英語構(gòu)詞法的406課件

Wordformation構(gòu)詞法在英語中,詞的構(gòu)成法主要有四種:

合成、轉(zhuǎn)化、派生、縮略一、合成由兩個(gè)或更多的詞合成一個(gè)詞，有的用連詞符號(hào)“-”連接，有的直接連寫在一起，還有的由分開的兩個(gè)詞構(gòu)成。

1.合成名詞

名詞+名詞

cowboynewspaper

名詞+ing

handwritingsunbathing

ing+名詞

waiting-roomsleeping-pill

形容詞+名詞

blackboardshorthand

名詞＋及物動(dòng)詞＋er／orpain-killer止痛藥名詞＋介詞＋名詞editor-in-chief總編輯副詞＋動(dòng)詞outbreak爆發(fā)介詞＋名詞afternoon下午

……

2.合成動(dòng)詞:

副詞+動(dòng)詞

overthrowuphold

形容詞+動(dòng)詞

blacklistwhitewash

名詞+動(dòng)詞

sleepwalksunburn3.合成形容詞:

名詞+形容詞

snow-whitelifelong

名詞+過去分詞

man-madehandmade

數(shù)詞+名詞

one-waysecond-hand

一、合成4.合成副詞

形容詞＋名詞hotfoot匆忙地形容詞＋副詞everywhere到處副詞＋副詞however盡管如此介詞＋名詞beforehand事先介詞＋副詞forever永遠(yuǎn)一、合成5.合成代詞代詞賓格＋selfherself她自己物主代詞＋selfmyself我自己形容詞＋名詞anything任何東西6.合成介詞副詞＋名詞inside在……里面介詞＋副詞within在……之內(nèi)副詞＋介詞into進(jìn)入一、合成二、轉(zhuǎn)化:動(dòng)詞名詞:

taste(v.)taste(n.)

Ittastesgood.Ithasagoodtaste.(2)名詞動(dòng)詞:

hand(n.)hand(v.)

Let’sgohandinhand.Pleasehandinyourexercisebooksafterclass.

(3)形容詞動(dòng)詞:

clean(adj.)clean(v.)

Herroomiscleanandtidy.Shecleansherroomeveryday.由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性.三、派生：1.表示否定意義的前綴dis-

dishonest,dislikein-,ig-,il,im,ir,

incapable,inability,ignoble,illegal,impossible,immoral,irregularmis-misunderstandmisleadnon-nonsensenonstopun-unable,unemploymentanti-,ant-

antiknock(防震),antiforeigner,(排外的)由一個(gè)詞根加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成另外一個(gè)詞。2.表示空間位置，方向關(guān)系的前綴

1)

a-表示“在……之上”，“向……”

aboard,aside,2)

by-表示“附近，鄰近，邊側(cè)”

bypath,bypass(彎路)3)

inter-,intel-,表示“在……間，相互”

international,interaction,internet

mid-,表示“中，中間”

midnight,mid-autumn5)

out-,表示“在上面，在外部，在外”

outline,outside,outward6)

over-,

表示“在上面，在外部，向上”

overlook,overhead(在頭頂,在高處),overboard7)

extra-,表示“額外”

extraction（提?。?)

fore-表示“在前面”

forehead,foretell9)

in-,im-,表示“向內(nèi)，在內(nèi)，背于”

inland,invade,inside,import2.表示空間位置，方向關(guān)系的前綴

under-,表示“在…..下面，下的”

underline,underground,underwater

11)

up-,表示“向上，向上面，在上”

upward,uphold,uphill(上坡)1．re--“又\,再”repeat,review,return,reunite,remarry

2.co—“聯(lián)合，伴同”cooperate,coexist,co-worker

3.

super—“在…上；加之”superman,supermarket

4.tele 遠(yuǎn)程 telephone,telegraph,telescope

5.de-向相反方向發(fā)展decentralize（分散）,defrost（解凍）

6.trans-過，穿過，變transformation(變形),translate

7.vice-副

vice-premier,vice-president3.表示其他意義的前綴:7.vice-副

vice-premier,vice-president

8.semi-半

semifinal,semicircle,semi-automatic

9.bi 兩個(gè)

bicycle,biennial兩年一次的

[ba?'?n??l

10.

tri三個(gè)triangle三角形,tricycle三輪腳踏車,triplets三胞胎['tr?pl?t

11.mul-多，多種multiply(使增加),multi-national,multi-coloured12.kilo-千 kilometre,kilogramme后綴

例詞名詞-ability-age-al-an-cy-er-or-ese-ee-eer-ery-ess

inability,responsibilityleakage(托管人,保管人),shortagerenewal,withdrawalAmerican,Koreanprivacy,accuracyfarmer,thinker,painkilleractor,sailor,collectorChinese,Japanese,Portugueseemployee,trustee,intervieweeengineer,profiteer(獲暴利的人,奸商)machinery,jewelleryactress,waitress后綴

例詞名詞-ful-ian-ist-ism-ment-ness-ship-tion-ure

armful,handful,mouthfulEgyptian,Russian,Asian,musicianartist,pianist,communist,scientistsocialism,realism,idealismgovernment,movement,developmentbusiness,illness,darknessfriendship,ownershipinvention,liberation,educationdeparture,failure,exposure(暴露;

）后綴

例詞形容詞-able-al-an-ern-est-ful-ish-ive-y-less-some

advisable,admirable,comfortablephysical,national,politicalAmerican,Italian,Australiansouthern,northern,easternfattest,latest,luckiesthelpful,useful,carefulBritish,English,foolish,childishactive,instructive,expensivecloudy,windy,dirty,sunnycareless,uselesstroublesome,tiresome后綴

例詞動(dòng)詞-(e)n-fy-ize-ate

widen,strengthen,lengthensimplify,beautifyapologize,organize,realizeactivate,（使活動(dòng)，激活）motivate(激發(fā),刺激)后綴

例詞副詞-ly-down-ward(s)

really,badly,perfectly,trulyface-down,palm-down(手掌向下地)towards,forward,outward后綴

例詞數(shù)詞-teen-ty-th

fourteen,fifteen,eighteenforty,fifty,eightyfourth,fifth,eighthPractice(I):

從右欄中找出適當(dāng)?shù)脑~與左欄搭配構(gòu)成合成詞.booklookersnewfarfirsttroubletenbabyoveremptyreachingcaseminuteclassbornonhandedeatsitfreePractice(II):

rain(形容詞)________agree(反義)__________nation(形容詞)_______farm(人)__________recent(副詞)________friend(形容詞)________hope(形容詞)_______back(形容詞)_________visit(名詞)__________home(形容詞)________eight(序數(shù)詞)________true(名詞)___________America(形容詞)_______China(形容詞)________按括號(hào)內(nèi)的要求改