語(yǔ)言學(xué)填空題

1、Chapter 1 In troduct ionLan guageis a system of avocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on.arbitraryThe description of a Ianguage as it changes through is a dstudy. diachronicLrefers to the abstract li nguistic system shared all the members of a speechcom mun ity. Lan gueThe desire features of

2、Ianguage are arbitrariness, duality, creativity, andThe functions of Ian guage in cludes in formative, in terpers on al, performative,emotive, phatic, recreati onal and m. metali ngualThe main bran ches of lin guistics should in clude phon etics, phono logy,morphology, syn tax, sand pragmatics. sema

3、 nticsThe branches of macrolinguistics have psycholinguistic, sociolinguistics, alin guistics, and computati on al li nguistics. an thropologicalThe paradigmatic relation is also known as the VERTICALrelation, or crelatio n. CHOICEThe Syntagmatic relation is nowadays also referred to as the HORIZONT

4、ALrelation or crelatio n. CHAINLin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the. scie ntific study of Ian guageThe study of Ianguage as a whole is often called . general linguistics.The study of used in lin guistic com muni catio n led to the establishme nt ofphon etics. SoundsThe study of is known as sem

5、antics. meaningPsycholinguistics relates the study of Ianguage to. psychologyThe study of is gen erally known as applied lin guistics. applicati onsIf a lin guistic study aims to describe and an alyze the Ian guage people actually use,it is said to be. descriptiveThe description of a Ianguage at som

6、e point of time inis a synchronicstudy the descripti on of a Ian guage as itthrough time is a diachr onic. history;changesFrom the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech isto writing. prior refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of aspeech community, and refers to t

7、he realization of Iangue in actual use.Ian gue; paroleLinguistic is descriptive while traditional grammar is. prescriptiveModern linguistic regards the Ianguage as primary, not the written.spokenMany of the rules of traditional grammar apply only to the Ianguage.writte nWhe n the study of meaning is

8、,not in isolati on ,but in the con text ofIanguage use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics. con ductedPrescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study.types21.Chomsky defines “ competencethfeideal user s kof the rules ofhis Ian guage.refers to the

9、 alin guistic system shared by all the members of a speechcom mun ity while the parole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and applicati on of the rules.is one of the desig n features of huma n Ian guage which refers to the phe nomenon that Ian guage con sists of two levels: a lower level of m

10、eanin gless in dividual sounds and a higher level of meanin gful un its.is a system of avocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words intopermissible senten ces in Ian guages is called s.Huma n capacity for Ian guage has a gbasi

11、s, but the details of Ian guage haveto be taught and lear ned.Prefers to the realization of Iangue in actual use.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as alinguistics.is p in that it makes p

12、ossible the construction and interpretation ofnew signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s study of language.21. knowledge22. abstract23. Duality24. a

13、rbitrary25. syntax 27. Parole28. applied29. productive30. scientific (or systematic)Chapter 2 Speech soundsOf the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is a phonetics. articulatoryThe four sounds /p/ , / b / , / m/ and / w/ have one featu

14、re in common, . , they are all b. bilabialIn English there are a number of d, which are produced by moving fromone vowel position to another through intervening positions. diphthongsThe different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the a of that phoneme

15、. allophonesThe most elemental grammatical units in a language are m . morphemesSound change as a result of sound movement, known as m , involves areversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.metathesisPhonetics is the study of sounds and it can be divided into three main areas, which are a

16、phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.The present system of the IPA (International phonetic Association) was developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician Daniel J, who put forward cardinalvowels, which are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging. JonesT

17、he formatio n of new pronun ciati on in eludes factors as loss, additi on, metathesisand a. assimilationPhonemic transcriptions are placed between slant lines while phonetictran scripti ons are placed betwee n sbrackets. square brackets.There are usually two terms of number: Singular andPis a branch

18、 of linguistics that studies how speech sounds are produced andclassified. phon eticsPhonetics is defined as the study of the of Ianguage; if is concernedwith all the sounds that occur in the worldphoiangueigejmThe three branches of phonetics are , auditory phonetics and acousticphonetics respective

19、ly.labeled articulation phoneticsEn glish consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of_and the other is in terms of . manner of articulation; place ofarticulati onBoth pho no logy and pho netics are concerned with the same aspect ofIanguage.the speech soundsThe different throes which

20、 can represent a phoneme in different phoneticsen vir onments are called theof that phon eme. allopho nesa feature ofThe assimiati on rules assimilates one sound to ano ther by“ copy inga feature ofa; thus mak ing the two pho nes similar.seque ntial phon emeThe assimilati on rule also acco unts for

21、theof the alvedar n asal in somesound comb in ati ons. vary ing pronun ciati onThe deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is.orthographically represe ntedLan guage is firstthrough its soun dsperceivedThe letter P in terms of place of articulation in terms of manner ofarticu

22、lation is . bilabial; stops, not phonetic identity is the criterion with which we operate thephonological analysis of language phonetic similarity .The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding in the .oral cavityCorresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the di

23、stinction of and vowels .tense; laxA phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of.simultaneous distinctive featuresSimilar alteration of stress also occurs between a and a phrase consistingof the same elements. compound nounOf all the speech organs, the t is the most flexible, and i

24、s responsible forvarieties of articulation than any other. tongueEnglish consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p of articulation. placeWhen the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, thespeech sound produced with the obstruction audibl

25、y released and the air passingout again is called a s. stopS features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. SuprasegmentalThe rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules. sequential

26、The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broadtranscription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n transcription. narrowWhen pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are

27、collectively known as i. intonationP is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. PhonologyT are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates ofvibration of the vocal cord

28、s and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. ToneDepending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s stress. sentenceA refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.AspirationA phonetics describes the way our

29、speech organs work to producethe speech sounds and how they differ. ArticulatoryThe four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, . they are all b sounds. bilabialOf all the speech organs, the t is the most flexible, and is responsible forvarieties of articulation than any other. ton

30、gueEnglish consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p of articulation. placeWhen the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s. stopS

31、 features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. SuprasegmentalThe rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules. sequentialThe transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only

32、is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n transcription. narrowWhen pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i. intonationP is a discipline which

33、studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. PhonologyThe articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o cavity and the nasal cavity. oralT a

34、re pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates ofvibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. ToneDepending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s stress. sentenceChapter 3 MorphologyM is a br

35、anch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words andthe rules by which words are formed. MorphologyNoun, verb, adj. and adv. are m lexical categories. majorAn a is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents thecomplete form. abbreviationMorphology is divided into two sub-bran

36、ches: i morphology and lexical orderivational morphology. inflectionalAccording to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds and suffixes. prefixesThe most common model accent of TEFL(Teaching of English as a Foreign Language) is referred to as a. acronymA W is the common fact

37、or underlying a set of forms, a unit of vocabulary, alexical item, or a lexeme. 31. articulatory phonetics WORDM studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words areformed. MORPHOLOGYApart from compound and derivation, new words and expressions are created bymeans of invention,

38、blending, abbreviation, acronym, back-formation, analogicalcreation and b. borrowingW is a comparably abstract unit to be set up to show how words work inthe grammar of a language. WordB advocated treating sentence as “the maximum free form ”and word“ the minimum free form (B”loo.m Field)In terms of

39、 the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified intoGRANNATICAL WORDS and L WORDS. LEXICALEnglish vocabulary has two main sources: Anglo-Saxon and L. Latin.A s is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which aninflectional affix can be added. stemAffix is limited in number in a language

40、, and is generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and i. infixConcerning vocabulary semantic change, there are broadening, narrowing, meaning shift, class shift, folk e and orthographic change. etymologyCompounds can be further divided into two kinds: the endocentric compoun

41、d and the e compound. exocentric.There are several types of processes with regard to borrowing. They areLoanwords, Loan blend, Loan shift and loan t. translationChapter ThreeLinguists define the word as the smallest found in language. free formMorpheme is the that carries information about meaning o

42、rfunction. smallest unit of languageThe root constitutes the of the word and carries the major components ofits meaning. coreMorpheme are usually : there is no natural connection between theirsound and meaning. arbitraryWhen are conjoined to other morpheme (or words), a new words arederived , or for

43、med. derivational morphemesDerivation is an that form a word with meaning and category distinctfrom that of its bases. affixational processUnlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound, wordscarry meaning are the foundation building blocks of a language. wordsLinguists use the term m

44、orphology to refer to the part of the grammer that is concerned with and . word formation; word structureThe content words of language , such as ,and adverbs, aresometimes called open class words. nouns; verbs; adjectivesAffixes belong to a lexical category and are always bound morpheme. donotBound

45、morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical makers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case are called. inflectionalmorphemes, and free morphemes combine are the major ways to producenew words. derivation; compoundsThe ways word are formed are called . morphological rulesWhen tw

46、o words are in the same , the compound will be in thiscategory. grammatical categoryM is the smallest meaningful unit of language. MorphemeThe affix -ish“” in the wordboyishconveys a g meaning. grammaticalB morphemes are those that cannot be used independently buthave to be combined with other morph

47、emes, either free or bound, to form a word. BoundAffixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d affixes. derivativeD affixes are added to an existing form to create words. DerivativeA s is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the originalword and it may case change its part of sp

48、eech. suffixC is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words tocreate new words. CompoundingThe rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m rules. morphologicalIn terms of morphemic analysis, d can be viewed as theaddition of affixes to

49、 stems to form new words. derivationA s can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself towhich a derivational affix can be added. stemMorpheme 2. grammatical 3. Bound 4. derivativesuffix7. Compounding 8. morphological 9. derivation 10. stemChapter 4 SyntaxMost embedded clauses requir

50、e an introductory word called a s such asthat, if, and before. subordinatorSis a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.SyntaxA s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number ofwords to form a complete statement, question or command. SentenceThe

51、 studies of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language or the study of the formation of sentences is called s. syntaxThere are only two operations in the computational system now: Merger and M. MoveIn the book Syntactic structures published in 1957, Chomsky propos

52、ed a linguistic model consisting of three components: Phrase Structure Component, TComponent and Morpho-phonemic Component. TransformationalThe base components itself is divided into two sub-components: categories andl. lexiconEndocentric constructions may be further divided into two subtypes:SUBORD

53、INATE and ccon structio ns. COORDINATEHalliday argues that there are three general functions of Ianguage: ideational,in terpers onal and t. textualdetermine a words category, three criteria are usuallyemployed: , , . meaning, inflection,distributio nThe XP rule is. XP (specifier)X(compleme nt)Syntax

54、 is a branch of linguistics that studies the rulesthat . govern the formation of sentencesS rule is. 4 NP VPfirst, formed by thein accorda nee with thesubcategorizati onproperties, is called deep structure. XP rule , heaquesti ons beg in with a wh- word are called. questi onsCorresponding to the fin

55、al syntactic form of sentence which results fromappropriate tran sformatio ns , is called. suffice structurethe head is a verb, the n the specifier is qualifierlevel categories are divided into two kinds:and. major lexical categories , minor lexical categoriesSyn tactic un its that are built around

56、a certa in word category arecalled. phrasesThe structures which formed by joining two or more eleme nts of the some typewith the help of a conjunction are. coordi nate structuresin formati on aboutis in cluded in the head and termedsubcategorizati on. a wordscompleme nteleme nt which specifies opti

57、on ally expressible properties of hand is.modifiersspecial type of rule that can move an element from one position to another istran sformati oncon struct ion in which the compleme nt phrases is embedded isA ssentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and apredicate and sta nds al

58、one as its own senten ce. simpleA sis a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number ofwords to form a complete stateme nt, questi on or comma nd. .se ntenceA smay be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedesthe predicate. subjectThe part of a sentence which compri

59、ses a finite verb or a verb phrase and whichsays somethi ng about the subject is grammatically called p redicateA csentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which isin corporated into the other. complexIn the complex senten ce, the in corporated or subord in ate clause is no rmallycalled an ec

60、lause. embeddedMajor lexical categories are ocategories in the sense that new words arecon sta ntly added. ope nACondition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a caserecipie nt should stay adjace nt to each other. adjace ncyPare syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to