Holy Communion; Ordination; Holy Marriage; AnointmentBasic doctrines of ChristianitBasic doctrines of ChristianityLast JudgementThe final and eternal judgment by God of all nations. It will take place after the resurrection of the dead and the Second Coming of Christ . The La

51、st Judgment by Lochner in the 15th. CBasic doctrines of ChristianitBasic doctrines of ChristianityParadiseA place in which existence is positive, harmonious and timeless In paradise there is only peace, prosperity, and happiness. It is the place for angels and the virtuous dead Basic doctrines of Ch

52、ristianitBasic doctrines of ChristianityHellA place of suffering and punishment in the afterlife. Traditionally located under the external core of the Earths surface and often including entrances to Hell from the land of the living. Basic doctrines of ChristianitBasic doctrines of ChristianityPurgat

53、oryThe condition or process of purification or temporary punishment in which the souls of those who die in a state of grace are made ready for Heaven. Basic doctrines of ChristianitBasic doctrines of ChristianityMassThe Eucharistic celebration Basic doctrines of ChristianitBasic doctrines of Christi

54、anity Seven VirtuesCardinal virtues Theological virtues Prudence謹(jǐn)慎 Faith信仰 Temperance節(jié)制 Hope希望 Fortitude堅(jiān)忍 Charity仁愛 Justice公正Basic doctrines of ChristianitBasic doctrines of ChristianitySeven SinsPride傲慢，Envy嫉妒，Wrath暴怒，Sloth懶惰，Avarice貪婪，Gluttony饕餮，Lust欲望Basic doctrines of ChristianitBasic doctrines

55、 of ChristianityHoly ApostlesThe term Apostle is derived from the New Testament, meaning one who is sent forth as a messenger Traditionally, Jesus is said to have had Twelve Apostles who spread the Gospel after his Crucifixion. Basic doctrines of ChristianitBasic doctrines of ChristianityHoly DayOn

56、Sundays and other holy days of obligation, the faithful are obliged to participate in the Mass. Moreover they are to abstain from those work and affairs which hinder the worship to be rendered to God, the joy proper to the Lords day, or the suitable relaxation of mind and bodyBasic doctrines of Chri

57、stianitBasic doctrines of ChristianityExcommunicationA religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. The word means putting someone out of communion. Basic doctrines of ChristianitThe BibleThe Bible is often described as the greatest book ever written. So far, the

58、 Bible has been translated into 2,018 languages. The Bible itself contains a total of 66 books and is divided into two parts, the Old Testament and the New Testament. The word testament means agreement or contract. The entire Bible was written over a period of 1,500 years from about 1450 B.C. to 100

59、 A.D. The BibleThe Bible is often dThe BibleThe Bible covers a wide range of literary styles. It includes history, poetry, law, biography, prophecy, philosophy, science and inspirational reading. The major theme of the Bible is Gods relationship with man. Throughout the Bible, God expresses Himself

60、to mankind through acts of protection, provision, love and judgement. The BibleThe Bible covers a wThe BibleThe Bible also answers many important questions that men of all ages have asked such as, Where have I come from? Where am I going? Why do I exist? What is truth?Even though it was written more