英語長難句講義

考研英語長難句解一、考研英語長難句之定定語從句是英語中一種最常見的句型，它可以分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句，即定語從句的關(guān)系詞在文中修飾哪個(gè)詞、短語或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定語從句稱限定性定語從句。對(duì)主句起附加說明作用的定語從句稱非限定性定語從句。此外，定語從句和主句之間還存在著狀語關(guān)系，說明原因、目的、讓步、假設(shè)等。例1.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementofthenewageandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.(1996年)2.TheAmericaneconomicsystemis,anizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.3.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.4.Theernmentpromisedtogivepreferentialtaxationpoliciesandloansoflowinterestratetothoseenterprisesthatcouldimprovetheirstructureofproductionandwerewillingtotakeinover50laid-offworkersyearly.例5.Thelocalernmentintroducedthesnakesintothisareahothattheywouldcontrolthenumberofmice,whichfinallybecamethethreatneededtobecontrolled.例6.Theenvironmentalprotectionshouldbegivenprioritywhieanstheeconomicdevelopmentwouldbeloweredtosomeextentinadevelocountry.例7.Shewasconfirmedtobeinfectedwithbirdfluthatcallsforaandmedicalobservationforweeksinthehospital.8.InEurope,aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogetherevision,radionewsprs,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.(2005年)二、考研英語長難句之同1.TheaudienceleranedformtheinternetthenewsthataseriousexplosionbrokeoutinXi’anafewdaysago.2.Therumorthatsheelopedwithherboyfriendjustcannotholdwater,forIsawherathomejustnow.3.However,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.(2009年第3篇)三、考研英語長難句之倒beganabitterwarbetweenthetwocountries.于是兩國之間開始了惡戰(zhàn)。只將助動(dòng)詞(包括情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)移至主語之前，叫做部分倒裝(partialinversion)Atnotimewastheentranceleftunguarded.無時(shí)無人把守。1Amongtheadvantagesthatfuturebiochips,or“l(fā)ivingcomputers”,wouldhaveoverconventionalsemiconductorchipsarethattheyaresmaller,theydonotgenerateasmuchheat,andtheyallowfortheparallelprocessingofinformation,makingthemfasterthantoday’ssemiconductordevices.例2Thisistheworldoutofwhichgrowsthehope,forthetimeinhistory,ofasocietywheretherewillbefreedomfromwantandfreedomfromfear.以Therebe引出的倒裝句ThereseemtobemanygoodcandidatesintheThereexistmanyproblemsamongthepresentdayThereappearstobeamaninblackinthe以副詞here,there,then,nownextHerecometherestoftheNowcomesyourThenfollowedthediscoveryofanewNextcameEdwardwithhisAttheschoolgatestoodaUnderthetreearesittingsomeOnthebedlayaprettykitten.Behindthecounterhestood.BehindthecounterstoodamanwithUpwentthearrowintotheDownfelladozennot短語置于句首NotuntilhewentabroaddidheknowthetruthoftheNotamomentdidshewasteonNotonlydidIknowher,butIwasherbestNotsimpleisthisbookinteresting,butalsoinstructive.no短語置于句首BynomeansshouldhebeleftInnowayarecanweallowthistoInnocaseareyoutoleaveyourOnnoaccountshouldwefollowUndernocircumstancescanwecreateordestroyNolongeraretheystayingwithNosoonerhadshefinishedthepoemthanthestudentsbegangoaskherquestions.only置于句首OnlybythismeansisitpossibletoexplainhisfailuretoactOnlyaftermakinginvestigationcanwehavetherighttoOnlywhenonelosesfreedomdoesoneknowitsHeranasfastasdid whocamefromIspendlessthandonineoutoftenpeopleinmyThegreaterthenumberofthefreeelectronsinamaterial,thebetteristheconductivityoftheSmallasatoms,electronsarestillComplexasitmayappear,therocket,whichwasinventedinChinaover800yearsago,isarelativelysimpledevice.HardasItriedtoexplainittohim,hestilldidn’tMuchasIdisagreewithyou,IyetrespectVaguethoughitscategory(is),itiswithoutdoubtanTryad,hecouldnotliftthe四、考研英語長難句之語e.g.Inhisattitudecanbefoundseedsforartinthe20thcentury:theartoftheprimitive,ofsymbol,andofimagination.e.g.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset：itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetestedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.e.g.Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheye.g.Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewell “由…的”等e.g.Themovementtoopposeracialdiscriminationwas allyinitiatedandledbyafamousNegroleader.e.g.Thispicturewastakenbymybrotherashewentto譯成具有意義的漢語結(jié)構(gòu)e.g.Forallthehelpthiscomputermayprovide,itshouldnotbeseenasasubstituteforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.e.g.Itshouldbemadecleartoentirecitizensthatwhoeverenjoysrightsmustundertakecorrespondingobligations.e.g.Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideofthebelievethatour alitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.e.g.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.語e.g.Withthenewtechnique,measurementwaedtobemuoree.g.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynocomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspeciale.g.Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.綜合例題：Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheinlectualequipmentofaneducated .（2007年）五、考研英語長難句之形式主語（賓語）結(jié)Itis+adjective/noun+Soitisquitesadwhendivorcescomewithsmallprovocations,whenparentsandchildrengiveupononeanother,whenfriendshipsfalterattheinjury,forthusweforfeitagreatworkofart——thelonglove. ItisthusnoexaggerationthatAmericanshavetakentomechanicalcoolingavidlyandAsaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofItis+adjective+infinitiveItisextremelywastefultogiveyearsoftrainingatpublicexpenseonlytohavethequalifiedteacherornursemarryafterayearoftwoandbelostforevertoherprofession.ItisessentialformodernmentomasteroneortwoforeignItisdifficultforustoover-praisetheItis+pastparticiple+that-ItisreportedthatSadamHusseinwasbetrayedbyhisItissaidItisbelievedItisrumoredItisestimatedItisknownItisargued六、考研英語長難句之強(qiáng)例1.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentoizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstoizetheir esthattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.七、考研英語長難句之并列平行英語常用并列連詞，如：and,but,so,yet,for,nor,or,notonly:..butalso,either…or或neither…nor等連接兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)同等成分，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為并列結(jié)構(gòu)。連接的同等成分可以是1Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.(1995年)2AstrophysicistsworkingwithgroundbaseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoonborneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructuresandmayreporttheirfindingssoon.(1998年真3Itisnotthat(不是)thescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthat(而是)thelatter(后者)isamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer(前者)。(1993年)八、考研英語長難句之省略句例1.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunitytheirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.九、考研英語長難句之否定結(jié)A:部分否定partial常用詞有代詞或副詞：all,both,every,everybody,everyday,everyone,many,everything,entirely,altogetherabsoluy,wholly,compley,weathered,alwaysoftennot搭配時(shí)，Bothofthemarenotmybrothers. “Neitherofthemismybrother.”Allisnotgoldthatglitters=notallisgoldthatglitters.Everymancannot t=noteverymancan Idon’trememberalltheseformulas.Thiskindoftreeisnotfoundeverywhere.Thericharenotalwayshappy.EverycoupleisnotaB:轉(zhuǎn)移否Everybodycannotenjoypopmusic.(notTheclothdoesnotfeelverysoft.=Theclothfeelsnotverysoft.Idon’tagreewithallofyou.(someofyou)Idon’tlikebothofthebooks.(Ilikenotbothof否定狀語，但否定詞not在形式上往往否定謂語Hehasnotcometothedecisionquickly.notquickly)Ididnottformyself.(Ididitnotformyself.)Thestudentsdidnotsittherelisteningtotheteacher.Thehouseisnotbigandcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbig,butcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbigorcomfortable.Hedoesn’tspeakRussianandFrench.Don’tdrinkanddrive.Wecan’tputonairsandmakepeoplelikeIdon’tknowanythingabouther.（一無所知Noneoftheanswersareright.（都不正確）Alltheanswersarenotright.并非都正確)Idon’tknowanyofthem.（全不認(rèn)識(shí)）Idon’tknowallofthem.（并非都認(rèn)識(shí)）C:雙重否定，意義肯雙重否定指同一句子里出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)否定詞,即否定之否定,雙重否定句表達(dá)的意思是肯定,,也可以保持雙重否定的形式。oonecancmmandohersocntoandmslf.Therewasneveragreatgeniuswithoutatinctureofmadness.Therearenoroseswithoutthorns.Youcan’tmakesomethingoutofnothing.What’sdonecan’tbeundone.NothingisnothingatHardlyadaypassedwithoutourlearninganything no(not)…without, cannotbut+v, cannothelp+v-ing,withoutdoubt, withoutfail, cannothelp+v, withoutexception, nothinglessbut,正是)nonebut（除…外，…別無）noonebut除了…外，沒有別人)nonetoo（一點(diǎn)也不）havenoalternative/choicebuttodo(除...，別無選擇),Thereisnodoubtthat…,Thereisnodenyingthat…,Thereisnoquestionthat...,notseldom,notinfrequently,notunlike,not※WecannotbutreadbookstoenrichWecannothelpadmiringhiscourage.Ican’thelpbutfeelsorryforher.D:幾乎否 Thisproblemhasbeenlittlestudied.Helittlerealizedthedangerhewasin.Sheisbarelyright.Iseldomgotanysleeplastnight.Scarcelyanythingremainstobesaid.E:形式否定，意義肯cannottoo，越…..越…,無論怎樣…..(It’simpossibletoovert.Themore...,thesufficient等YoucannotbetooYoucanhardlypraisehimtooAmancanneverhavetoomanyNewton’scontributiontomodernsciencecanscarcelybeoverrated.Hecan’tseeyouquicklyenough.(Hedesirestoseeyouassoonas※cannotwaitto (eagertoIcannotwaittoreadyournewbook.Icannotwaittoseeher.no（nobody）but….不，只有….Thereisnomanbuthashisfaults.ThereisnorulebuthasNobodyreadsthebookbutwillbemoved.Thereexistsnomanbuthasanenemy.butthatwhich,whodoeswill/haveNoonebelievesthathewillNoonebelievesbuthewillsucceed.Thereisnoonewhoknowshim.Thereisnoonebutknowshim.Thereisnomanthaterrs.ThereisnomanbutYouwillnotfindtheanswerbut(that)youstudyitBut為否nevernot)….butthat)每當(dāng)…總是…,Ineverseeyoubutthinkofmymother.Itneverrainsbutitpours.Neveradaypassedbutbroughtusgoodnews.Hewillnotbeangrybutthatheisoffended.nothing none …nothingbutnonebutnothingotherthan同WecanseenothingbutWefoundnonebutanoldmanintheroom.Nonebutmeknewwhathappened.NonebutafoolwoulddosuchaYoucanfindthatsortofbirdnowherebutinnotingelsethan(僅僅，完全Hisfailurewasduetonotingelsethanhisownnonone)otherthan正是,僅僅是Thisisnootherthanthebookwewanttobuy.Sheisnoneotherthanmyadviser.moreoftenthannot,asoftenasnot常常,Duringfoggyweather,planesarelatemoreoftenthannot.Asoftenasnot,hegetsuplate.※aslikelyasnot=Shewillfetallaboutitaslikelyas否定詞+（相當(dāng)于IcannotagreewithyouC.f.Icannotagreewithyouanymore.Hecouldnotfeelbetter.ThefilmcannotbeHewantsnothingmoreth Nothingismorepreciousthanhealth.ThereisnosmokewithoutHebelieved，notwithoutreason,thattheprojectwillbeanootherwisethanHeisnootherwiseafraidthanofhisfather.(nobodybut….)Hedoesnootherwisethanfoolaroundallday.donothingbut)Iwonderifhecan（not）helpyouinyourIdon’tknowwhetherhehas(no)friendshere(o