西方文化導(dǎo)論-課后習(xí)題答案

1、(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Gree

2、k literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture. Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC547 BC) who believed that the materia

3、l world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard f

4、or material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”. Plato established the Academy the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” whic

5、h was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle isalso a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter

6、 and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public. In s

7、cience the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Gree

8、k culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western ci

9、vilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more fo

10、r the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world. Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in pai

11、nting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and ope

12、ned the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cult

13、ures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements, Livy was r

14、esponsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind. 2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed it

15、s accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek re

16、ligion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 3 1. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and uni

17、fication?The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures. From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the r

18、estrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and sma

19、ll population .2Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament. The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners bega

20、n to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe

21、?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:.For the common people in the empi

22、re ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role. It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance. The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, 4) Christianity is also a kind of

23、culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.

24、First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in the

25、ory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early

26、signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the m

27、ajor features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples. The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, ex

28、tending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances co

29、uld be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and m

30、anners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.附錄資料：不需要

31、的可以自行刪除記敘文基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)（一）記敘文的特點(diǎn)1、概念：以記敘、描寫為主要表達(dá)方式，以寫人記事，寫景狀物為主要內(nèi)容的文章。2、分類：A、按樣式分：通訊、回憶錄、游記、新聞、參觀訪問(wèn)記、民間故事。B、記敘內(nèi)容分：寫人、敘事、寫景、狀物。（二）記敘的要素和人稱記敘的要素：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件的起因、經(jīng)過(guò)和結(jié)果。A、時(shí)間：一般用時(shí)間詞表示；也有的間接表示事件的發(fā)生時(shí)間。B、地點(diǎn)：?jiǎn)我坏攸c(diǎn)，事件在一處發(fā)生；還有的事件隨情節(jié)發(fā)展而轉(zhuǎn)換。C、人物：有主要人物和次要人物之分。主要人物往往體現(xiàn)文章的中心思想，次要人物幫助形成完整的情節(jié)，并對(duì)主要人物起襯托作用。D、起因：指引發(fā)事件的原因，一般在開頭，也有在后

32、頭（倒敘）E、經(jīng)過(guò)：指事件發(fā)展的過(guò)程，復(fù)雜事件的經(jīng)過(guò)往往包含若干階段，可先概括再綜合。F、結(jié)果：指事件的結(jié)尾，一般也用記敘描寫的表達(dá)方式，它是事件的一部分。如以抒情議論結(jié)尾的不能當(dāng)作結(jié)果。記敘的人稱：A、第一人稱：以“我”、“我們”的身份敘述。“我”是其中的一個(gè)人物，文章記敘的人和事都是“我”的所見、所聞、所想，容易使讀者產(chǎn)生真實(shí)而親切的感覺(jué)。文中如有心理活動(dòng)描寫必定是“我”的，其他人物的心理活動(dòng)只能是“我”猜測(cè)的，不可直接描寫他人的心理活動(dòng)。B、第二人稱：出現(xiàn)在用第一人稱或第三人稱的敘述中，出于直接抒情的需要。但記敘文通篇一般不采用第二人稱。C、第三人稱：指作者站在“第三者”的立場(chǎng)上把人物的

33、經(jīng)歷和事件的經(jīng)過(guò)告訴讀者。文中每人物都有自己的名字或稱謂，沒(méi)有“我”這個(gè)代詞。其好處在于人物事件的展開不受時(shí)間和空間的限制，有比較廣闊的活動(dòng)范圍，便于塑造人物形象和表現(xiàn)文章主題，文中每個(gè)人物的心理活動(dòng)都可描寫。（三）記敘的順序記敘的順序指記敘文材料安排方式，一般可分為順敘、倒敘、插敘。1、順敘：記敘的材料按時(shí)間推移、地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移和事件發(fā)展的先后順序來(lái)敘述的方法。用順敘寫的文章、層次、段落和事件發(fā)展的過(guò)程基本一致，可從時(shí)間推移、程序推進(jìn)、空間轉(zhuǎn)換等標(biāo)志著手，理清思路。2、倒敘：先把事件的結(jié)果寫出，或先把后發(fā)生的事（或是某個(gè)突出的片斷或結(jié)局）敘述，然后再按事情的發(fā)生發(fā)展記敘，最后落到結(jié)果，使首尾呼應(yīng)。其注意點(diǎn)：開頭一般先寫結(jié)果，或是由眼前的事物引起回憶；開始追述時(shí)，文章一般要用一兩句話表明以下要追述以往的事；追述部分仍按時(shí)間順序?qū)憽?、插敘：在順敘過(guò)程中插入與中心思想有關(guān)的事件。分析插敘要把握兩點(diǎn)：一是轉(zhuǎn)入插敘的過(guò)渡句。二是由插敘轉(zhuǎn)到順敘的過(guò)渡句，它們銜接要自然、完美。閱讀時(shí)要注意插敘前后的過(guò)渡性文字。插敘的作用是對(duì)主要情節(jié)或人物描