Argumentativeessay英文議論文寫作-課件

1、The Argumentative EssayThe Argumentative Essay. Main communicative purposes of the argumentative essay: To convince or persuade to agree with an opinion; to defend an opinion; to attack an opinion you believe to be misguiding, untrue, or evil. Main communicative purposes. Basic features The argument

2、ative essay must take a controversial issue for an open debate, i.e., the issue must be arguable;The argument cannot be general belief;personal preference ;or fact. Basic features Two sides are generally involved: proponents ( those in favor of the issue) and opponents ( those against the issue); Th

3、e thesis must take a side of an issue, and frequently proposes a course of action;The argumentative essay are highly persuasive and logical ( often expressed with the modal “should”);Good logic is the heart of the argumentative essay. Two sides are generally involv. Strategies for logical persuasion

4、 Be fully aware of your audience or reader; As the purpose of an argumentative essay is to convince the reader of your position, you should address your reader by writing objectively, logically, and respectfully. . Strategies for logical persTry to identify and understand your opponents point of vie

5、w You cannot just present your own opinion in argumentation. This can never convince the reader. You have to consider the point of view of your opponents.Try to identify and understand3. Use two forms of logical reasoning: induction and deduction.Induction（歸納）: the process of reasoning from the part

6、icular details to the general conclusion. It involves examining particular details such as specific cases, facts, or examples. The conclusion is made based on the evidence coming from the specific details.3. Use two forms of logical reDeduction（演繹）: the process of reasoning from the general to the s

7、pecific. It begins with a generalization and is applied in a specific case. The conclusion is drawn based on a generalization.Deduction（演繹）: the process of Deduction involves a three-step form of reasoning called Syllogism（三段論）: Major Premise ( the initial generalization), Minor Premise ( the specif

8、ic case ), and Conclusion ( the resulting statement). This three-step form can be illustrated as follows: Major Premise: Dogs bark. Minor Premise: Little Brown is a dog. Conclusion: Therefore, Little Brown barks. Deduction involves a three- To be more specific, the major premise is a generalization

9、that you and your reader can both agree on, whether it is a generally accepted statement or whether you have already proved it earlier in the argument.The minor premise is the part that you need to prove in your argument. To be more specific, e.g. If the issue is about nuclear power plant constructi

10、on, you may take the three-step form of reasoning like this: Major premise: Only safe sources of energy should be developed. Minor premise: Nuclear power plants are safe sources of energy. Conclusion: Therefore, nuclear power plants should be constructed. （Notice: Some complex issues require more th

11、an one premise to be proved.) e.g. If the issue is about To avoid being illogical in this reasoning process, you need to keep the following points in mind:The major premise and the minor premise must be true if the conclusion is to be valid; e.g., All people like to suffer. ( MaP ) Jonny is a person

12、. ( MiP ) Jonny likes to suffer. ( C ) The above reasoning process appears illogical since the major premise is not based on the truth. To avoid being illogical inThe major premise and the minor premise must be set up to follow the correct logical order; The correct logical order is as follows: A =

13、B All automobiles have wheels. C = A Honda is an automobile. C = B Therefore, Honda has wheels. The major premise and the mino An incorrect logical order is as follows: All A = B All automobiles have wheels. C = B Honda has wheels. C = A Therefore, Honda is automobile. (Such an illogical order makes

14、 the conclusion invalid, for Honda might be a motorcycle or a wagon.) An incorrect logical order iThe terms in one premise must be used the same way in the other premise. Look at the following examples: Some vegetarians eat eggs. John is a vegetarian. John eats eggs. All Americans speak English. Mar

15、y is a South American. Mary speaks English.The terms in one premise must . Planning an argumentative essay When you plan an argumentative essay, keep in mind the following points:The argumentative essay should introduce and explain the issue or case;The essay should offer adequate reasons and suppor

16、t the reasons with good evidence;. Planning an argumentative eThe essay should refute opposing arguments. This is a very particular characteristic which distinguishes argumentative essays from expository essays. You must not only present your own point of view and prove it, but also refute your oppo

17、nents view and prove that yours is more valid or superior. The essay should refute opposi. Organizing an argumentative essay (1) Introduction To make a good beginning of such an essay, you should first introduce the problem and the thesis to clarify the controversial issue to your reader. Then you s

18、hould provide background information. . Organizing an argumentative(2) The developmental part Confirmation (2-3 paragraphs) and refutation (1-3 paragraphs )are required in developing the main part of the essay. To confirm your personal point of view, you need to give reasons to support your thesis;

19、(2) The developmental partthe reasons must be convincing evidence which is normally fromexamplesfactsauthoritative or expert opinionsstatistical findingspersonal experience or observationsthe reasons must be convincing To refute opposing views,you should consider your opponents point of view at the

20、same time;acknowledge the good points of opponents views first,explain why your opponents views are not good enough. To refute opposing views, In developing the main part of the argumentative essay, you may choose any pattern or combine the patterns to further develop the thesis as we deal with caus

21、e-and-effect genre writing ( description, narration, definition, classification, exemplification, causal analysis, comparison & contrast, etc.) In developing the main par (3) The Concluding part To better conclude the essay, you should restate your thesissummarize your main pointsurge your reader to take actionpredict the future (3) The Concluding part. Some transitional words and phrasesChronological order first of all/first, after that/second, then/next, last/finallyExemplification to illustrate this point, can be ill