2022年考研考博-考博英語-鄭州大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)16

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-鄭州大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Thecropwasseverely（）bytherecentheavydrought.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.infected

B.afflicted

C.affected

D.inflicted

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。infect“感染”；afflict“折磨；使痛苦”；affect“影響”；inflict“造成；給與（打擊）等”。crop“莊稼”與heavydrought“嚴(yán)重干旱”之間的聯(lián)系是：后者影響前者。因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

2.單選題

Therecruiter’sspeechwassocompellingthatnearlyeveryoneintheauditoriumenlistedinthearmywhenitwasover.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.resourceful

B.meaningful

C.forceful

D.powerful

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)resourceful“足智多謀的；機(jī)智的”；B選項(xiàng)meaningful“有意義的；意味深長的”；C選項(xiàng)forceful“強(qiáng)有力的；有說服力的；堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的”；D選項(xiàng)powerful“強(qiáng)大的”。句意：招聘人員的演講是如此令人信服，以至于演講結(jié)束后，禮堂里幾乎每個(gè)人都參軍了。本句關(guān)鍵詞compelling表示“引人注目的；令人信服的；非常強(qiáng)烈的；不可抗拒的”，forceful可以做同義替換，表示有說服力的；因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

WhenthefirstofthetwoVikinglanderstoucheddownonMartiansoilonJuly20,1976,andbegantosendcameraimagesbacktoEarth,thescientistsattheJetPropulsionLaboratorycouldnotsuppressacertainnervousanticipation,likepeoplewhoholdatickettoalotterytheyhaveaone-in-a-millionchanceofwinning.Thefirstphotographsthatarrived,however,didnotcontainanyevidenceoflife.Whatrevealeditselftothemwasmerelyabarrenlandscapelitteredwithrocks.Theviewresemblednothingsomuchasaflatsectionofdesert—infact,thewinningentryinacontestatJ.P.L.forthephotographmostaccuratelypredictingwhatMarswouldlooklikeasasnapshottakeninaparticularlyaridsectionoftheMojaveDesert.

Thescientistsweresoonreadytoturntheirattentionfromvisiblelifetomicroorganisms.ThetwinVikinglanderscarriedthreeexperimentsdesignedtodetectcurrentbiologicalactivityandonetodetectorganiccompounds,becauseresearchersthoughtitpossiblethatlifehaddevelopedonearlyMarsjustasitisthoughttohavedevelopedonEarth,throughthegradualchemicalevolutionofcomplexorganicmolecules（分子）.Todetectbiologicalactivity,Martiansoilsamplesweretreatedwithvariousnutrientsthatwouldproducecharacteristicby-productsiflifeformswereactiveinthesoil.Theresultsfromallthreeexperimentswereinconclusive.Thefourthexperimentheatedasoilsampletolookforsignoforganicmaterialbutfoundnone,anunexpectedresultbecauseatleastorganiccompoundsfromthesteadybombardmentoftheMartiansurfacebymeteorites（限星）werethoughttohavebeenpresent.

Theabsenceoforganicmaterial,somescientistsspeculated,wastheresultofintenseultravioletradiationpenetratingtheatmospherewhichwasatonetimerichincarbondioxideandthusthickenoughtoprotectitssurfacefromtheharmfulrayoftheSun,thecarbondioxidehadgraduallylefttheatmosphereandbeenconvertedintorocks.ThismeansthateveniflifehadgottenastartonearlyMars,itcouldnothavesurvivedtheexposuretoultravioletradiationwhentheatmospherethinned.MarsneverdevelopedaprotectivelayerofozoneasEarthdid.

DespitethedisappointedVikingresults,therearethosewhostillkeepopenthepossibilityoflifeonMars.TheypointoutthattheVikingdatacannotbeconsideredthefinalwordonMartianlifebecausethetwolandersonlysampledtwolimitedanduninterestingsites.TheVikinglandingsiteswerenotchosenforwhattheymighttelloftheplanet’sbiology.Theywerechosenprimarilybecausetheyappearedtobesafeoflandingaspacecraft.ThelandingsiteswereonpartoftheMartianplainsthatappearedrelativelyfeaturelessfromorbitalphotography.

ThetypeofMartianterrainthattheseresearcherssuggestmaybeapossiblehidingplaceforactivelifehasanearthlyparallel:theice-freeregionofsouthernVictorialand.Antarctica,wherethetemperaturesinsomedryvalleyaveragebelowzero.Organismsknownasendoliths,aformofblue-greenalgae(藻類)thathasadoptedtothisharshenvironment,werefoundlivinginsidecertainporousrocksintheseAntarcticvalleys.TheargumentbasedonthisdiscoveryisthatiflifedidexistonearlyMars,itispossiblethatitescapedworseningconditionbysimilarlyseekingtoodry,evencomparedwithAntarcticvalleys,tosustainanylifewhatsoever.

ShouldMarseventuallyprovetobecompletelybarrenoflife,assomesuspect,thenthiswouldhaveasignificantimpactonthecurrentviewofthechemicaloriginoflife.ItcouldbemuchmoredifficulttogetlifestartedonaplanetthanscientiststhoughtbeforetheVikinglandings.

1.Themajorpurposeofthepassageisto（）.

2.TheauthorusedtheevidencefromthefourVikingexperiments(paragraph2)toestablishthat（）.

3.TheauthorsuggeststhatimportantdifferencebetweenMarsandEarthisthatunlikeEarth,Mars（）.

4.Inparagraph5,theresearchers'argumentthatlifemayexistinMartianrocksrestsontheideathat（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.relateanaccountofanextraordinaryscientificachievement

B.underminetheprevailingbeliefthatlifemayexistonMars

C.showthelimitationsofthescientificinvestigationofotherplanets

D.discusstheeffortsofscientiststodeterminewhetherMartianlifeexist

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.meteoritesdonotstrikethesurfaceofMarsasoftenasscientistshadthought.

B.therewasnoexperimentalconfirmationofthetheorythatlifeexistonMars.

C.currenttheoryastohowlifedevelopedonEarthisprobableflawed.

D.biologicalactivityhasbeenshowntobeabsentfromthesurfaceofMars.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.couldnothavesustainedlifethatdeveloped

B.possessedatonetimeanatmosphererichincarbondioxide

C.isinthepathoftheharmfulraysofultravioletradiation

D.accumulatedorganiccompoundsfromthesteadybombardmentofmeteorites

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.lifeevolvedinthesamewayontwodifferentplanets

B.lifedevelopedintheformofblue-greenalgaeonMars

C.organismsmayadoptidenticalsurvivalstrategiesincomparableenvironments

D.endolithsarecapableoflivingintheharshenvironmentofMars

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。題目問的是“文章的主要目的是什么？”文章第一段提到科學(xué)家們通過圖像并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)火星上可見的生命，接下來講述了科學(xué)家們通過火星土樣也沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)火星上有微生物存在，然后推測原因，最后一段提到如果火星最后被證明沒有生命存在可能帶來的影響，由此可知本文主要是講述了科學(xué)家們努力確定火星上有無生命，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“作者使用四個(gè)火星實(shí)驗(yàn)得來的證據(jù)是為了……”。文章第二段提到“因?yàn)檠芯咳藛T認(rèn)為有可能早期火星上的生命就想地球上的生命一樣”（becauseresearchersthoughtitpossiblethatlifehaddevelopedonearlyMarsjustasitisthoughttohavedevelopedonEarth），但是在火星土樣中沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何跡象（Thefourthexperimentheatedasoilsampletolookforsignoforganicmaterialbutfoundnone），因此選項(xiàng)B“火星上有生命這一理論沒有得到實(shí)驗(yàn)的證實(shí)”符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“作者認(rèn)為火星和地球之間的重要區(qū)別在于不像地球,火星……”。文章第三段提到“是強(qiáng)烈的紫外線輻射穿透大氣層的結(jié)果”(wastheresultofintenseultravioletradiationpenetratingtheatmosphere)，最后一句提到“火星沒有像地球那樣形成一層保護(hù)臭氧層”(MarsneverdevelopedaprotectivelayerofozoneasEarthdid)。選項(xiàng)C“在紫外線輻射的有害射線路徑上”符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“在第五段中，研究者認(rèn)為火星巖石上有生命的觀點(diǎn)是依靠……”。文章第五段提到“基于該發(fā)現(xiàn)的論證是如果有生命存在于早期的火星上，那么這些生命就可能通過尋找比南極干谷更干燥的環(huán)境來維持生命形式”（TheargumentbasedonthisdiscoveryisthatiflifedidexistonearlyMars,itispossiblethatitescapedworseningconditionbysimilarlyseekingtoodry,evencomparedwithAntarcticvalleys,tosustainanylifewhatsoever），選項(xiàng)C“生命體在類似環(huán)境中可能采取同樣的生存策略”符合題意。

4.單選題

DukeEllington’s（）orchestrationtechniquesmadehimperhapsthemostremarkableartistthatjazzhasproduced.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.melodious

B.lyrical

C.intricate

D.clever

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)melodious“悅耳的，旋律優(yōu)美的”；B選項(xiàng)lyrical“抒情詩調(diào)的，感情豐富的”；C選項(xiàng)intricate“復(fù)雜的，錯(cuò)綜的”；D選項(xiàng)clever“聰明的”。句意：艾靈頓公爵優(yōu)美的管弦樂編曲技巧使他成為爵士樂中最杰出的藝術(shù)家。本句表示管弦樂的編曲旋律優(yōu)美。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Thestudyshowsthatlayingtoomuchemphasisonexamsislikelyto（）students'enthusiasminlearningEnglish.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.holdout

B.holdoff

C.holddown

D.holdback

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。holdout“堅(jiān)持；伸出；提供”；holdoff“拖延；不接近”；holddown“抑制；壓制”；holdback“隱瞞；退縮”。根據(jù)前后“將太多重心放在考試”與“同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)英語的熱情”這二者的邏輯關(guān)系可知選項(xiàng)C符合題意，前者會(huì)“抑制”后者。

6.單選題

Psychologistshavelongarguedabouttherelativeimportanceofgeneticsandenvironmentindetermininghumanintelligence（）anissuethatissometimesreferredtoasthe"nature"vs.debate.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.“growth”

B.“nurture”

C.“promotion”

D.“creation”

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。growth“增長，發(fā)展，生長”;nurture“養(yǎng)育，教養(yǎng)”；promotion“提升”;creation“創(chuàng)造”。根據(jù)geneticsandenvironment（遺傳與環(huán)境）與naturevs.___的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系可知“養(yǎng)育”符合，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。句意：心理學(xué)家們對(duì)遺傳和環(huán)境在決定人類智力上的相對(duì)重要性長期以來都有爭論，即一個(gè)有時(shí)被稱為“自然”對(duì)比“培育”的辯論。

7.單選題

Herhusbandfeltitwouldbesillyto（）thecolorofthecurtainsbeforetheyhadpaintedtheroom.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.choose

B.find

C.carry

D.charge

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。choose“選擇”；find“發(fā)現(xiàn)，尋找”；carry“拿，帶”；charge“充電；對(duì)……索費(fèi)”。根據(jù)silly“愚蠢的”與beforetheyhadpaintedtheroom“在給房間上油漆之前”可知“選擇窗簾顏色”符合語境，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

8.單選題

Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareasisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatisitbecausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicallyhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.

Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak,theU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneoftheprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotiveassemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts—aresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.

Morerecently,whileexamininghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry'swork.

Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavebeguntosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon’tforceit.Afterall,that’showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn’thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.

Aseducationimproved,humanity’sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell.Whenthecompetitiveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducationhowever,doesn’tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld’sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfortheforeseeablefuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn'tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.

1.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportanceofeducationinpoorcountries（）.

2.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.S.workforcesisthat（）.

3.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestortoshowthateducationemerged（）.

4.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.isconventionaldowngraded

B.hasbeenoverestimated

C.issubjecttogroundlessdoubts

D.hasfallenvictimofbias

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theU.S.workforceismoreorganize

B.theJapaneseworkforceismoreproductive

C.theU.S.workforcehasabettereducation

D.theJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplined

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.asaresultofpressureongovernment

B.whenpeoplenolongerwenthungry

C.C.priortobetterwaysoffindingfood

D.whenpeoplehadenoughtime

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.followedimprovedproductivity

B.doesnotdependoneconomicperformance

C.resultsdirectlyfromthecompetitiveenvironments

D.cannotaffordpoliticalchanges

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“作者在第一段中認(rèn)為教育在貧窮國家的重要性……”。文章第一段第二句后半句提到“傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為教育應(yīng)該是促進(jìn)貧窮國家經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展的最高優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)之一，這種觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的”(however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong)，由此可知貧窮國家教育的重要性被高估了，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“日本和美國勞動(dòng)力的一個(gè)主要區(qū)別是什么？”文章第二段最后提到研究表明豐田、尼桑和本田位于美國的工廠的生產(chǎn)率大約是日本同行的95%（YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts），由此可以推測出日本的生產(chǎn)率比美國的要高，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“作者引用我們祖先的例子來說明教育的出現(xiàn)……”。文章第四段第二句話提到“我們懷疑，即使政府不強(qiáng)迫，持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長也會(huì)促進(jìn)教育的發(fā)展”(Wehavebeguntosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon’tforceit)；當(dāng)我們的祖先還在狩獵和采集的時(shí)候，除了尋找食物，他們沒有時(shí)間去思考其他的事情，由此可知教育之所以出現(xiàn)，是因?yàn)椴恍枰?dān)心食物的問題，選項(xiàng)B“人們不再挨餓”符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章最后一段可知教育的發(fā)展……”。文章最后一段的第一句提到隨著教育的進(jìn)步，人類的生產(chǎn)潛力也增加了(Aseducationimproved,humanity’sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell),選項(xiàng)A“伴隨生產(chǎn)力的提升”符合題意。

9.單選題

Historianshaveonlyrecentlybeguntonotetheincreaseindemandforluxurygoodsandservicesthattookplaceineighteenth-centuryEngland.McKendrickhasexploredtheWedgwoodfirm’sremarkablesuccessinmarketingluxurypottery;Plumbhaswritingabouttheproliferationofprovincialtheaters,musicalfestivals,andchildren'stoysandbooks.Whilethefactofthisconsumerrevolutionishardlyindoubt,threekeyquestionsremain:whoweretheconsumers?Whatweretheirmotives?Andwhatweretheeffectsofthenewdemandforluxuries?

Ananswertothefirstofthesehasbeendifficulttoobtain.Althoughithasbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandservicesactuallyproducedwhatmanufacturersandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswanted,onlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.Westillneedtoknowhowlargethisconsumermarketwasandhowfardownthesocialscaletheconsumerdemandforluxurygoodspenetrated.Withregardstothislastquestion,wemightnoteinpassingthatThompson,whilerightlyrestoringlaboringpeopletothestageofeighteenth-centuryEnglishhistory,hasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral:forexample,laboringpeopleineighteenth-centuryEnglandreadilyshiftedfromhomebrewedbeertostandardizedbeerproducedbyhuge,heavilycapitalizedurbanbreweries.

Toanswerthequestionofwhyconsumersbecamesoeagertobuy,somehistorianshavepointedtotheabilityofmanufacturerstoadvertiseinarelativelyuncensoredpress.This,however,hardlyseemsasufficientanswer.McKendrickfavorsaVeblenmodelofconspicuousconsumptionstimulatedbycompetitionforstatus.The“middlingsort”boughtgoodsandservicesbecausetheywantedtofollowfashionssetbytherich.Again,wemaywonderwhetherthisexplanationissufficient.Donotpeopleenjoybuyingthingsasaformofself-gratification?Ifso,consumerismcouldbeseenasaproductoftheriseofnewconceptsofindividualismandmaterialism,butnotnecessarilyofthefrenzyforconspicuouscompetition.

Finally,whatweretheconsequencesofthisconsumerdemandforluxuries?McKendrickclaimsthatitgoesalongwaytowardexplainingthecomingoftheindividualrevolution.Butdoesit?What,forexample,doestheproductionofhigh-qualitypotteryandtoyshavetodowiththedevelopmentofironmanufactureortextilemills?Itisperfectlypossibletohavethepsychologyandrealityofaconsumersocietywithoutaheavyindustrialsector.

Thatfutureexplorationofthesekeyquestionsisundoubtedlynecessary,shouldnot,however,diminishtheforceoftheconclusionofrecentstudies:theinsatiabledemandineighteenth-centuryEnglandforthefrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld.

1.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthormentionsMcKendrickandPlumbmostprobablyinorderto（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,Thompsonattributestolaboringpeopleineighteenth-centuryEnglandwhichofthefollowingattitudestowardcapitalistconsumerism?

3.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,aVeblenmodelofconspicuousconsumptionhasbeenusedto（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,eighteenthcenturyEnglandandthecontemporaryworldofthepassage’sreadersare（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.giveexamplesofhistorianswhohavehelpedtoestablishthefactofgrowingconsumerismineighteenth-centuryEngland

B.indicatetheinadequacyofhistoriographicalapproachestoeighteenth-centuryEnglishhistory

C.contrasttheirviewsonthesubjectofluxuryconsumerismineighteenth-centuryEngland

D.supportthecontentionthatkeyquestionsabouteighteenth-centuryconsumerismremaintobeanswered

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Enthusiasm.

B.Hostility.

C.Ambivalence.

D.Curiosity

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.questioningtwoexplanationsandproposingapossiblealternativetothem

B.contrastingtwothesesandofferingacompromise

C.paraphrasingtheworkoftwohistoriansandquestioningtheirassumptions

D.examiningtwotheoriesandendorsingoneovertheother

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.investigatetheextentofthedemandforluxurygoodsamongsocialclassesineighteenth-centuryEngland

B.classifythekindsofluxurygoodsdesiredbyeighteenth-centuryconsumers

C.establishtheextenttowhichthetastesofrichconsumerswereshapedbytheMiddleclassesineighteenth-centuryEngland.

D.explainthemotivationofeighteenth-centuryconsumersweretobutluxurygoods.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.dissimilarintheextenttowhichluxuryconsumerismcouldbesaidtobewidespreadamongthesocialclasses

B.dissimilarintheirdefinitionsofluxurygoodsandservices

C.dissimilarintheextenttowhichluxurygoodcouldbesaidtobeastimulantofindustrialdevelopment

D.dissimilarintheirstrongdemandforavarietyofgoodsandservices

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“在第一段中，作者提到了McKendrick和Plumb的目的是為了……”。文章第一段第一句提到“歷史學(xué)家直到最近才開始注意到18世紀(jì)英格蘭對(duì)奢侈品和服務(wù)需求的增長”（Historianshaveonlyrecentlybeguntonotetheincreaseindemandforluxurygoodsandservicesthattookplaceineighteenth-centuryEngland），第二句話舉了McKendrick和Plumb的例子，由此可知這就是注意到這個(gè)現(xiàn)象的歷史學(xué)家中的兩位，因此選項(xiàng)A“舉例幫助確立了十八世紀(jì)英格蘭日益增長消費(fèi)事實(shí)的歷史學(xué)家”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章可知，湯普森把十八世紀(jì)英國勞動(dòng)人民對(duì)資本主義消費(fèi)的態(tài)度歸結(jié)為以下哪一種？”文章第二段提到“在正確地將勞動(dòng)人民恢復(fù)到18世紀(jì)英國歷史的階段的同時(shí)，可能夸大了他們對(duì)資本主義消費(fèi)方式侵蝕的抵抗情緒”（whilerightlyrestoringlaboringpeopletothestageofeighteenth-centuryEnglishhistory,hasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral），句子中opposition這個(gè)詞的意思是“抵抗”，由此可知十八世紀(jì)英國勞動(dòng)人民對(duì)資本主義消費(fèi)的態(tài)度是敵對(duì)的，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“在第三段，作者主要關(guān)注的是……”。文章第三段第一二句話提到一些歷史學(xué)家指出，制造商能夠在一個(gè)相對(duì)未經(jīng)審查的媒體上做廣告，然而這似乎并不是一個(gè)充分的答案（somehistorianshavepointedtotheabilityofmanufacturerstoadvertiseinarelativelyuncensoredpress.This,however,hardlyseemsasufficientanswer），第五句話提到“再次，我們可以懷疑這個(gè)解釋是否充分”（Again,wemaywonderwhetherthisexplanationissufficient），以及第六句話提到“難道人們不喜歡將買東西作為自我滿足的一種形式嗎”（Donotpeopleenjoybuyingthingsasaformofself-gratification?），由此可知選項(xiàng)A“質(zhì)疑兩種解釋并且提出一種可能的假設(shè)”符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章可知，一個(gè)炫耀性消費(fèi)的Veblen模型被用來……”。文章第三段第一句話提到“為了回答消費(fèi)者為什么變得如此渴望去購買這個(gè)問題”（Toanswerthequestionofwhyconsumersbecamesoeagertobuy）及后面舉了Veblen的例子可知這個(gè)例子是為了解釋消費(fèi)者購買的動(dòng)機(jī)，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章可知，18世紀(jì)的英國和當(dāng)代讀者……”。文章最后一段提到18世紀(jì)英國對(duì)那些實(shí)用和瑣碎商品和服務(wù)的貪得無厭的需求預(yù)示著我們的世界（theinsatiabledemandineighteenth-centuryEnglandforthefrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld），由此可知選項(xiàng)D“他們對(duì)各種商品和服務(wù)的強(qiáng)烈需求是相似的”符合題意。

10.單選題

Thedepthofthenovelandthevalueofitsartisticandideologicalfeaturedonotdependonthetheme—either（）orsignificant.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.preliminary

B.versatile

C.trivial

D.alternate

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。preliminary“初步的”；versatile“多才多藝的”；trivial“不重要的”；alternate“交替的”。根據(jù)orsignificant可知空格處詞語的意思應(yīng)該與significant相反，因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

11.翻譯題

青年興則國家興，青年強(qiáng)則國家強(qiáng)。青年一代有理想、有本領(lǐng)、有擔(dān)當(dāng)，國家就有前途，民族就有希望。中國夢是歷史的、現(xiàn)實(shí)的，也是未來的；是我們這一代的，更是青年一代的。中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國夢，終將在一代代青年的接力奮斗中變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。

【答案】Anationwillprosperonlywhenitsyoungpeoplethrive.Iftheyounggenerationhasideals,abilitiesandresponsibilities,thecountrywillhaveafutureandthenationwillhavehope.TheChinesedreamishistorical,realisticandfuture;itbelongstoourgeneration,especiallytheyounggeneration.TheChinesedreamofthegreatrejuvenationoftheChinesenationwilleventuallybecomearealityintherelaystruggleofgenerationsofyoungpeople.

12.單選題

Theboredomanddeepcontemptforhisworkmustresultfromtheworker’srelationshiptohisworkwhichiscompletely（）ofhumanity.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.devoid

B.desolate

C.destitute

D.derelict

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。devoid“缺乏的”；desolate“荒涼的”;destitute“貧困的”；derelict“荒廢的”。前面提到“他對(duì)工作的無聊和深深的蔑視源于工作關(guān)系”，由此可知“缺乏人性的工作關(guān)系”符合語境，因此選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

13.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Painting,theexecutionofformsandshapesonasurfacebymeansofpigment,hasbeencontinuouslypracticedbyhumansforsome20,000years.Togetherwithotheractivities（1）ritualisticinoriginbuthavecometobedesignatedasartistic(suchasmusicordance),paintingwasoneoftheearliestwaysinwhichman（2）toexpresshisownpersonalityandhis（3）understandingofanexistencebeyondthematerialworld.（4）musicanddance,however,examplesofearlyformsofpaintinghavesurvivedtothepresentday.Themoderneyecanderiveaestheticaswellasantiquariansatisfaction（5）the15,000-year-oldcavemuralsofLascaux--someexamples（6）totheconsiderablepowersofdraftsmanshipoftheseearlyartists.Andpainting,likeotherarts,exhibitsuniversalqualitiesthat（7）forviewersofallnationsandcivilizationstounderstandandappreciate.

Themajor（8）examplesofearlypaintinganywhereintheworldarefoundinWesternEuropeandtheSovietUnion.Butsome5,000yearsago,theareasinwhichimportantpaintingswereexecuted（9）totheeasternMediterraneanSeaandneighboringregions.（10）,WesternsharedaEuropeanculturaltradition--theMiddleEastandMediterraneanBasinand,later,thecountriesoftheNewWorld.

Westernpaintingisingeneraldistinguishedbyitsconcentration（11）therepresentationofthehuman（12）,whetherintheheroiccontextofantiquityorthereligiouscontextoftheearlyChristianandmedievalworld.TheRenaissance（13）thistraditionthrougha（14）examinationofthenaturalworldandaninvestigationofbalance,harmony,andperspectiveinthevisibleworld,linkingpainting（15）thedevelopingsciencesofanatomyandoptics.Thefirstreal（16）fromfigurativepaintingcamewiththegrowthoflandscapepaintinginthe17thand18thcenturies.Thelandscapeandfigurativetraditionsdevelopedtogetherinthe19thcenturyinanatmospherethatwasincreasingly（17）“painterly”qualitiesofthe（18）oflightandcolorandtheexpressivequalitiesofpainthandling.Inthe20thcenturytheseinterests（19）tothedevelopmentofathirdmajortraditioninWesternpainting,abstractpainting,whichsoughtto（20）andexpressthetruenatureofpaintandpaintingthroughactionandform.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.mayhavebeen

B.thatmayhave

C.mayhave

D.thatmayhavebeen

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.seek

B.soughtfor

C.seekfor

D.sought

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.emergency

B.emerging

C.merging

D.merger

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.As

B.Like

C.Unlike

D.Since

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.for

B.to

C.into

D.from

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.ratify

B.certify

C.testify

D.gratify

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.makeiteasy

B.makeeasy

C.makehard

D.makeithard

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.extinct

B.extant

C.extent

D.exterior

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.hadshifted

B.shifted

C.shifting

D.haveshifted

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.Nevertheless

B.Moreover

C.Therefore

D.However

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.to

B.on

C.in

D.for

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.shadow

B.shape

C.figure

D.form

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.extracted

B.extruded

C.extorted

D.extended

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.close

B.closing

C.closed

D.closure

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.on

B.to

C.in

D.for

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.breakdown

B.breakage

C.break

D.breaking

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.concerning

B.concernedwith

C.concerningwith

D.concernedfor

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.reaction

B.action

C.relation

D.interaction

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.distributed

B.contributed

C.attributed

D.construed

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.uncover

B.discover

C.recover

D.cover

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

第6題:C

第7題:A

第8題:B

第9題:B

第10題:C

第11題:B

第12題:C

第13題:D

第14題:A

第15題:B

第16題:C

第17題:B

第18題:D

第19題:B

第20題:A

【解析】第1題:考查從句。本句主句paintingwasoneoftheearliestways...（繪畫是最早的方式之一），togetherwith副詞短語，不是從句的引導(dǎo)詞或者是連詞，因此這里不能引導(dǎo)一個(gè)狀語從句，排除A選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)；空格后ritualistic（儀式的；固守儀式的；慣例的）是形容詞，要和be動(dòng)詞搭配；句意：和其他起源可能是儀式的活動(dòng)，但后來被指定為藝術(shù)活動(dòng)(如音樂或舞蹈)。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:考查動(dòng)詞辨析。seek（尋求；尋找；探索；搜索）做及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語，用作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其主動(dòng)形式含有被動(dòng)意義，但是本句話表示主動(dòng)尋求，排除B、C選項(xiàng)；根據(jù)主干部分時(shí)態(tài)was可排除A選項(xiàng)。句意：繪畫是人們尋求表現(xiàn)自己個(gè)性的最早的方式之一……；因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)emergency“緊急的；備用的”；B選項(xiàng)emerging“走向成熟的；新興的”；C選項(xiàng)merging“合并；融入，融合（merge的現(xiàn)在分詞）”；D選項(xiàng)merger“合并；并購；吸收”；句意：他對(duì)物質(zhì)世界之外存在的領(lǐng)悟。根據(jù)空格前his（他的）和空格后understanding（諒解，理解；理解力；協(xié)議）可以判斷出空格處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)形容詞，排除C選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)。本句表示“對(duì)物質(zhì)世界的領(lǐng)悟，即對(duì)物質(zhì)世界的新興的理解”；因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:考查介詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)As“作為；以……身份；當(dāng)作；像，如同；當(dāng)……時(shí)”；B選項(xiàng)Like“像，如同；符合……的方式；有……的特點(diǎn)；（用于詢問）……怎么樣；例如，好比”；C選項(xiàng)Unlike“不像，和……不同；與……不同，與……相反；非……的特征”；D選項(xiàng)Since“自……以后；（表示氣憤）何曾”；句意：然而，與音樂和舞蹈不同的是，早期的繪畫形式一直延續(xù)到今天。根據(jù)however可以得知此處表示“和……不同”；因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:考查介詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)for“（表示對(duì)象、用途等）給，對(duì)；為了；關(guān)于；代表”；B選項(xiàng)to“朝；位于……；到某處；到某狀態(tài)；差；給；對(duì)于；比”；C選項(xiàng)into“到……里面”；D選項(xiàng)from“從……起；從……開始”；句意：從15000年歷史的拉斯科洞穴壁畫中，現(xiàn)代人既能獲得審美上的滿足，也能獲得古董收藏家的滿足。本句表示“從15000年歷史的拉斯科洞穴壁畫中”；因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第6題:考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)ratify“批準(zhǔn)；認(rèn)可”；B選項(xiàng)certify“證明；保證”；C選項(xiàng)testify“證明，證實(shí)；作證”；D選項(xiàng)gratify“使?jié)M足；使?jié)M意，使高興”；句意：一些例子證明了這些早期藝術(shù)家具有相當(dāng)強(qiáng)大的繪圖能力。本句表示“例子證明了……”；因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第7題:考查形式賓語。句意：而繪畫，就像其他藝術(shù)一樣，展示出普遍的品質(zhì)，使所有國家和文明的觀眾都容易理解和欣賞。根據(jù)前文exhibitsuniversalqualities（展示出普遍的品質(zhì)）可知C選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；當(dāng)不定式（短語）、動(dòng)名詞（短語）或從句在某個(gè)句子中作賓語時(shí)，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，避免句式結(jié)構(gòu)的混亂，常用it作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放在句尾。此時(shí)it仍只起先行引導(dǎo)作用，本身無詞義，本句thatmakeiteasyforviewersofallnationsandcivilizationstounderstandandappreciate中tounderstandandappreciate才是真正的賓語，則要使用形式賓語it，排除B選項(xiàng)；因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

第8題:考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)extinct“滅絕的，絕種的；熄滅的”；B選項(xiàng)extant“現(xiàn)存的；顯著的”；C選項(xiàng)extent“程度；范圍；長度”；D選項(xiàng)exterior“外部的，外面的，外在的”；句意：世界上現(xiàn)存的早期繪畫作品主要集中在西歐和蘇聯(lián)。由早期繪畫作品主要集中在西歐和蘇聯(lián)可以得知B選項(xiàng)最合適；因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第9題:考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：但大約5000年前，重要繪畫作品的創(chuàng)作地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到了地中海東部及周邊地區(qū)。根據(jù)句子成分，此處要填入一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，排除C選項(xiàng)；根據(jù)句子時(shí)態(tài)some5,000yearsago（大約5000年前）以及單詞shift是非延續(xù)性單詞，可知時(shí)態(tài)是過去時(shí)且不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)；因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第10題:考查邏輯關(guān)系。A選項(xiàng)Nevertheless“然而，不過；雖然如此”；B選項(xiàng)Moreover“而且；此外”；C選項(xiàng)Therefore“因此；所以”；D選項(xiàng)However“無論如何；不管怎樣”；上文But