英語語法week-14-第五章4-定語從句的譯法課件

1、第五章第四節(jié) 定語從句的譯法英語定語從句在句法結(jié)構(gòu)上雖屬次要部分，在語言作用上卻占有重要的地位，應(yīng)用極廣。英語定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)有簡有繁，對(duì)先行詞的限制性有強(qiáng)有弱，翻譯時(shí)需分別靈活處理。漢語里沒有類似英語中定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，一般說來，定語放在它所修飾的詞的之前，往往只起修飾或限定的作用，而英語定語從句的功能卻不止于此。另外，英語從句可以寫得很長，可以由幾個(gè)從句并列同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞，可以借助關(guān)系代詞由一個(gè)從句套出另一個(gè)從句，而漢語名詞前一般少用結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、描寫性的長定語。因此，翻譯英語定語從句時(shí)不能一律把它提前譯作定語。常用的定語從句譯法有：一、限定性定語從句的翻譯1. 譯成前置定語一般說來，限制性的定

2、語從句可提前譯成定語。還有一些定語從句，雖然不明顯地帶有限定性質(zhì)，但本身較短，和被修飾語關(guān)系緊密，也可譯為前置定語。如：例1To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them. 誠然，一個(gè)宏偉的重建計(jì)劃也許能為許多需要工作的人提供就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。例2. The moon is a world that is completely still and where utter silence prevails. 月亮是一個(gè)聲斷音絕的世界，是一個(gè)萬籟俱寂的世界。例3Ther

3、e is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of the steep paths have a chance of gaining its luminous summits. 在科學(xué)上沒有平坦的大道，只有不畏勞苦，沿著陡峭的山路攀登的人，才有希望達(dá)到光輝的頂點(diǎn)。例4. In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a

4、concentration of problems. 可是，近幾年來人們開始意識(shí)到城市也是問題成堆的地方。如以上例句所示，這種譯法最適于翻譯較短的限定性定語從句。有時(shí)較長的也可采用這種譯法，以使修飾關(guān)系清晰，句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。如：例1This practice book is intended for foreign engineers or students of engineering who have already mastered the elements of English, and who now want to use their knowledge of the languag

5、e to read books on their subjects. 這本練習(xí)課本是給那些已經(jīng)掌握了英語基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)而現(xiàn)在要利用學(xué)到的語言知識(shí)來閱讀專業(yè)書籍的外國工程師或?qū)W習(xí)工程學(xué)的學(xué)生用的。例2He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant. 他喜歡熱情活潑的妹妹，而不喜歡冷漠高傲的哥哥。1. Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉過去

6、的人注定要重蹈覆轍。2. Scientists believe that there must be hundreds of heavenly bodies in the universe where human beings or something like human beings may exist. 科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，人或類似人的生物能夠生存的天體，在宇宙中可能有幾百個(gè)。課堂練習(xí)：把原文中的定語從句譯為前置定語2 譯成后置的并列分句一些結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，或者意思上又較強(qiáng)的獨(dú)立性的限定性定語從句，通?？勺g為后置的并列分句。采取這種譯法往往要重復(fù)關(guān)系代詞所代替的詞，有時(shí)可在這詞之前加指示詞“這”、

7、“這些”等，以使譯文明確。如：例1But world attention also is focusing on another step, which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit. 同時(shí)，人們也正把注意力集中在另一項(xiàng)措施上，這項(xiàng)措施將使吸煙者越來越意識(shí)到自己的不良習(xí)慣并為之感到不安。 例2In 1883, an American physician, A. King, listed twenty observations, which pointed to

8、 mosquitoes as factor in malaria. 1883年，美國醫(yī)生A金列舉了二十個(gè)觀察報(bào)告，這些報(bào)告表明蚊子是引起瘧疾的一個(gè)因素。例3This volume is prepared as examples for writing compositions which has been taken as a difficult task. 本書旨在為寫作提供范例，一直以來寫作都是一個(gè)難題。例4I was endeavoring to put off one sort of life for another sort of life, which was not better

9、 than the life I had known. 我一直在竭力擺脫一種生活，改換另一種生活，但是我所改換的生活并不見得比我原先的生活好。課堂練習(xí)：把原文中的定語從句譯為后置的并列分句1. Shakespeare was a great English dramatist and poet whose name was known all over the world. 莎士比亞是英國偉大的戲劇家和詩人，他的名字全世界都知道。2. Small wonder then that more scientists are visiting the region to acquire new kn

10、owledge which will help us to have a better understanding of the earth as a whole. 難怪現(xiàn)在越來越來的科學(xué)家前往該地區(qū)以獲得新知識(shí)，這些知識(shí)將有助于我們更好地了解整個(gè)世界。二、非限定性定語從句的翻譯非限定性定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對(duì)先行詞加以說明，描述或解釋，或?qū)φ麄€(gè)語句所陳述的事實(shí)或現(xiàn)象加以總結(jié)概括、補(bǔ)充說明。在漢譯時(shí)，一般譯為后置的并列分句。如：例1In English, attributive clauses are used extensively, some of which are ve

11、ry long and complicated in structure. 在英語中，定語從句的運(yùn)用極為廣泛，有的從句很長而且結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。例2These books, which are only a small part of my collection, were picked up in America. 這些書是我在美國買的，它們?cè)谖业牟貢兄徽家恍〔糠帧＠?He gave in his resignation, which was the best thing he could do in the circumstance. 他提出了辭職，這在當(dāng)時(shí)的情況下是最佳選擇。例4He blam

12、ed me for everything, which I thought very unfair. 他把一切錯(cuò)誤都?xì)w罪于我，我認(rèn)為這很不公平。例5She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. 她對(duì)孩子們很耐心，她的丈夫卻很少這樣。例6A friend is someone who draws out your best qualities, with whom you sparkle and become more knowledgeable. 朋友就是能使你表現(xiàn)出自己最佳品質(zhì)的人，與他在一起

13、你就會(huì)精神煥發(fā)，更有見識(shí)。3. Marx was a loving, gentle and considerate father. He used to spend hours playing with his children. They remember to this day the sea fights in a large basin of water with fleets of paper boats, which he made for them and which be would then set on fire to their great joy. 馬克思是位慈祥和藹、

14、體貼子女的父親。他常常同孩子們玩上幾個(gè)小時(shí)。孩子們至今仍然記得在大盆中進(jìn)行紙船艦隊(duì)大海戰(zhàn)，那些紙船是他為孩子們做的，而后他又點(diǎn)火把紙船燒掉，使孩子們非常高興。課堂練習(xí)：把原文中的定語從句譯為后置的并列分句三、 融合譯法融合譯法是指把主句與定語從句結(jié)合起來譯,使之融合成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。例1You are the only person who could do it. 只有你才能做這事。例2This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss. 這是我第一次和老板發(fā)生嚴(yán)重糾葛。例3Our team, who are in good

15、form, will do well in the coming matches. 我隊(duì)競賽狀態(tài)良好，將在未來的比賽中取得好成績。例4He has a son of twenty who is now at the high school. 他有一個(gè)二十歲的兒子，現(xiàn)在正在上中學(xué)。英語中含有 “there be.” 結(jié)構(gòu)的定語從句，漢譯時(shí)常常使用融合譯法。如：例5There was no one who did not praise them for their great accomplishments. 沒有人不稱贊他們?nèi)〉玫木薮蟪删?。?There is nothing that does

16、 not contain contradiction. 沒有什么事是不包含矛盾的。四、譯成狀語 英語中有些定語從句在內(nèi)容上含有時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步等狀語意思，翻譯時(shí)往往可以加上相應(yīng)的詞語，以表達(dá)出其相應(yīng)的狀語意義。1.表示原因例1Many of our Welsh people are going to settle in North Carolina, where land is cheap. 我們威爾士人有許多去北卡羅來納定居，因?yàn)槟抢锏耐恋乇阋?。?We can read of things that happened 5000 years ago in the Middl

17、e East, where people first learned to write. （因?yàn)椋┰谥袞|，人們最早使用文字記事，所以，即使追溯到五千年前那里發(fā)生的事情，我們也能知道。例3Wilson, who had spent years studying science, used to consider the future of man in the light of scientific knowledge. （由于）威爾遜花了多年時(shí)間研究科學(xué)，因而他經(jīng)常根據(jù)科學(xué)知識(shí)考慮人類的未來。2. 表示時(shí)間例1A sailor who was fixing a rope lost balanc

18、e and tumbled overboard. 一個(gè)水手正在系繩子的時(shí)候，失去平衡，掉到水里去了。例2I had the honor of seeing Chairman Mao, who was visiting the Jinggang Mountain in 1965. 毛澤東1965年重訪井岡山時(shí)，我曾榮幸地見到他。3. 表示目的例1He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument. 他正在收集確鑿的材料以證明他的論點(diǎn)。例2Chinese trade delegations have been sent to A

19、frican countries, who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective governments.中國派了貿(mào)易代表團(tuán)前往非洲各國，以便與各國政府商談貿(mào)易協(xié)定。例3The imperialist states maintain enormous armies and gigantic navies which are used for oppressing and exploiting the people in distant land. 帝國主義國家維持龐大的陸海軍，用以壓迫和剝削遠(yuǎn)地的人民。4. 表示結(jié)果例1He a

20、te a fungus, which made him ill. 他吃了一個(gè)蘑菇，結(jié)果病倒了。例2The rain washed away the track, which prevented the train from running. 大雨沖走了鐵軌，因而火車無法行使。5. 表示條件例1A person is an idealist who thinks that rational knowledge need not to be derived from perceptual knowledge. 如果認(rèn)為理性知識(shí)可以不從感性知識(shí)得來，他就是一個(gè)唯心主義者。例2The difficul

21、ties that would have to be encountered by anyone who attempted to explore the Moon would be incomparably greater than those that have to be faced in the endeavor to reach the summit of Mount Qomolangma. 任何人如果打算登上月球探險(xiǎn)的話，他必然遭遇的種種困難。困難之大，是攀登珠穆朗瑪峰時(shí)所面臨的困難無法比擬的. 6. 表示讓步例1My grandfather, who is now in his

22、eighties, is still a keen cyclist. 我爺爺雖然八十多歲了，可還是頂喜歡騎自行車。例2Electronic computer, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man. 電子計(jì)算機(jī)雖然有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，卻不能進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性的工作，代替不了人。例3Glass, which breaks at a blow, is nevertheless capable of withstanding great pressure. 玻璃雖然一擊即碎，卻能承受巨大的壓力。例4Eve

23、n the pine log which burned all day in the fireplace couldnt keep my little house warm and dry. 盡管壁爐里成天燒著松柴，也不能使我的小屋溫暖干燥。課堂練習(xí)：把下列定語從句譯成表示原因、時(shí)間、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步等的句子1. The door of which you lost the key cannot be opened. 原因 這個(gè)門打不開，因?yàn)槟銇G了鑰匙。2. He always makes fun of anyone with whom he chats.時(shí)間 他老是一面和人聊天，一面跟人家開玩笑。課堂練習(xí)：把下列定語從句譯成表示原因、時(shí)間、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步等的句子3. He decided not to complete his university course, which was a great disappointment to