2022年考研考博-考博英語-中南大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號7

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-中南大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Inmostdevelopedcountries,menhavehighersalaries,onaverage,thanwomen.Muchofthesalarydifferentialresultsfromthetendencyofwomentobeinlower-payingoccupations.Thequestionofwhetherthisoccupationalemploymentpatterncanbeattributedtosexdiscriminationisacomplexone.Infact,wagedifferentialsamongoccupationsarethenormratherthantheexception.SuccessfulathletescommonlyearnmorethanNoblePrize-winningacademics;giftedartistsoftencannotearnenoughtosurvive,whilemediocreinvestmentbankersprosper.Givensuchdifferences,thequestionnaturallyarises:talentandabilitybeingequal,whydoesanyone—manorwoman—enteralow-payingoccupation?Oneobviousanswerispersonalchoice.Anindividualmayprefer,forexample,toteachmathatamodestsalaryratherthantobecomeamorehighlypaidelectricalengineer.

Somepeoplearguethatpersonalchoicealsoexplainssex-relatedwagedifferentials.Accordingtothisexplanation,manywomen,becausetheyplaceahighpriorityonparentingandperforminghouseholdservices,choosecertaincareersinwhichtheyarefreetoenterandleavetheworkforcewithminimumpenalty.Theymaychoosetoacquireskills,suchastypingandsalesclerking,thatdonotdepreciaterapidlywithtemporaryabsencesfromtheworkforce.Theymayavoidoccupationalspecialtiesthatrequireextensivetrainingperiods,longandunpredictablehours,andwillingnesstorelocate,allofwhichmakespecializationindomesticactivitiesproblematic.Bychoosingtoinvestlessindevelopingtheircareerpotentialandtoexpendlesseffortoutsidethehome,womenmust,accordingtothisexplanation,payapriceintheformoflowersalaries.Butwomencannotbeconsideredthevictimsofdiscriminationbecausetheypreferthelower-payingoccupationstohigher-payingones.

Analternativeexplanationforsex-relatedwagedifferentialsisthatwomendonotvoluntarilychooselower-payingoccupationsbutareforcedintothembyemployersandsocialprejudices.Accordingtoproponentsofthisview,employerswhodiscriminatemayrefusetohirequalifiedwomenforrelativelyhigh-payingoccupations.Moregenerally,subtlesociety-wideprejudicesmayinducewomentoavoidcertainoccupationsinfavorofothersthatareconsideredmoresuitable.Indeed,the“choice”ofwomentospecializeinparentingandperforminghouseholdservicesmayitselfresultfromthesesubtleprejudices.Whetherthediscriminationisbyemployersinaparticularoccupationorbysocietyasawholeisirrelevant;theeffectwillbethesame.Further,ifsuchdiscriminationdoesoccur,womenexcludedfromcertainoccupationswillfloodothers,andthisincreaseinsupplywillhaveadepressingeffectonwagesinoccupationsdominatedbywomen.

1.Instatingthat“successfulathletescommonlyearnmorethanNobelPrize-winningacademics”,theauthor’sprimarypurposeisto（

）.

2.Whichoneofthefollowingcasesisleastlikelytoinvolvesexdiscrimination,asitisdescribedinthepassage?

3.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisthebestcompletionofthelastparagraphofthepassage?

4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsexdiscriminationasanexplanationforwagedifferentialscanbestbecharacterizedas（

）.

5.Whichoneofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Demonstratethateducationhaslittletodowithmakingmoney

B.Suggestthatpeoplewithtalentandabilityshouldnotenterlow-payingoccupations

C.Showthathighlypaidoccupationsgenerallyrequirelonghoursandextensivetraining

D.Giveanexampleofhowcertainoccupationsarebetterpaidthanothersregardlessofinherentworthortalentrequired

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Anemployerhiresamanratherthananequallyqualifiedwoman.

B.Awomanchoosestoenterahigh-payingoccupationthatuseshertalentandability.

C.Awomanchoosesanoccupationthatisalreadydominatedbywomen.

D.Awomanchoosesalow-payingjobthatallowshertodevotemoretimetoherfamily.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Wagedifferentialswillbecomemoreexaggeratedandeconomicparitybetweenmenandwomenlessandlesspossible.

B.Unlesssocietychangesitsviews,womenmayneverescapetheconfinesofthefewoccupationsdesignated“ForWomenOnly”.

C.Thequestionis:howlongwillwomenallowthemselvestobeexcludedfrommale-dominatedoccupations?

D.Inthelastanalysis,womenmayneedtoaskthemselvesiftheycanreallyaffordtoallowsexdiscriminationtocontinue.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.skepticalthatdiscriminationisafactor

B.criticalofsociety’sacceptanceofdiscrimination

C.convincedthattheproblemwillgetworse

D.neutralwithrespecttoitsvalidity

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.WageDifferentialsBetweenMenandWomen

B.WomeninLow-PayingOccupations:DoTheyHaveaChoice?

C.Homevs.Office:HowDoestheModemWomenChoose?

D.TheRoleofSocialPrejudiceinWomen’sCareers

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題?！癐nfact,wagedifferentialsamongoccupationsarethenormratherthantheexception.事實(shí)上，職業(yè)之間的工資差距是常態(tài)，而不是例外”與D項(xiàng)“舉例說明某些職業(yè)的薪水如何比其他職業(yè)高，而不考慮其內(nèi)在價(jià)值或所需的才能?！毕喾?/p>

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。定位到最后一段開頭“employerswhodiscriminatemayrefusetohirequalifiedwomenforrelativelyhigh-payingoccupations.歧視女性的雇主可能會拒絕為薪酬相對較高的女性安排工作”以及“Bychoosingtoinvestlessindevelopingtheircareerpotentialandtoexpendlesseffortoutsidethehome,womenmust,accordingtothisexplanation,payapriceintheformoflowersalaries.Butwomencannotbeconsideredthevictimsofdiscriminationbecausetheypreferthelower-payingoccupationstohigher-payingones.根據(jù)這一解釋，婦女選擇減少對發(fā)展其職業(yè)潛力的投資，減少在家庭以外的努力，就必須付出工資較低的代價(jià)。但是婦女不能被認(rèn)為是歧視的受害者，因?yàn)樗齻兏矚g低收入的職業(yè)而不是高收入的職業(yè)?！笨芍狣項(xiàng)“女人選擇一份薪水低的工作，這樣她就能有更多的時(shí)間來陪伴家人?！笔亲栽傅男袨椤?/p>

3.推理判斷題?！癷fsuchdiscriminationdoesoccur,womenexcludedfromcertainoccupationswillfloodothers,andthisincreaseinsupplywillhaveadepressingeffectonwagesinoccupationsdominatedbywomen.如果這種歧視真的發(fā)生了，那么女性之間的競爭會擴(kuò)大，這樣以女性為主的公司就會有工資方面的問題?！庇扇目芍詣e差異導(dǎo)致工資差異不斷擴(kuò)大，女性和男女經(jīng)濟(jì)平等是越來越不可能的事情。A項(xiàng)“工資差距將變得越來越大，男女經(jīng)濟(jì)平等的可能性越來越小?！狈项}意。

4.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。縱觀全文，都是不同的人對性別差異這個(gè)問題在進(jìn)行探討“somepeopleargue”或者“analternativeexplanationforsex-relatedwage”,作者對該問題的態(tài)度并沒有清晰地表現(xiàn)出來。

5.主旨大意題。由Bychoosingtoinvestlessindevelopingtheircareerpotentialandtoexpendlesseffortoutsidethehome,womenmust,accordingtothisexplanation,payapriceintheformoflowersalaries.Butwomencannotbeconsideredthevictimsofdiscriminationbecausetheypreferthelower-payingoccupationstohigher-payingones.根據(jù)這一解釋，婦女選擇減少對發(fā)展其職業(yè)潛力的投資，減少在家庭以外的努力，就必須付出工資較低的代價(jià)。但是婦女不能被認(rèn)為是歧視的受害者，因?yàn)樗齻兏矚g低收入的職業(yè)而不是高收入的職業(yè)?！笨芍疚闹饕菄@女性對于低收入的問題探討，女性自愿選擇低收入工作，是因?yàn)橐逃『⒑妥黾覄?wù)活。B項(xiàng)“從事低收入職業(yè)的女性：她們有選擇的余地嗎?”符合題意。

2.單選題

Inarguingagainstassertionsthatenvironmentalcatastropheisimminent,herbookdoesnotridiculeallpredictionsofdoombutratherclaimsthattherisksofharmhaveinmanycasesbeen（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.exaggerated

B.derided

C.ignored

D.scrutinized

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。通過Inarguingagainstassertionsthatenvironmentalcatastropheisimminent可知這里駁斥的是environmentalcatastropheisimminent，所以對下文claim的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該與這個(gè)相反：即認(rèn)為環(huán)境災(zāi)難并沒有臨近，這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)只是被夸大了。exaggerat夸張；deride嘲笑；ignore忽視；scrutinize詳細(xì)檢查。句意：在對環(huán)境災(zāi)難臨近的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行駁斥的過程中，她的作品并沒有嘲笑所有的厄運(yùn)預(yù)測，而是指出災(zāi)害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在許多情況下被夸大了。

3.單選題

Inspiteoftheincreasing（

）oftheirsentiments,thegroupknewtheyhadtoarriveataconsensussothattheawardcouldbepresented.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.impartiality

B.polarity

C.incisiveness

D.judiciousness

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。impartiality公平，公正；polarity兩極；incisiveness深刻，敏銳；judiciousness頭腦精明的。句意：盡管他們的意見越來越分化，但是這個(gè)小組知道他們必須達(dá)成共識以便獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)能夠被頒發(fā)。由inspiteof及下文可知雙方有矛盾分歧，B項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.

（1）Becauseanalysisultimatelyrestswiththethinkingandchoicesoftheresearcher,qualitativestudiesingeneralarelimitedbyresearchersubjectivity.Therefore,anoverridingconcernisthatofresearcherbias,framingasitdoesassumptions,interests,perceptions,andneeds.（2）Oneofthekeylimitationsofthisstudyistheissueofsubjectivityandpotentialbiasregardingtheresearcher’sownparticipationinadoctoralprogramfirstasastudentandcurrentlyasafacultymember.

（3）Arelatedlimitationwasthatintervieweesmayhavehaddifficultyadjustingto

the

researchertakingontheroleofinterviewer,aphenomenonreferredtobyMaxwellasparticipantreactivity.Becauseafewoftheparticipantsknowtheresearcher,theirresponsesmayhavebeeninfluencedoraffected.（4）Theymayhavetriedoverlyhardtocooperatewiththeresearcherbyofferinghertheresponsestheyperceivedshewasseekingorwhichtheyperceivedmightbehelpfultoher.Alternatively,becauseoffamiliaritywiththeresearcher,thesefewparticipantsmighthavebeenguardedandthereforelesscandidintheirresponses.Recognizingtheselimitations,theresearchertookthefollowingmeasures.（5）

Toreducethelimitationofpotentialbiasduringdataanalysis,theresearcherremovedallparticipantnamesandcodedallinterviewtranscriptsblindlysoasnottoassociateanymaterialordatawithanyparticularindividual.Furthermore，shemadeaconsciousattempttocreateanenvironmentthatwasconducivetohonestandopendialogue.Experienceasaninterviewer,aswellaspriorresearchexperience,washelpfulinthisregard.

【答案】由于分析最終取決于研究者的思維和選擇，定性研究一般受到研究者主體性的限制。

本研究的主要局限性之一是，研究人員以學(xué)生身份和教師身份參與博士項(xiàng)目的主觀性和潛在偏見問題。

與此相關(guān)的一個(gè)限制是，受訪者可能難以適應(yīng)研究人員扮演采訪者的角色，麥克斯韋將這種現(xiàn)象稱為參與者反應(yīng)。

他們可能過于努力地與研究人員合作，向她提供他們認(rèn)為她正在尋找的答案，或者他們認(rèn)為可能對她有幫助的答案。

為了減少數(shù)據(jù)分析過程中潛在偏見的限制，研究者刪除了所有參與者的姓名，盲目地對所有訪談?dòng)涗涍M(jìn)行編碼，不將任何材料或數(shù)據(jù)與任何特定的個(gè)體相關(guān)聯(lián)。

5.單選題

Intheseventeenthcentury,peoplebelievedthatmaggotscamefromdecayingthings.ButFrancescoRedi,ascientist,couldnotbelievethis.“Howcouldlivingthingscomefromdealthings?”heasked.Redibegantobelievethatallwormsfoundinthemeatwerederivedfromthedroppingsofflies,andnotfromthedecayingmeat.This,ofcourse,wasaguessandnotaconclusion.Scientistscallagoodguesslikethisa“workinghypothesis”becauseitgivesthescientistanideaofhowandwheretostarthiswork.

ThenRedibegantogatherandrecordfactstofindoutifhishypothesiswascorrect.Hedidthisbycarryingoutmanyexperiments,whichweredesignedtohelphimgetthefactsheneeded.

Redipreparedthreejarswithapieceofmeatineach.Heleftoneopen;anotherwascoveredwithcheesecloth;andthethirdwasairtight.Heobservednotonce,butmanytimes,thatthefliesflewtotheopenjarandlaidtheireggsonthemeat.

Theseeggshatchedintomaggots.Fliesalsoflewtothejarcoveredwithcheesecloth,althoughtheycouldnotgetintothejartolaytheireggsonthemeat.Fliesrarelyflewtotheairtightjar.Frommanysuchobservations,Rediconcludedthatmaggotscamefromflies’eggsandnotfromthemeat.

Rediwasnotsatisfiedwithdoingjustoneexperiment,Rather,heperformedthisexperimentmanytimesbeforearrivingathisconclusion.Inthism“”annerheeliminatedthepossibilitythathisresultswereduetochance(luck).

1.InhisexperimentRedileftonejaropen（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,anessentialpartofproperscientificexperimentalprocedureisto

（

）.

3.WhatwouldscientistRediprobablycommentonthetheorythatlifeonEarthevolvedfrombasicchemicalspresentintheEarth’sprimitiveatmosphereandseas?

4.Accordingtothepassage,thesignificancea“workinghypothesis”isthatit（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.becausehehadrunoutoflidsandcheesecloth

B.sothattheflieswouldhaveaccesstothemeat

C.accidentally

D.onlyonce

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.watcheverythingthathappenstolivingcreatures

B.ensurethatmanyvarietiesofasubstanceareused

C.varytheexperimentalconditionstoguaranteegoodresults

D.performnumeroustrialstoreducetheintrusionofrandomeffects

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thetheorywasver’reasonable.

B.Suchdevelopmentsarehighlyunlikely.

C.Othertheoriesofcreationwerepossible.

D.Moredataisneededtotestthetruthofthishypothesis.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.givesthe“scientistsomething”toplaywithinhismind

B.providesamodelofthetrueuniverse

C.allowsusefulstructuringofexperiments

D.providesemploymentforscientists

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】1.判斷推理題。定位到第一段：“Redibegantobelievethatallwormsfoundinthemeatwerederivedfromthedroppingsofflies,andnotfromthedecayingmeat.及第三段“Heobservednotonce,butmanytimes,thatthefliesflewtotheopenjarandlaidtheireggsonthemeat.”Redi開始相信所有在肉中發(fā)現(xiàn)的蠕蟲都來自蒼蠅的糞便，而不是腐爛的肉。他不止一次，而是很多次地觀察到蒼蠅飛到打開的罐子里，在肉上產(chǎn)卵?！迸cB項(xiàng)相符。

2.判斷推理題。由第三段：Heobservednotonce,butmanytimes可知D項(xiàng)“進(jìn)行多次嘗試來減少隨機(jī)效應(yīng)”正確。A項(xiàng)“觀察所有發(fā)生在生物身上的事情”；B項(xiàng)“確保使用多種物質(zhì)”；C項(xiàng)“改變實(shí)驗(yàn)條件，保證實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果良好”；D項(xiàng)“進(jìn)行大量試驗(yàn)以減少隨機(jī)效應(yīng)的干擾”。

3.判斷推理題。由“ThenRedibegantogatherandrecordfactstofindoutifhishypothesiswascorrect.Hedidthisbycarryingoutmanyexperiments,whichweredesignedtohelphimgetthefactsheneeded.以及Rediwasnotsatisfiedwithdoingjustoneexperiment,Rather,heperformedthisexperimentmanytimesbeforearrivingathisconclusion.Inthismannerheeliminatedthepossibilitythathisresultswereduetochance(luck).然后，雷迪開始收集和記錄事實(shí)，以確定他的假設(shè)是否正確。他做了許多實(shí)驗(yàn)，目的是幫助他得到他所需要的事實(shí)。以及雷迪并不滿足于做一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，相反，他執(zhí)行這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)多次到達(dá)他的結(jié)論。他用這種方法消除了他的結(jié)果是由于偶然（運(yùn)氣）的可能性。”可知Redi是一個(gè)注重過程，注重事實(shí)的科學(xué)家。故答案為D。

4.判斷推理題。由第一段“Scientistscallagoodguesslikethisa“workinghypothesis”becauseitgivesthescientistanideaofhowandwheretostarthiswork.科學(xué)家們稱這樣的猜測為“有效假說”，因?yàn)樗尶茖W(xué)家知道如何以及從哪里開始工作?！笨芍狝項(xiàng)“有效假說讓科學(xué)家知道該如何開始工作”符合題意。

6.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingshortparagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoEnglish.

雖然人人都需要一個(gè)職業(yè)是事實(shí)——最好是工資高的。但同樣確實(shí)無誤的是我們的文明已經(jīng)在與我們自己的專業(yè)相去甚遠(yuǎn)的領(lǐng)域積累了多得令人難以置信的知識，而我們也具備了了解這些其他方面知識的更好條件——無論他們是科學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn)還是藝術(shù)上的成就。同樣確實(shí)無誤的是，在研究不同智慧時(shí)，我們可以學(xué)會如何思考。更重要的也許是教育教會我們看到事物之間的聯(lián)系，并看到我們的當(dāng)前需求以外的東西。從長遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn)來看，這正是教育所真正應(yīng)該做到的，而我認(rèn)為它也能夠做到的。

【答案】It'struethateveryoneneedsacareer—preferablyonethatpayswell,butitisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedknowledgethatistoomuchtobebelievedbypeopleinthefieldswhicharefarfromourmajors,andthatwealsohavehadbetterconditionsforunderstandtheknowledgeintheseotheraspects—whethertheyarescientificcontributionsorartisticachievements.Itisalsotruethat,instudyingdifferentshadesofwisdom,wecanlearnhowtothink.Perhapsmoreimportantly,educationteachesustoseetheconnectionsbetweenthingsaswellasthingsbeyondcurrentneeds.Inthelongrun,thisisexactlywhateducationshouldmanagetodo,andIalsobelieveitmayalsobeabletodo.

7.單選題

Whengivinganygeneraloverviewofthedevelopmentanduseofmachinetranslationsystemsandtranslationtools,itisimportanttodistinguishfourbasictypesoftranslationdemands.

Thefirst,andtraditionaltypeofdemandisfortranslationsofaqualitynormallyexpectedfromhumans,i.e.，translationsofpublishablequality.ThisillustratestheuseofMTfordissemination.Ithasbeensatisfied,tosomeextent,bymachinetranslationsystemseversincetheywerefirstdevelopedinthe1960s.However,MTsystemsproduceoutputwhichmustinvariablyberevisedor“post-edited”byhumantranslatorsifitistoreachthequalityrequired.Sometimessuchrevisionmaybesubstantial,sothatineffecttheMTsystemisproducinga“draft”translation.Asanalternative,theinputtextmayberegularized(or“controlled”invocabularyandsentencestructure)sothattheMTsystemproducesfewerrorswhichhavetobecorrected.SomeMTsystemshave,however,beendevelopedtodealwithaverynarrowrangeoftextcontentandlanguagestyle,andthesemayrequirelittleornopreparationorrevisionoftexts.

Thesecondbasicdemandisfortranslationsatasomewhatlowerlevelofquality,whichareintendedforuserswhowanttofindouttheessentialcontentofaparticulardocument—andgenerally,asquicklyaspossible.Thisdemand—theuseofMTforassimilation—hasbeenmetinthepastas,ineffect,aby-productofsystemsdesignedoriginallyforthedisseminationapplication.SinceMTsystemsdidnot(andstillcannot)producehighqualitytranslations,someusershavefoundthattheycanextractwhattheyneedtoknowfromtheuneditedoutput.Theywouldratherhavesometranslation,howeverpoor,thannotranslationatall.WiththecomingofcheaperPC-basedsystemsonthemarket,thistypeofusehasgrownrapidlyandsubstantially.

Thethirdtypeofdemand—MTforinterchange—comesfromtheneedforimmediatetranslationinordertoconveythebasiccontentofmessages.MTsystemsarefindinga“natural”role,sincetheycanoperatevirtuallyorinfactinreal-timeandon-lineandtherehasbeenlittleobjectiontotheinevitablepoorquality,andareusefulinproducingspokenlanguagetranslations,e.g.fortelephoneconversationsandbusinessnegotiations.Theproblemsofintegratingspeechrecognitionandautomatictranslationareobviouslyhardtotackle,butprogressisneverthelessbeingmade.Inthefuture—stilldistant,perhaps—wemayexpecton-lineMTsystemsforthetranslationofspeechinhighlyrestricteddomains.

Thefourthareaofapplicationisfortranslationwithinmultilingualsystemsofinformationretrieval,informationextraction,databaseaccess,etc.ThisfieldisthefocusofanumberofprojectsinEuropeatthepresenttime,whichhavetheaimofwideningaccessforallmembersoftheEuropeanUniontosourcesofdataandinformationwhateverthesourcelanguage.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthatinrenderingpublishabletranslationsofliteraryworks,（

）.

2.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,usersofMTforassimilation

（

）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthefourthparagraphthatwiththeprogressivesophisticationsystems,

（

）.

4.Translationwithinmultilingualsystemsofinformationretrieval,etc,isnowthefocusofanumberofprojectsinEuropebecause（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.MTsystems’performanceissatisfactorytoasubstantialdegree

B.littlecouldbedonebyMTsystemsdevelopedsofar

C.MTsystemscandomuchbetterthanhumantranslators

D.considerablerevisiononMTproducedtextsisneeded

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.aregrowingfastinnumber

B.complainalotaboutitspoorquality

C.cangetlittlefromtheuneditedoutput

D.wouldratherhavenotranslationatall

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.onecancommunicateonthetelephonewithanotherwhospeaksadifferentlanguage

B.interpreterswillnolongerbeusefulininternationalnegotiationsorconferences

C.itwillbeonlynaturalthatpeoplewillfindlittleneedtolearnaforeignlanguage

D.peoplewillfindnocausetocomplainaboutthequalityoftextsturnedoutbyMTsystem

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Europeanshavelittledifficultyinoralcommunication

B.therearemorelanguagesspokeninEuropethaninanyotherregionsoftheworld

C.thereisneedforallmembersoftheEuropeanUniontoaccessdataindifferentlanguages

D.thereislessdifficultyindevelopingMTsystemshandlinglanguagessimilartoeachother

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】1.判斷推理題。由第二段中“However，MTsystemsproduceoutputwhichmustinvariablyberevisedor“post-edited”byhumantranslatorsifitistoreachthequalityrequired.Sometimessuchrevisionmaybesubstantial,sothatineffecttheMTsystemisproducinga“draft”translation.”“然而，MT系統(tǒng)生成輸出總是必須修正或“后編”，翻譯人員是否達(dá)到質(zhì)量要求。有時(shí)這種修訂可能是實(shí)質(zhì)性的，因此MT系統(tǒng)實(shí)際上正在產(chǎn)生一個(gè)“草稿”“翻譯”可知D項(xiàng)正確。A項(xiàng)“MT系統(tǒng)的性能在很大程度上是令人滿意的”；B項(xiàng)“到目前為止，MT系統(tǒng)所能做的很少”；C項(xiàng)“MT系統(tǒng)可以比人工翻譯做得更好”；D項(xiàng)“需要對MT產(chǎn)生的文本進(jìn)行大量修訂”

2.判斷推理題。A項(xiàng)“數(shù)量迅速增長”；B項(xiàng)“抱怨質(zhì)量太差”；C項(xiàng)“從未編輯的輸出中可以得到很少的東西”；D項(xiàng)“寧愿不要翻譯”。由題干定位到第三段中“WiththecomingofcheaperPC-basedsystemsonthemarket,thistypeofusehasgrownrapidlyandsubstantially.”“隨著市場上更便宜的基于pc的系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn)，這種類型的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)迅速而顯著地增長?！笨芍狝項(xiàng)正確。

3.判斷推理題。定位到第四段中“Theproblemsofintegratingspeechrecognitionandautomatictranslationareobviouslyhardtotackle,butprogressisneverthelessbeingmade.Inthefuture—tilldistant,perhaps—wemayexpecton-lineMTsystemsforthetranslationofspeechinhighlyrestricteddomains.語音識別與自動(dòng)翻譯相結(jié)合的問題顯然難以解決，但仍在不斷取得進(jìn)展。在未來—仍然遙遠(yuǎn)，或許，我們可以期待在高度受限的領(lǐng)域中實(shí)現(xiàn)語音翻譯的在線MT系統(tǒng)?！笨芍狝項(xiàng)正確。

4.判斷推理題。由最后一段中“ThisfieldisthefocusofanumberofprojectsinEuropeatthepresenttime,whichhavetheaimofwideningaccessforallmembersoftheEuropeanUniontosourcesofdataandinformationwhateverthesourcelanguage.這一領(lǐng)域是歐洲目前許多項(xiàng)目中的重點(diǎn)，目的是訪問所有歐盟成員國的數(shù)據(jù)和信息來源的源語言。”可知C項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Thetwopaintingsbythegreatartistembodythe（

）styleofthetimesandtheimpulsesthatwouldtransformChinesecontemporaryart.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.iconoclastic

B.heterodoxy

C.recluse

D.phantasmal

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞和形容詞詞義辨析。iconoclastic打破舊習(xí)的；偶像破壞的；heterodoxy異端，異端邪說；recluse隱居的；phantasmal幻影的；幽靈的；空想的。句意：這位偉大的藝術(shù)家所作的這兩幅畫體現(xiàn)了這個(gè)時(shí)代（

）風(fēng)格和將徹底改變中國當(dāng)代藝術(shù)的沖動(dòng)。由theimpulsesthatwouldtransformChinesecontemporaryart.這句中的transformChinesecontemporaryart“徹底改變中國當(dāng)代藝術(shù)”可知空格處所填單詞應(yīng)具有打破舊習(xí)的意思，故答案為A。

9.單選題

Duringperiodsofsocialstability,manyartacademiesaresofirmlycontrolledbydogmatiststhatallrealcreativeworkmustbedonebythe（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.elite

B.disenfranchised

C.reactionaries

D.dissatisfied

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞及名詞辨析。elite“精英；精華”；disenfranchised“被剝奪權(quán)利的”，thedisenfranchised“被剝奪權(quán)利的人”；reactionaries“反動(dòng)派”；dissatisfied“不滿意的；不高興的”。句意：在社會穩(wěn)定時(shí)期，很多藝術(shù)學(xué)院被教條主義者牢牢地控制，以至所有真正有創(chuàng)意的作品必須由那些被剝奪了權(quán)利的人完成。由“controlledbydogmatists被教條主義者控制”及“realcreativework真正有創(chuàng)意的作品”的對應(yīng)知“真正有創(chuàng)意的作品都是由藝術(shù)學(xué)院里被剝奪了權(quán)利的人來完成。被教條主義控制意味著被剝奪了權(quán)利。

10.單選題

Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodiesandmusicaltechniquesintoabriefquadrille-likestructure,designedtobeplayed—exactlyaswritten—onthepiano.AstronganalogyexistsbetweenEuropeancomposerslikeRalphVaughanWilliams,EdvardGrieg,andAntonDvorakwhocombinedfolktunesandtheirownoriginalmaterialsinlargercompositionsandthepioneerragtimecomposersintheUnitedStates.ComposerslikeScottJoplinandlamesScottwereinasensecollectorsormusicologists,collectingdanceandfolkmusicinBlackcommunitiesandconsciouslyshapingitintobriefsuitesoranthologiescalledpianorags.

Ithassometimesbeenchargedthatragtimeismechanical.Forinstance,WilfredMellerscomments,“ragsweretransferredtothepianolarolland,evenifnotplayedbyamachine,shouldbeplayedlikeamachine,withmeticulousprecision.”However,thereisnoreasontoassumethatragtimeisinherentlymechanicalsimplybecausecommercialmanufacturersappliedamechanicalrecordingmethodtoragtime,theonlywaytorecordpianosatthatdate.Ragtime’sisnotamechanicalprecision,anditisnotprecisionlimitedtothestyleofperformance.Itarisesfromragtime’sfollowingawell-definedformandobeyingsimpleruleswithinthatform.

Theclassicformulaforthepianoragdisposesthreetofivethemesinsixteenth-barstrains,oftenorganizedwithrepeats.Theragopenswithabright,memorablestrainortheme,followedbyasimilartheme,leadingtoatrioofmarkedlyricalcharacter,withthestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.Theaimofthestructureistorisefromonethemetoanotherinastair-stepmanner,endingonanoteoftriumphorexhilaration.

Typically,eachstrainisdividedintotwo8-barsegmentsthatareessentiallyalike,sotherhythmic-melodicunitofragtimeisonlyeightbarsof2/4measure.Therefore,themesmustbebriefwithclear,sharpmelodicfigures.Notconcernedwithdevelopmentofmusicalthemes,theragtimecomposerinsteadsetsathemedownintact,infinishedform,andlinksittovariousrelatedthemes.Tensioninragtimecompositionsarisesfromapolaritybetweentwobasicingredients:acontinuousbass―calledbyjazzmusiciansaboom-chickbass—inthepianist’slefthand,anditsmelodic,syncopatedcounterpartintherighthand.

Ragtimeremainsdistinctfromjazzbothasaninstrumentalstyleandasagenre.Ragtimestylestressesapatternofrepeatedrhythms,nottheconstantinventionsandvariationsofjazz.Asagenre,ragtimerequiresstrictattentiontostructure,notinventivenessorvirtuosity.Itexistsasatradition,asetofconventions,abodyofwrittenscores,separatefromtheindividualplayersassociatedwithit.Inthissenseragtimeismoreakintofolkmusicofthenineteenthcenturythantojazz.

1.Accordingtothepassage,eachofthefollowingisacharacteristicofragtimecompositionsthatfollowtheclassicragtimeformulaEXCEPT（

）.

2.Theauthorrejectstheargumentthatragtimeisamechanicalmusicbecausethatargument

（

）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheessentialnatureofragtimehasbeenobscuredbycommentariesbasedon

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingismostnearlyanalogousinsourceandartisticcharactertoaragtimecompositionasdescribedinthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.syncopation

B.abasslinedistinctfromthemelodicline

C.risingrhythmic-melodicintensity

D.fulldevelopmentofmusicalthemes

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.improperlyidentifiescommercialragtimemusicwiththesubtlerclassicragtimestyle.

B.doesnotaccuratelydescribethesoundofragtimepianolamusic.

C.confusesthemeansofrecordingandtheessentialcharacterofthemusic.

D.exaggeratestheinfluenceoftheperformancestyleofprofessionalragtimeplayersonthereputationofthegenre.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thewayragtimemusicwasfirstrecorded

B.themusicalsourcesusedbyScottJoplinandJamesScott

C.thedancefashionsthatwerecontemporaryragtime

D.earlyreviewers’accountsofcharacteristicstructure

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Symphonicmusicderivedfromcomplexjazzmotifs.

B.Anexperimentalnovelbasedonwell-knowncartooncharacters.

C.Adramaticproductioninwhichactorsinventscenesandimproviselines.

D.Aballetwhosedisciplinedchoreographyisbasedonfolk-dancesteps.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】1.判斷推理題。題干問的是根據(jù)這篇文章，除了哪一項(xiàng)外，下面的每一個(gè)都是拉格泰姆作品的一個(gè)特征？題干問的是根據(jù)這篇文章，除了哪一項(xiàng)外，下面的每一個(gè)都是拉格泰姆作品的一個(gè)特征？定位到第四段中Notconcernedwithdevelopmentofmusicalthemes,theragtimecomposerinsteadsetsathemedownintact,infinishedform,andlinksittovariousrelatedthemes.Tensioninragtimecompositionsarisesfromapolaritybetweentwobasicingredients:acontinuousbass―calledbyjazzmusiciansaboom-chickbass~inthepianist’slefthand,anditsmelodic,syncopatedcounterpartintherighthand.拉格泰姆作曲家不關(guān)心音樂主題的發(fā)展，而是完整地、完整地設(shè)定一個(gè)主題，并把它與各種相關(guān)的主題聯(lián)系起來。拉格泰姆樂曲的張力來自于兩種基本元素之間的對立:鋼琴師左手彈連續(xù)低音(爵士音樂家稱之為“boom-chickbass”)和右手彈有旋律的切分低音?？芍狣項(xiàng)“音樂主題的全面發(fā)展”不是拉格泰姆作曲的特點(diǎn)，故D項(xiàng)正確。A項(xiàng)“切分音”和B項(xiàng)“與旋律線不同的低音線”，C項(xiàng)“旋律強(qiáng)度不斷上升”這段均有提及。

2.判斷推理題。定位到第二段中Ithassometimesbeenchargedthatragtimeismechanical.Forinstance,WilfredMellerscomments,“ragsweretransferredtothepianolarolland,evenifnotplayedby