2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-四川師范大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)67

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-四川師范大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Hehadwanteda25%raiseinpay,butaftertalkingtohisboss,hedecidedthata5%raisewould_______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.suffice

B.modify

C.gratify

D.delight

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)suffice“使?jié)M足（表示帶有無(wú)奈情緒的滿足）；足夠……用；合格”；B選項(xiàng)modify“修改，修飾；更改”；C選項(xiàng)gratify“使?jié)M足（表示超出預(yù)想的滿足）；使?jié)M意，使高興”；D選項(xiàng)delight“使高興；高興”。句意：他本想得到25%的工資漲幅，但在同老板談話后，他認(rèn)為他不得不滿足于5%的漲幅。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Thedoctoristryingtosavethepatientbyevery______means.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.imaginative

B.imaginary

C.imaginable

D.imagination

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)imaginative“富于想象的；有創(chuàng)造力的”；B選項(xiàng)imaginary“虛構(gòu)的，假想的；想象的；虛數(shù)的”；C選項(xiàng)imaginable“可能的；可想象的”；D選項(xiàng)imagination“（n.）想象力；空想；幻想物”。句意：醫(yī)生正在想盡一切辦法挽救病人。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Imagineadiseasespreadingacrosstheglobe,killingmostlymiddle-agedpeopleorleavingthemchronicallydisabled.Thenonedayresearcherscomeupwithadrugthatcanpreventsomeofthedisease’snastiereffects.Youwouldthinktheworld’sageingpublicwouldbeeternallygrateful.

Thediseasedoesexist.Itiscalledtobaccoaddiction.Thedrugtooisrealandinanimaltestshaspreventedlungdamagethatleadstoemphysema.Buttheinventorshavereceivednobouquets.Prevailingmedicalopinionseemstobethatthedrugisameresideshow,distractingsmokersfromthetaskofquitting.Anotherexperimentaldrug,whichcouldprotectsmokersagainstcancer,isalsoviewedwithsuspicionbecauseitcouldgivesmokersanexcusenottoquit.

Onthefaceofittheseresponsesmakesense.Itisingrainedinsocietythatsmokershaveonlythemselvestoblameandtheirsalvationliesinasimpleactofwill.Iftheywillnotquitsmoking,theycannotexpecthelpfromanyoneelse.

Butthislogicisflawed.Checkasurveyofsmokersandyoufindtwo-thirdswanttogiveupandone-thirdwillhavetriedinthepreviousyear.Yet,evenwithnicotinegum,patchesanddrugstoeasetheordeal,thequitrateisstillunder10percent.IntheUK,theproportionofpeoplewhosmokehasnotfalleninadecade.Tobaccohasapowerfulgrip,andmanysmokerarecaughtinatraptheycannotescape:theyhaveadiseaselikeanyotheranddeservethechancetoreducetheharmitdoestothem.

Thisreasoningishardformanytoswallow.Itcertainlyleavesgovernmentsandanti-smokinggroupsinabind.Theyarehappytopaylipservicetomethodsforreducingharm—ofwhichthreeareagrowingnumber—buttheyareslowtocreatepoliciesbaseduponthem.EuropeanUnioncountries,forexample,tookyearstoevenconsiderregulatingthedangerousadditivesincigarettes.

Onefearisthatmethodsforreducingharmwilldilutethemessagethattobaccokills—especiallywhengiventoyoungsters.Butthatmessagewon’tchange,inthepresentcase,evenifbothdrugsturnouttoworkinhumantrials,theywouldnotprotectagainstallthedeadlysideeffectsofsmoking.Andthedrugsdonothavetobefreetoall.Theycouldbeavailableonlyonprescriptionforpeoplewhodoctorsbelievegenuinelycannotgiveup.

Therearethingsthatnodrugaimedatharmreductionwilleverbeabletodo.Itwillnotcutpassivesmokingorstoptobaccocompaniespersuadingmillionsofteenagerstolightup.Forthesereasonsallotherwaystocountersmokingmustcontinue,frombanningtobaccoadvertisingtoraisingtobaccotaxes.Butitwouldbeamistaketoignoretheharmreductionmeasures.Forthosewhoarenotconvinced,forgetsmokersforamoment.Preventivedrugscouldalsohelpnon-smokers,especiallythoseworkinglonghoursas,say,musiciansandbarstaffinsmokyrooms.Shouldwedenythemtoo?

1.Thestatement“Buttheinventorshavereceivednobouquets”impliesthat______.

2.Theauthorarguesthat______.

3.Theauthoristryingtoemphasizethatthedrugs______.

4.Thedrugs,accordingtotheauthor,areexpected______.

5.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthepassagethat______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thedrugshavereceivedsuspicion

B.theinventorsjustpresentedasideshow

C.itwilltaketimeforthepublictoacceptthenewdrug

D.theeffectsofthedrugneedfurthertestonhumantrials

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.nosmokerisexpectedtosucceedinquitting

B.smokersdeservetheharmsmokingdoestothem

C.smokerswithresolutiontostopsmokingneedhelp

D.smokerscouldsucceedwithstrongresolutiontogiveup

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.aremainlyaimedatyoungsters

B.shouldbeavailabletosmokersfreeofcharge

C.willnotchangethemessagethattobaccokills

D.helpregulatethedangerousadditivesincigarettes

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.toperformpreventivefunctionsinnon-smokers

B.toreducethenumberofpassivesmokers

C.toenforcethecombatagainstsmoking

D.alloftheabove

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.withinnovativedrugssmokerscanstillenjoypersonalgratificationsandstayhealthy

B.ifadrugcansavelives,weshouldn’twithholditwithoutgoodreason

C.thebattleagainstsmokingisfarfromwon

D.therewillbeasafewaytosmoke

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】1.語(yǔ)義推測(cè)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“Buttheinventorshavereceivednobouquets.Prevailingmedicalopinionseemstobethatthedrugisameresideshow,distractingsmokersfromthetaskofquitting.Anotherexperimentaldrug,whichcouldprotectsmokersagainstcancer,isalsoviewedwithsuspicionbecauseitcouldgivesmokersanexcusenottoquit.（但是這些發(fā)明家沒(méi)有收到任何花束。流行的醫(yī)學(xué)觀點(diǎn)似乎是，藥物只是次要的，它分散了吸煙者的任務(wù)，戒煙。另一種可以保護(hù)吸煙者不患癌癥的實(shí)驗(yàn)性藥物也受到懷疑，因?yàn)樗梢越o吸煙者一個(gè)不戒煙的借口。）”，由此可知這些發(fā)明家發(fā)明的藥物受到人們的懷疑，所以A選項(xiàng)“這些藥物已經(jīng)受到懷疑”符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“發(fā)明家只是表演了一個(gè)小插曲”；C選項(xiàng)“公眾接受這種新藥需要一段時(shí)間”；D選項(xiàng)“藥物的效果需要進(jìn)一步的人體試驗(yàn)”都與題干無(wú)關(guān)。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第四段“Yet,evenwithnicotinegum,patchesanddrugstoeasetheordeal,thequitrateisstillunder10percent.（然而，即使使用尼古丁口香糖、貼片和藥物來(lái)緩解這種折磨，戒煙率仍然低于10%。）”可知A選項(xiàng)“預(yù)計(jì)沒(méi)有煙民會(huì)成功戒煙”錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第四段最后一句“theyhaveadiseaselikeanyotheranddeservethechancetoreducetheharmitdoestothem.（他們和其他任何疾病一樣，有機(jī)會(huì)減少煙草對(duì)他們的危害。）”可知B選項(xiàng)“吸煙者應(yīng)該受到吸煙所造成的傷害”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第四段“Checkasurveyofsmokersandyoufindtwo-thirdswanttogiveupandone-thirdwillhavetriedinthepreviousyear.（對(duì)吸煙者進(jìn)行調(diào)查，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)三分之二的人想要戒煙，三分之一的人在前一年已經(jīng)嘗試過(guò)了）”以及“theyhaveadiseaselikeanyotheranddeservethechancetoreducetheharmitdoestothem.（他們和其他任何疾病一樣，有機(jī)會(huì)減少煙草對(duì)他們的危害。）”可知C選項(xiàng)“決心戒煙的人需要幫助”正確；D選項(xiàng)“吸煙者可以通過(guò)堅(jiān)定的決心戒煙成功”文章沒(méi)有提到。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.作者意圖題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第六段“Onefearisthatmethodsforreducingharmwilldilutethemessagethattobaccokills—especiallywhengiventoyoungsters.Butthatmessagewon’tchange,inthepresentcase,evenifbothdrugsturnouttoworkinhumantrials,theywouldnotprotectagainstallthedeadlysideeffectsofsmoking.（一種擔(dān)心是，減少煙草危害的方法會(huì)淡化煙草致人死亡的信息——尤其是對(duì)青少年而言。但在目前的情況下，這一信息不會(huì)改變，即使這兩種藥物在人體試驗(yàn)中都有效，它們也不能預(yù)防吸煙的所有致命副作用。）”可知作者強(qiáng)調(diào)該藥物不會(huì)改變煙草致人死亡的信息，所以C選項(xiàng)“不會(huì)改變煙草致人死亡的信息”正確。A選項(xiàng)“主要針對(duì)年輕人”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，該藥物針對(duì)的是所有煙民；B選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該免費(fèi)提供給吸煙者”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，文章提到“Andthedrugsdonothavetobefreetoall.Theycouldbeavailableonlyonprescriptionforpeoplewhodoctorsbelievegenuinelycannotgiveup.（而且藥物并不一定要對(duì)所有人免費(fèi)。只有醫(yī)生認(rèn)為真正不能放棄的人才能買(mǎi)到這種藥。）”；D選項(xiàng)“幫助控制香煙中的危險(xiǎn)添加劑”文章沒(méi)有提到，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章最后一段“Forthesereasonsallotherwaystocountersmokingmustcontinue,frombanningtobaccoadvertisingtoraisingtobaccotaxes.（出于這些原因，從禁止煙草廣告到提高煙草稅，所有其他抵制吸煙的方式都必須繼續(xù)下去。）”，由此可知該藥物將會(huì)加強(qiáng)反對(duì)吸煙的斗爭(zhēng)，所以C選項(xiàng)“加強(qiáng)反對(duì)吸煙的斗爭(zhēng)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)不吸煙者起到預(yù)防作用”，文章提到“Preventivedrugscouldalsohelpnon-smokers（預(yù)防性藥物也可以幫助不吸煙者）”，并沒(méi)有提到預(yù)防作用，只說(shuō)會(huì)有幫助，A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；B選項(xiàng)“減少被動(dòng)吸煙的數(shù)量”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，文章最后一段提到“Itwillnotcutpassivesmokingorstoptobaccocompaniespersuadingmillionsofteenagerstolightup.（它不會(huì)減少被動(dòng)吸煙，也不會(huì)阻止煙草公司勸說(shuō)數(shù)百萬(wàn)青少年吸煙。）”；D選項(xiàng)“以上都是”。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

5.主旨大意題。文章主要講了能預(yù)防吸煙帶來(lái)的不良后果的藥物。文章提到這種藥物受到很多質(zhì)疑，并且一一回答了它們。文章最后一段提到有些東西是任何藥物都無(wú)法做到的，所以呼吁人們提高禁煙意識(shí)，并且參與到禁煙活動(dòng)中去。由此可知人們的反對(duì)禁煙的斗爭(zhēng)還遠(yuǎn)未取得勝利，所以C選項(xiàng)“反對(duì)禁煙的斗爭(zhēng)還遠(yuǎn)未取得勝利”正確。A選項(xiàng)“有了創(chuàng)新藥物，吸煙者仍然可以享受個(gè)人滿足和保持健康”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，文章并沒(méi)有提到這一觀點(diǎn)；B選項(xiàng)“如果一種藥物可以挽救生命，我們不應(yīng)該沒(méi)有充分的理由就拒絕它”，文章也沒(méi)有提到，且人們對(duì)新藥物持質(zhì)疑態(tài)度也是可行的；D選項(xiàng)“將會(huì)有一個(gè)更安全的吸煙方式”并不是文章所側(cè)重的，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Doctorsmustinform______parentsaboutthelowoddsofsuccessinfertilitytreatments.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.protective

B.respective

C.prospective

D.perspective

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)protective“防護(hù)的；關(guān)切保護(hù)的；保護(hù)貿(mào)易的”；B選項(xiàng)respective“分別的，各自的”；C選項(xiàng)prospective“未來(lái)的；預(yù)期的”；D選項(xiàng)perspective“透視的”。句意：醫(yī)生必須告知準(zhǔn)父母生育治療成功的幾率很低。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Tomdoesn’tthinkthatthe______situationhereisasgoodashishometown’s.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.economics

B.economic

C.economy

D.economical

【答案】B

【解析】考查形近詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)economics“n.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)；國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況”；B選項(xiàng)economic“adj.經(jīng)濟(jì)的，經(jīng)濟(jì)上的；經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的”；C選項(xiàng)economy“n.經(jīng)濟(jì)；節(jié)約；理財(cái)”；D選項(xiàng)economical“經(jīng)濟(jì)的；節(jié)約的；合算的”。economic用以指與貿(mào)易、工業(yè)或財(cái)富等有關(guān)的“經(jīng)濟(jì)上的”或“有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)方面”的意義，一般用作定語(yǔ)；economical則指與“節(jié)約”同義的“經(jīng)濟(jì)”，相當(dāng)于notwasteful，既可指人也可指物，既可作表語(yǔ)也可作定語(yǔ)。句意：湯姆認(rèn)為這里的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況不如家鄉(xiāng)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

What______supposewouldhappenifthedirectorknewyoufeltthatway?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.willyou

B.doyou

C.wouldyou

D.youwould

【答案】B

【解析】考查語(yǔ)序。在該句子中，doyousuppose相當(dāng)于一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，Whatwouldhappenifthe...才是一個(gè)整體，做全句的賓語(yǔ)從句。類(lèi)似的表達(dá)還有doyouthink等。句意：你猜想看看，如果主管知道你那樣想之后會(huì)發(fā)生什么事。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

7.翻譯題

Asimilarmovementisgoingonbeforeourowneyes.Modernbourgeoissociety,withitsrelationsofproduction,ofexchangeandofproperty,asocietythathasconjuredupsuchgiganticmeansofproductionandofexchange,islikethesorcererwhoisnolongerabletocontrolthepowersofthenetherworldwhomhehascalledupbyhisspells.Formanyadecadepast,thehistoryofindustryandcommerceisbutthehistoryoftherevoltofmodernproductiveforcesagainstmodernconditionsofproduction,againstthepropertyrelationsthataretheconditionsfortheexistenceofthebourgeoisandofitsrule.Itisenoughtomentionthecommercialcrisesthat,bytheirperiodicalreturn,puttheexistenceoftheentirebourgeoissocietyonitstrial,eachtimemorethreateningly.Inthesecrises,agreatpartnotonlyoftheexistingproducts,butalsoofthepreviouslycreatedproductiveforces,areperiodicallydestroyed.Inthesecrises,therebreaksoutanepidemicthat,inallearlierepochs,wouldhaveseemedanabsurdity—theepidemicofover-production.Societysuddenlyfindsitselfputbackintoastateofmomentarybarbarism;itappearsasifafamine,auniversalwarofdevastation,hadcutoffthesupplyofeverymeansofsubsistence;industryandcommerceseemtobedestroyed.Andwhy?

Becausethereistoomuchcivilization,toomuchmeansofsubsistence,toomuchindustry,toomuchcommerce.Theproductiveforcesatthedisposalofsocietynolongertendtofurtherthedevelopmentoftheconditionsofbourgeoisproperty;onthecontrary,theyhavebecometoopowerfulfortheseconditions,bywhichtheyarefettered,andsosoonastheyovercomethesefetters,theybringdisorderintothewholeofbourgeoissociety,endangertheexistenceofbourgeoisproperty.Theconditionsofbourgeoissocietyaretoonarrowtocomprisethewealthcreatedbythem.Andhowdoesthebourgeoisiegetoverthesecrises?Ontheonehand,byenforceddestructionofamassofproductiveforces;ontheother,bytheconquestofnewmarkets,andbythemorethoroughexploitationoftheoldones.Thatistosay,bypavingthewayformoreextensiveandmoredestructivecrises,andbydiminishingthemeanswherebycrisesareprevented.

【答案】現(xiàn)在，我們眼前又進(jìn)行著類(lèi)似的運(yùn)動(dòng)。資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的生產(chǎn)關(guān)系和交換關(guān)系，資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的所有制關(guān)系，這個(gè)曾經(jīng)仿佛用法術(shù)創(chuàng)造了如此龐大的生產(chǎn)資料和交換手段的現(xiàn)代資產(chǎn)階級(jí)社會(huì)，現(xiàn)在像一個(gè)魔法師一樣不能再支配自己用法術(shù)呼喚出來(lái)的魔鬼了。幾十年來(lái)的工業(yè)和商業(yè)的歷史，只不過(guò)是現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)力反抗現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)關(guān)系、反抗作為資產(chǎn)階級(jí)及其統(tǒng)治的存在條件的所有制關(guān)系的歷史。只要指出在周期性的重復(fù)中越來(lái)越危及整個(gè)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)社會(huì)生存的商業(yè)危機(jī)就夠了。在商業(yè)危機(jī)期間，總是不僅有很大一部分制成的產(chǎn)品被毀滅掉，而且有很大一部分已經(jīng)造成的生產(chǎn)力被毀滅掉。在危機(jī)期間，發(fā)生一種在過(guò)去一切時(shí)代看來(lái)都好像是荒唐現(xiàn)象的社會(huì)瘟疫，即生產(chǎn)過(guò)剩的瘟疫。社會(huì)突然發(fā)現(xiàn)自己回到了一時(shí)的野蠻狀態(tài)：仿佛是一次饑荒、一場(chǎng)普遍的毀滅性戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，使社會(huì)失去了全部生活資料；仿佛是工業(yè)和商業(yè)全被毀滅了，——這是什么緣故呢？因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)上文明過(guò)度，生活資料太多，工業(yè)和商業(yè)太發(fā)達(dá)。社會(huì)所擁有的生產(chǎn)力已經(jīng)不能再促進(jìn)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)文明和資產(chǎn)階級(jí)所有制關(guān)系的發(fā)展；相反，生產(chǎn)力已經(jīng)強(qiáng)大到這種關(guān)系所不能適應(yīng)的地步，它已經(jīng)受到這種關(guān)系的阻礙；而它一著手克服這種障礙，就使整個(gè)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)社會(huì)陷入混亂，就使資產(chǎn)階級(jí)所有制的存在受到威脅。資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的關(guān)系已經(jīng)太狹窄了，再容納不了它本身所造成的財(cái)富了?！Y產(chǎn)階級(jí)用什么辦法來(lái)克服這種危機(jī)呢？一方面不得不消滅大量生產(chǎn)力，另一方面奪取新的市場(chǎng)，更加徹底地利用舊的市場(chǎng)。這究竟是怎樣的一種辦法呢？這不過(guò)是資產(chǎn)階級(jí)準(zhǔn)備更全面更猛烈的危機(jī)的辦法，不過(guò)是使防止危機(jī)的手段越來(lái)越少的辦法。

8.單選題

Einstein’stheoryofrelativityseemed______whenitwasfirstintroduced.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.impressive

B.unaccountable

C.inconsistent

D.incredible

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)impressive“感人的；令人欽佩的；給人以深刻印象的”；B選項(xiàng)unaccountable“無(wú)責(zé)任的；莫名其妙的；不可理解的”；C選項(xiàng)inconsistent“不一致的；前后矛盾的”；D選項(xiàng)incredible“不能相信的，難以置信的；極好的，極大的”。句意：愛(ài)因斯坦的相對(duì)論剛被提出時(shí)似乎令人難以置信。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Ifyouworkunderacarwhenrepairingit,youoftengetvery______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.waxy

B.slippery

C.sticky

D.greasy

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)waxy“蠟制的；像蠟的，質(zhì)地光滑的，柔軟的；蠟色的，蒼白的；（非正式）生氣的”；B選項(xiàng)slippery“滑的；狡猾的；不穩(wěn)定的”；C選項(xiàng)sticky“黏的；黏性的”；D選項(xiàng)greasy“油膩的；含脂肪多的；諂媚的”。句意：如果你在車(chē)底下修理汽車(chē)，你通常會(huì)弄得滿身油污。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Beneathitsmyriadrules,thefundamentalpurposeof______istomaketheworldapleasanterplacetolivein,andyouamorepleasantpersontolivewith.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.elitism

B.eloquence

C.eminence

D.etiquette

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)elitism“精英主義；杰出人物統(tǒng)治論”；B選項(xiàng)eloquence“口才；雄辯；雄辯術(shù)；修辭”；C選項(xiàng)eminence“顯赫；卓越；高處”；D選項(xiàng)etiquette“禮節(jié)，禮儀；規(guī)矩”。句意：在它無(wú)數(shù)的規(guī)則之下，禮儀的根本目的是讓世界變得更宜居，讓你成為一個(gè)更宜居的人。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

______hispioneeringworkinthelate1930’s,EarlHineshasbeencalledthefatherofmodernjazzpiano.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Asaresultof

B.Insupportof

C.Intheinterestof

D.Forthesakeof

【答案】A

【解析】考查短語(yǔ)辨析。A選項(xiàng)asaresultof“因此，由于；作為……的結(jié)果”；B選項(xiàng)insupportof“支持；以便支持；為了支持；擁護(hù)”；C選項(xiàng)intheinterestof“為了……的利益；符合……的利益；為了……的好處”；D選項(xiàng)forthesakeof“出于對(duì)……的緣故/為了……起見(jiàn)”。句意：由于他在20世紀(jì)30年代后期的開(kāi)創(chuàng)性工作，厄爾?海恩斯被稱(chēng)為現(xiàn)代爵士鋼琴之父。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Twoequallybrilliantscientistsapplyforaprestigiousresearchfellowshipawardedbyatopscientificorganization.Oneiswhite,theotherblack.Doesthecoloroftheirskinmatter?

Mostscientistswillalreadybescreamingaresounding“no”.Thosewhoprogressinsciencedosobecauseoftheirwork,nottheirpigmentation.Scienceismeritocraticandobjective.Itmustthereforeberigorouslycolor-blindandshunbothracialdiscriminationandaffirmativeaction.

Well,let’sthinkaboutthis.Ifsciencereallyissomeritocratic,wherearealltheblackNobelprizewinnersandfellowsoftheRoyalSociety?Theblackchairsofgovernmentscientificpanels?TheblackRichardDawkinsesandSusanGreenfields?WhenNewsweekmagazinerecentlysurveyedEurope’slargest100companies,itwasshockedtounearthonlysixboardmembersofnon-Europeanracialorigin.OneshudderstothinkwhatasimilarsurveyofupperechelonsofEuropeansciencewouldreveal.

Eventheusuallystick-in-the-mudBritishgovernmentnowacknowledgesthereisaproblem.Lastmonthitpromisednewfundingforprojectsdesignedtocombatinstitutionalracisminscienceeducationinschools.Asmeasuresgoitislittleandlate,butwelcomenonetheless.Despitestartingschoolasthetopachievers,blackBritishchildrenhavelongunderperformedinscience.

Andtherearepositivechangesafoothigherupthescientificcareerladdertoo.Atpresent,fewscientificorganizations,fundingbodiesorlabsinEuropebothereventotracktheracialbackgroundsofthosetheyhireorfund.Asaresult,thefullscaleoftheunder-representationproblemishidden.Notformuchlonger.Britain’snewlyamendedRaceRelationsActrequiresallgovernmentbodies,includingfundingcouncils,totracktheeffectsoftheiractivitiesondifferentethnicgroupsandensurethatallbenefitequally.AndnextyearaEuropeanUniondirectivewillpushallEUemployersthiswaytoo.

ButethnicmonitoringalonewillnotcreatetheblackrolemodelsEuropeansciencesobadlyneeds.Somethingelseisneeded.FundingagenciesandinfluentialorganizationsliketheRoyalSocietymustbitethebulletofaffirmativeaction.Thatmeansring-fencingfellowshipsandgrantsforapplicantsfromparticularracialbackgrounds.Anditmeansseekingoutthosewhohavebrokenthroughthebarriersofraceandgivingthempreferenceovertheirequallywell-qualifiedwhitepeersforpositionsofinfluenceandplacesinthespotlight.

Tokenismandfinesentimentswillnolongerdo.Withotherprofessionshavingalreadyleaptaheadinthisarea,theenduringwhitenessofscienceismorethananembarrassment:itisabarriertoitsverycredibility.IfalargesegmentofEurope’sschoolchildrenneverseeascientistwholookslikethem,theywillcontinuetothinkscienceisnotforthem.Andifscientistsdon’treflectthemultiracialsocietiestheylivein,they’llfindithardtowinthepublictrusttheycrave.Doescolormatter?Youbetitdoes.

1.Scienceisnotsomeritocraticbecause______.

2.Theembarrassingproblemaddressedinthepassage______.

3.Oneofthepositivechangesafootis______.

4.Tobitethebulletofaffirmativeactionis______.

5.Theauthorarguesthatcolormattersbecauseitisof______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.itiscolor-blind

B.itisraciallydiscriminative

C.itawardswrongresearchworkers

D.itispracticedbythewhiteexclusively

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.wasprovedbyNewsweekmagazine’ssurvey

B.shockedgovernmentscientificpanels

C.wasrevealedbytheRoyalSociety

D.alloftheabove

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.fundingresearchinstitutionsorlabs

B.settingupascientificcareerladder

C.hidingtheracialdiscrimination

D.belittlingracialbackgrounds

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.tosetupblackrolemodelsinEurope

B.tokeepupethnicissuesundersurveillance

C.torestrictfellowshipsandgrantstotheblack

D.tobalancethedistributionoffellowshipsandgrantsbetweenthewhiteandtheblack

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.thenatureofscience

B.credibilityofscience

C.anembarrassingtokenism

D.mutualtrustbetweengenerations

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“Thosewhoprogressinsciencedosobecauseoftheirwork,nottheirpigmentation.Scienceismeritocraticandobjective.Itmustthereforeberigorouslycolor-blindandshunbothracialdiscriminationandaffirmativeaction.（那些在科學(xué)上取得進(jìn)步的人是因?yàn)樗麄兊墓ぷ?，而不是他們的膚色?？茖W(xué)是任人唯賢的，是客觀的。因此，它必須嚴(yán)格無(wú)視膚色，避免種族歧視和平權(quán)行動(dòng)。）”，由此可知種族歧視是科學(xué)不那么任人唯賢的原因，所以B選項(xiàng)“它是種族歧視的”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“它是色盲的”；C選項(xiàng)“它獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)錯(cuò)誤的研究人員”；D選項(xiàng)“是白色人種獨(dú)有的”均不符合原文。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“WhenNewsweekmagazinerecentlysurveyedEurope’slargest100companies,itwasshockedtounearthonlysixboardmembersofnon-Europeanracialorigin.OneshudderstothinkwhatasimilarsurveyofupperechelonsofEuropeansciencewouldreveal.（當(dāng)《新聞周刊》最近對(duì)歐洲最大的100家公司進(jìn)行調(diào)查時(shí)，令人震驚的是，只有6名非歐洲種族血統(tǒng)的董事會(huì)成員。一想到對(duì)歐洲科學(xué)界高層進(jìn)行的類(lèi)似調(diào)查將揭示出什么，人們就會(huì)不寒而栗。）”，由此可知《新聞周刊》的調(diào)查證實(shí)了文章中提到的尷尬的問(wèn)題，即種族歧視確實(shí)存在，所以A選項(xiàng)“《新聞周刊》的調(diào)查證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)”符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“震驚政府科學(xué)小組”；C選項(xiàng)“由皇家學(xué)會(huì)披露”；D選項(xiàng)“以上都是”都不符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第五段“Andtherearepositivechangesafoothigherupthescientificcareerladdertoo.Atpresent,fewscientificorganizations,fundingbodiesorlabsinEuropebothereventotracktheracialbackgroundsofthosetheyhireorfund.（在科學(xué)事業(yè)的階梯上也有積極的變化。目前，歐洲幾乎沒(méi)有科學(xué)組織、資助機(jī)構(gòu)或?qū)嶒?yàn)室費(fèi)心去追蹤他們雇傭或資助的人的種族背景。）”，由此可知對(duì)種族背景關(guān)心的淡化是發(fā)生的積極變化之一，所以D選項(xiàng)“輕視種族背景”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“資助研究機(jī)構(gòu)或?qū)嶒?yàn)室”；B選項(xiàng)“建立科學(xué)的職業(yè)階梯”；C選項(xiàng)“隱藏種族歧視”都與題干無(wú)關(guān)，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第六段“ButethnicmonitoringalonewillnotcreatetheblackrolemodelsEuropeansciencesobadlyneeds.Somethingelseisneeded.FundingagenciesandinfluentialorganizationsliketheRoyalSocietymustbitethebulletofaffirmativeaction.（但是，僅靠種族監(jiān)控并不能創(chuàng)造出歐洲科學(xué)迫切需要的黑人榜樣。還需要一些別的東西。資助機(jī)構(gòu)和像英國(guó)皇家學(xué)會(huì)這樣有影響力的組織必須忍受平權(quán)行動(dòng)。）”，由此可知平權(quán)行動(dòng)是為了建立黑人榜樣，所以A選項(xiàng)“在歐洲建立黑人榜樣”符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“保持種族問(wèn)題在監(jiān)視之下”；C選項(xiàng)“限制黑人的獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金和補(bǔ)助金”；D選項(xiàng)“平衡研究金和補(bǔ)助金在白人和黑人之間的分配”都不符合原文，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.作者意圖題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章最后一段“Andifscientistsdon’treflectthemultiracialsocietiestheylivein,they’llfindithardtowinthepublictrusttheycrave.Doescolormatter?Youbetitdoes.（如果科學(xué)家不能反映出他們所生活的多種族社會(huì)，他們將發(fā)現(xiàn)很難贏得他們渴望的公眾信任。膚色有關(guān)系嗎?當(dāng)然了。）”，由此可知作者認(rèn)為膚色對(duì)科學(xué)的可信度有很大關(guān)系，科學(xué)家只有尊重不同膚色的社會(huì)，才會(huì)取得公眾信任，所以B選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)的可信度”正確。A選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)的本質(zhì)”；C選項(xiàng)“尷尬的表面文章”；D選項(xiàng)“世代之間的相互信任”說(shuō)法都不正確，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

Thehealth-careeconomyisrepletewithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.Oneoftheleastunderstoodinvolvesthepeculiarrolesofproduceror“provider”andpurchaseror“consumer”inthetypicaldoctor—patientrelationship.Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Wherecircumstancespermitthebuyernochoicebecausethereiseffectivelyonlyonesellerandtheproductisrelativelyessential,governmentusuallyassertsmonopolyandplacestheindustryunderpriceandotherregulations.Neitheroftheseconditionsprevailsinmostofthehealth-careindustry.

Inthehealth-careindustry,thedoctor-patientrelationshipisthemirrorimageoftheordinaryrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer.Onceanindividualhaschosentoseeaphysician—andeventhentheremaybenorealchoice—itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn“nextWednesday”,whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhenthediseaseisregardedasserious.

Thisisparticularlysignificantinrelationtohospitalcare.Thephysicianmustcertifytheneedforhospitalization,determinewhatprocedureswillbeperformed,andannouncewhenthepatientmaybedischarged.Thepatientmaybeconsultedaboutsomeofthesedecisions,butinthemainitisthedoctor’sjudgmentsthatarefinal.Littlewonderthenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal“consumer.”Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe“powercenter”inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.

Althoughusuallythereareinthissituationfouridentifiableparticipants:thephysician,thehospital,thepatient,andthepayer(generallyaninsurancecarrierorgovernment)—thephysicianmakestheessentialdecisionsforallofthem.Thehospitalbecomesanextensionofthephysician;thepayergenerallymeetsmostofthebillsgeneratedbythephysician/hospital,andforthemostpartthepatientplaysapassiverole.Inroutineorminorillnesses,orjustplainworries,thepatient’soptionsare,ofcourse,muchgreaterwithrespecttouseandprice.Inillnessesthatareofsomesignificance,however,suchchoicestendtoevaporate,anditisforillnessesthatthebulkofthehealth-caredollarisspent.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.

1.Theauthor’sprimarypurposeisto______.

2.Itcanbeinferredthatdoctorsareabletodeterminehospitalpoliciesbecause______.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,whenadoctortellsapatientto“returnnextWednesday”(para.2),thedoctorisineffect______.

4.Theauthorismostprobablyleadingupto______.

5.Itisthephysicianwhoisthereal“consumer”(Para.3)meansthatthephysicianisthepartythat______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.speculateabouttherelationshipbetweenapatient’sabilitytopayandthetreatmentreceived

B.criticizedoctorsforexercisingtoomuchcontroloverpatients

C.analyzesomeimportanteconomicfactorsinhealthcare

D.urgehospitalstoreclaimtheirdecision-makingauthority

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.itisdoctorswhogenerateincomeforthehospital

B.mostofthepatient’sbillsarepaidbyhishealthinsurance

C.hospitaladministratorslacktheexpertisetoquestionmedicaldecisions

D.adoctorisultimatelyresponsibleforapatient’shealth

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.takingadvantageofthepatient’sconcernforhishealth

B.instructingthepatienttobuymoremedicalservices

C.warningthepatientthathospitalstaymightbenecessary

D.advisingthepatienttoseekasecondopinion

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.ananalysisofthecausesofinflation

B.aproposaltocontrolmedicalcosts

C.adiscussionofanewmedicaltreatment

D.adiscussionofnewmedicalcosts

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.paysforgoodsorservices

B.deliversgoodsorservices

C.ordersgoodsorservices

D.reimbursesathirdpartyforgoodsorservices

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.作者意圖題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“Thehealth-careeconomyisrepletewithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.（醫(yī)療保健經(jīng)濟(jì)充滿了不同尋常甚至獨(dú)特的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系。）”可知本文將要討論衛(wèi)生保健行業(yè)中的特殊經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系，其余三段主要分析了醫(yī)療保健領(lǐng)域的一些重要的影響相互之間經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的因素：醫(yī)生、醫(yī)院、病人以及支付者，因此C選項(xiàng)“分析衛(wèi)生保健中一些重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素”符合文章大意。A選項(xiàng)“推測(cè)病人的支付能力和所接受的治療之間的關(guān)系”；B選項(xiàng)“批評(píng)醫(yī)生對(duì)病人過(guò)分控制”；D選項(xiàng)“敦促醫(yī)院收回他們的決策權(quán)”都太過(guò)片面，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“...itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn“nextWednesday”,whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.（所有重要的購(gòu)買(mǎi)決定通常都是由醫(yī)生做出的：病人是否應(yīng)該下周三回來(lái)，是否需要x光，是否應(yīng)該開(kāi)藥方，等等。）”以及第三段結(jié)尾“Littlewonderthenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal‘consumer.’Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe‘powercenter’inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.（難怪在醫(yī)院的眼里，醫(yī)生才是真正的‘消費(fèi)者’。因此，醫(yī)務(wù)人員代表的是醫(yī)院政策和決策的‘權(quán)力中心’，而不是管理部門(mén)。）”，由此可知決定醫(yī)學(xué)治療的是醫(yī)生，也就是說(shuō)決定醫(yī)院收入的也是醫(yī)生，因此A選項(xiàng)“是醫(yī)生為醫(yī)院創(chuàng)造了收入”符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“病人的大部分賬單是由他的健康保險(xiǎn)支付的”不符合題意；C選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)院管理者缺乏質(zhì)疑醫(yī)療決定的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)”文章沒(méi)有提到；D選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生對(duì)病人的健康負(fù)有最終責(zé)任”不符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn‘nextWednesday’,whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.（所有重要的購(gòu)買(mǎi)決定通常都是由醫(yī)生做出的：病人是否應(yīng)該下周三回來(lái)，是否需要x光，是否應(yīng)該開(kāi)藥方，等等。）”，由此可知當(dāng)醫(yī)生讓病人下周三再來(lái)的時(shí)候，實(shí)際上是由醫(yī)生指導(dǎo)病人購(gòu)買(mǎi)更多的醫(yī)療服務(wù)，因此B選項(xiàng)“指示病人購(gòu)買(mǎi)更多的醫(yī)療服務(wù)”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“利用病人對(duì)健康的關(guān)心”；C選項(xiàng)“警告病人住院可能是必要的”以及D選項(xiàng)“建議病人尋求另一種療法”的最終目的都是為了購(gòu)買(mǎi)更多醫(yī)療服務(wù)，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章最后一段“Inroutineorminorillnesses,orjustplainworries,thepatient’soptionsare,ofcourse,muchgreaterwithrespecttouseandprice.Inillnessesthatareofsomesignificance,however,suchchoicestendtoevaporate,anditisforillnessesthatthebulkofthehealth-caredollarisspent.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.（在日常或輕微的疾病，或只是簡(jiǎn)單的擔(dān)憂，病人的選擇，當(dāng)然，更多的是使用和價(jià)格。然而，在一些有重要意義的疾病中，這樣的選擇往往會(huì)消失，醫(yī)療保健的大部分錢(qián)都花在了疾病上。我們估計(jì)75%到80%的醫(yī)療支出是由醫(yī)生決定的，而不是病人。）”以及結(jié)合全文可知文章主要分析了醫(yī)生和病人之間特殊的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系，末段最后兩句指出大部分衛(wèi)生保健費(fèi)用由醫(yī)生決定，正因?yàn)槿绱耍@樣的體制會(huì)顯得很無(wú)效。由此可以推斷，作者接下來(lái)會(huì)提出對(duì)這種體制進(jìn)行改革，B選項(xiàng)“控制醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的建議”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“通貨膨脹原因的分析”文章沒(méi)有提到；C選項(xiàng)“關(guān)于一種新療法的討論”以及D選項(xiàng)“關(guān)于新的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的討論”都不能很好的銜接文章內(nèi)容，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.語(yǔ)義推測(cè)題?！癱onsumer”意為“消費(fèi)者”，A選項(xiàng)“支付商品或服務(wù)的費(fèi)用”更符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“遞送商品或服務(wù)”；C選項(xiàng)“訂購(gòu)商品或服務(wù)”；D選項(xiàng)“報(bào)銷(xiāo)第三方的商品或服務(wù)”。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

Thosewho______energeticallyintothematterhaveprospectsoffindingothermoreconvenientsolutions.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.wander

B.penetrate

C.concentrate

D.emphasize

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)wander“徘徊；漫步；迷路；離題”；B選項(xiàng)penetrate“滲透；穿透；洞察”；C選項(xiàng)concentrate“集中；濃縮；全神貫注；聚集”；D選項(xiàng)emphasize“強(qiáng)調(diào)，著重”。句意：那些積極鉆研這一問(wèn)題的人有希望找到其他更方便的解決辦法。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Theaccountant_______thousandsofdollarsfromthecharitywhileappearingtobeitsbestfundraiser.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.donated

B.validated

C.embezzled

D.certify

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)donate“捐贈(zèng)，捐獻(xiàn)”；B選項(xiàng)validate“證實(shí)，驗(yàn)證；確認(rèn)；使生效”；C選項(xiàng)embezzle“盜用；挪用；貪污”；D選項(xiàng)certify“證明；保證”。句意：那個(gè)會(huì)計(jì)盜用善款幾千美元，卻表現(xiàn)出自己是最佳的捐助者。根據(jù)句中的while可知，前后兩句關(guān)系為轉(zhuǎn)折，后半句提到“最佳捐贈(zèng)者”，那么前半句句意應(yīng)該與之相反。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

16.單選題

Hecompliedwiththerequirementthatallgraduatestudentsineducation______athesis.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.write

B.writing

C.towrite

D.bewriting

【答案】A

【解析】考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。與動(dòng)詞require的賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣一樣，名詞requirement的同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也需用虛