詞匯團1120學(xué)習(xí)匯總-文本周五中級閱讀

周五中級閱讀上下文和來判斷詞義。Thefoodirradiationprocessisasimpleone.ThenewU.S.plant,VindicatorofFloridaIncorporatedinMulberry,Fla.,usesamaterialcalledcobalt60toirradiatefood.Cobalt60isradioactiveisotope(form)ofthemetallicelementcobalt.Cobalt60,whichgivesoffradiationintheformofgammarays,isalsousedforradiationtherapyforcancerpatientsandforsterilizinghospitalequipment.Theradioactiveisotopeiscreatedbybombardingcobaltwithsubatomicparticlesinanuclearreactor.However,irradiationplantsdonotthemselvescontainnuclearreactors.Intheirradiationplant,foodisexposedtothinrodsofcobalt60.Therodsgiveoffgammarays,whichdisruptchemicalprocessesincontaminatinganisms.Thedisruptionbreaksdownthecellwallsofanismsordestroystheirgeneticmaterial.Thedose,setbytheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration(FDA),isenoughtokillanismsonfood,butnotenoughtoproducesignificantchangesinthefooditself.Althoughirradiationslightlydecreasesthenutritivevalueoffoods,thelossislessthanthatproducedbysomeothermethodsoffoodpreservation.Canning,forexample,resultsinamuchgreaterlossofnutrients.Thosewhoobjecttoirradiationsaythattheprocessmaycreatesubstancesnotfoundinnonirradiatedfood.Sincethe1960’sresearchershavestudiedirradiatedfoodatmicroscopiclevelstotrytofindsuchsubstances,calleduniqueradiolyticproducts.Afterreviewingthesestudies,theFDAdeterminedthatcompoundsformedduringirradiationaresimilartosubstancefoundinnonirradiatedfoodsandarenotdangeroustoconsume.Destructionofmicroanismsthatcauseillnessisanimportantgoalofirradiation.About250millioncasesoffoodpoisoningor1per everyyearintheU.S.,accordingtoFDAestimates.Foodpoisoningcancausevomiting,diarrhea,fever,headache—and,occasionally,death.Becauseoftheapparentsafetyoffoodirradiation,andtheproblemspresentedbycontaminatedfood,scientificgroups—includingtheAmericanMedicalAssociation,theWorldHealthanization,andtheUnitedNationsfoodandAgricultureAssociation—havevoicednearlyuniversalsupportfortheprocess.Worldwide,38nationshaveapprovedirradiationfor355products.Likemicrowaveovens,foodirradiationhasarousedapprehensionandmisunderstanding.Yetithasbeenscrutinizedmorethoroughlythanothermethodsoffoodtreatmentthatwehavecometoregardassafe,anditappearstobeamethodwhosetimehascome.Cobalt60,besidesirradiatingfood,isalsoemployed [A].detectmetallicflaws[B].runanuclearreactor[C].curecancerpatients[D].strengthenconcretewallsGammaraysusedtoirradiate [A].aregenerallynotstrongenoughtodestroycontaminating [B].donotbringaboutsignificantchangesinthefooditself[C].maydestroysomeofthenutrientsinthefood[D].shouldbesubmittedtoFDAforapprovalIrradiated [A].certainlylosesitsnutritive[B].maintainsitsnutritivevaluenodifferentfromthenonirradiated[C].keepsitsnutritivevaluebetterthancannedfood mendedasthebestofall Withcasesoffoodpoisoningincreasing, [A].foodirradiationshouldbecarriedoutwithcare[B].itismoreurgenttoirradiatefoods[C].medicalresearchesintotreatmentofthediseasedshouldbestrengthe[D].AmericansarebeginningtoacceptfoodThepassagemaybetaken [A].anews[B].atextbookoffoodprocessing[C].abookofpopularscience[D].amanualoffoodirradiation【必背詞匯irradiate在文中的意思是“照射”，irradiate作形容詞時表示“發(fā)光的”。例如：Butsomeauthorssuggesttoprophylacticallyirradiatethewholeneck.但有些研究者主全頸預(yù)防照射。又例如：Irradiateisn'tgone,it'sjust"Notinrightnow."輻射不是被砍掉了,而只是“現(xiàn)在不在中”radiation在文中的意思是“輻射”，詞根radi表示"輻射,光線"radiant發(fā)光的,輻射的,容光煥發(fā)的radioactive放射性的,有放射能的n.radar,電波探測器radial光線,radiation發(fā)散,發(fā)光,發(fā)熱,輻射,放射,放射線,radioradiate發(fā)光；放射，輻射；散布，例如：Theradiationcandamagemicroprocessorsandcomputermemories,causingthemtomalfunction.輻射會損壞微處理器和電腦內(nèi)存，使之失靈。再比如：Thematerialcanabsorboutward-goingradiationfromtheEarth.該物質(zhì)可以bombarding在文中的意思是“以高能量粒子或放射能沖擊”，例如：Thereproductionandgrowthofthecancerouscellscanbesuppressedbybombardingthemwithradiation.可以通過放療殺死癌細胞來抑制其再生和擴散。再比如：Muchofthesunlightbombardingtheplanetisabsorbedbytheoceans.海洋吸收了射到compound的意思為“復(fù)合物”，compound,mixture這兩個名詞均有"復(fù)合物"之意。例如：firedonthemastheyfledintotheembassycompound.當(dāng)他們逃進使館大院時，向他們開了槍。又如：ThelessstablecompoundswereconvertedintoacompoundcalledDelta-ATHC.不太穩(wěn)定的化合物被轉(zhuǎn)換成了一種叫做Delta-ATHC的化合物。contaminate在這里，表示“污染”pollute“污染”。例如：Onesecretmilitaryunittriedtocontaminatethedrinkingwateroftherefugees.一個軍事分隊企圖污染難民的飲用水。又比如：Thesourcesofanismsthatmaycontaminatethewoundarenumerous.可以沾染傷口的細菌來源是很多的?！敬鸢负徒馕鲞x[C]Cobalt60（60）除了可以用來放射食物外還可以用來干什么？本題herapy）和給醫(yī)院的醫(yī)療器械。A.探測金屬物質(zhì)的細小缺陷；原文中并沒有說鈷60可以做這個；B.核反應(yīng)堆，鈷60放射是在核反應(yīng)堆中產(chǎn)生的而不是反應(yīng)堆馬射線放射食物的原理：主要是食物污染的化學(xué)過程。FDA研究表明，輻射那點計量A.在中斷污染食物方面的能力還不夠強。這與原文不符，原文說這個計量剛剛好的，足可以阻斷食物污染；C.可能會毀掉語氣，實際上食物放射一定會引起營養(yǎng)流失的，而不是可能流失；D.食物方式應(yīng)當(dāng)提交到FDA并得到允許的。實際上FDA已經(jīng)允許了，并且實驗研究數(shù)據(jù)就是FDA出來的呀！營養(yǎng)就是非常少，A選說的只是營養(yǎng)會流失，流失很多也叫流失呀，所以A選說的有些確了；B選說營養(yǎng)與沒有經(jīng)過放射的食物相比營養(yǎng)沒有變化，與原文不符；D選射就是讓吃的安全的，食物的原因并不是食物放射造成的，A錯誤