2023年考研英語(yǔ)(一)試題

1、2023 年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試 英語(yǔ)一試題詳解Section Use of EnglishPeople are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when makingindividual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1the ability to makejudgments which are unbiased by 2factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated t

2、hat aninability to consider the big 3was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samplesof information they were working with. 4, he theorised that a judge 5of appearing toosoft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had alreadysentenced five or six other defendants on

3、ly to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of anapplicant should not depend on the few others 10but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .randomly for interview during the same day,He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12

4、by 31 admissions officers. Theinterviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors intoconsideration. The scores were 15used in conjunction with an applicants score on theGraduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800points

5、, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of intervieweeswas 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicantwould 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound s

6、mall, but to 19 the effects ofsuch a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been20 .1.A grant2.A minor3.A issue4.A For example5.A fond6.A in7.A if8.A promote9.A decision10.A chosen11.A exceptional12.A inspired13.A assigned14.A put15.Ainstead16.Aselected17.Abefo

7、re18.A jump19.Aachieve20. A promisingB submitsBobjectiveB visionB On averageBfearfulB onBuntilBemphasizeB qualityBstupidB defensibleBexpressedBratedBgotBthenBpassedB afterB floatBundoB possibleC transmitsC crucialC pictureC In principleC capableC toC thoughC shareC statusCfoundC replaceableC conduct

8、edC matchedCgaveC everC markedC aboveC dropC maintainC necessaryD deliversD externalD momentD Above allD thoughtlessD forD unlessD testD successD identifiedD otherwiseD securedD arrangedD tookD ratherD introducedD belowD fluctuateDdisregardD helpfulSection Reading ComprehensionText 1In the 2006 film

9、 version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep,scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her. Priestly explainshow the deep blue color of the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows todepartment stores and to th

10、e bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at oddswith feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Clines three-year indictment of “fastfashion. In the last decades or so, advances in technol

11、ogy have allowed mass-market labels suchas Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Thoselabels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal mea

12、nt to last only awash or two, although they dont advertise thatand to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashioncycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution,

13、of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseaslabor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmfulchemicals.Overdressed is the fashion worlds answer to

14、 consumer activist bestsellers like MichaelPollans The Omnivores Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need,yet is non-durable, and wasteful, Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billiongarments a yearabout 64 items per personand no matter how much they gi

15、ve away, thisexcess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB,who, since 2023 has make all of her own clothesand beautifully. But as Cline is the first tonote, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, cant be knocked off.

16、Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor andthe environmentincluding H&M, with its green Conscious Collection LineCline believeslasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to manyadvocates of sustainability, be it

17、 in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only startshopping more sustainably when they cant afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargaining skill. B insensitivity to fashion. C obsession with high fashion. Dlack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-

18、maket labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary waste.C resist the influence of advertisements.B shut out the feverish fashion world.D shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning toA accusation. B enthusiasm. C indifference. D tolerance.

19、24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists.B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.C People are more interested in unaffordable garments. D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject o

20、f the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.B Challenge to a high-fashion myth.D Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saw has it that half of all advertising budgets are wastedthe trouble is, no oneknows which half. In the internet age, at least

21、in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. Bywatching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural ads atthose most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks three deals and a quarrel have illustrated the value to advertisers(and their suppliers of software) of

22、such fine-grained information. Should advertisers assume thatpeople are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2023 Americas Federal Trade Commission proposed adding a “do not track(DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell

23、advertisers that they did not want to befollowed. Microsofts Internet Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT; Googles Chrome isdue to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreedthat the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31s

24、t Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due toappear with Windows 8, a new incarnation of the software firms operating system, would haveDNT as a default.Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with defaultsettings. Few switch D

25、NT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chiefexecutive of the Association of National Advertisers, one of the groups in the DAA, saysconsumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.People will not get fewer ads, he says. “Th

26、eyll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyoneto stop tracking, although some companies (including Twitter) have promised to do so. Unable totell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether th

27、ey are sticking withMicrosofts default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which itsays will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to rileGoogle, which relies

28、almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: there is noguarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously hugeselling point for Windows 8though the firm has compared some of its other products favourablywith Googles on that count before. Brendon Ly

29、nch, Microsofts chief privacy officer, blogged:“We believe consumers should have more control. Could it really be that simple?26It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural ads help advertisers to:A ease competition among themselvesC avoid complaints from consumersB lower their operational costs

30、Dprovide better online services27“The industry (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:A online advertisers B e-commerce conductors C digital information analysis Dinternet browser developers28Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultA many cut the number of junk adsC will not benefit consumersB fails to af

31、fect the ad industryDgoes against human nature29which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?A DNT may not serve its intended purposeC DNT is losing its popularity among consumersB Advertisers are willing to implement DNTD Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30The authors atti

32、tude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:A indulgence B understanding C appreciation D skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no meansuniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity,l

33、eading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the rangeof threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even betempted to assume that humanity has little future to look

34、forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have enduredfor millions of years - so why shouldnt we? Take a broader look at our species place in theuniverse, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if nothundreds, of thou

35、sands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the Red List of threatened species ofthe International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: Listed asLeast Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and thereare no major threats resulting i

36、n an overall population decline.So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations arenow thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has itsflagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of year

37、shence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about themore immediate future. The potential evolution of todays technology, and its social consequences,is dazzlingly complicated, and its perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists toexplo

38、re the many possibilities we can envisage. Thats one reason why we have launched Arc, anew publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerableassurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now ident

39、ified enough of thelong-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-basedforecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be apassing fad. To be su

40、re, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reducemany of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of thoseto come.31Our vision of the future used to be inspired byA our desire for lives of fulfillmentB our faith in science and tech

41、nologyC our awareness of potential risksD our belief in equal opportunity32The IUCNs “Red List suggest that human being areA a sustained speciesB a threaten to the environmentC the worlds dominant powerD a misplaced race33Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit the

42、scope of futurological studies.B Technology offers solutions to social problem.C The interest in science fiction is on the rise.D Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to 35Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A explore our p

43、lanets abundant resourcesB adopt an optimistic view of the worldC draw on our experience from the pastD curb our ambition to reshape historyA Uncertainty about Our FutureB Evolution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of MankindD Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three v

44、ote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizonas immigration lawMonday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matterof the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrations effort to upset thebalance of power between the federal governme

45、nt and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions ofArizonas controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. TheConstitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to establish a uniform Rule ofN

46、aturalization and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona hadattempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Courts liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the

47、federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majorityheld the congress had deliberately occupied the field and Arizona had thus intruded on thefederals privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status ofpeople who come in contact with law

48、enforcement. Thats because Congress has alwaysenvisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers toshare information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with thisConstitutional l

49、ogic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robustdefense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice

50、Samuel Alito describes in hisobjection as a shocking assertion of federal executive power. The White House argued thatArizonas laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federalstatutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate

51、any otherwiselegitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship andthe borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their ownresources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so

52、. The administration was in essenceasserting that because it didnt want to carry out Congresss immigration wishes, no state shouldbe allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36Three provisions of Arizonas plan were overturned because theyA deprived the federal po

53、lice of Constitutional powers. B disturbed the power balance between different states.C overstepped the authority of federal immigration law. D contradicted both the federal and state policies.37On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?A Federal officers duty to with

54、hold immigrants information.B States independence from federal immigration law.C States legitimate role in immigration enforcement.D Congresss intervention in immigration enforcement.38It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition ActsA violated the Constitution.C supported the fed

55、eral statute.B undermined the states interests.D stood in favor of the states.39The White House claims that its power of enforcement 40What can be learned from the last paragraph?A outweighs that held by the states.B is dependent on the states support.C is established by federal statutes.D rarely go

56、es against state laws.A Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.B Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.C Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.D The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BThe social sciences are flourishing. A

57、s of 2005, there were almost half a million professionalsocial scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. Accordingto the World Social Science Report 2023,the number of social-science students worldwide hasswollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this en

58、ormous resource in not contributing enough to todays global challenges includingclimate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)_Humanity has thenecessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops toarificial fertilizers . Here , too, the probl

59、ems are social: the organization and distribution of food,wealth and prosperity.(42)_This is a shamethe community should be grasping the opportunity to raise itsinfluence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is noradical innovation without creative des

60、truction .Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarlydebates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changedor “climate change have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)_