2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-湘潭大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)28

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-湘潭大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman,Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

1.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

2.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

3.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthormeanby’’mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?

5.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Akindofoverlookedinequality

B.Atypeofconspicuousbias

C.Atypeofpersonalprejudice

D.Akindofbranddiscrimination

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess

B.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman

C.Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names

D.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

B.alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass

C.teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents

D.studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyaregettingimpatient

B.Theyarenoisilydozingoff

C.Theyarefeelinghumiliated

D.Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated

B.VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism

C.Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo

D.Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干詢問(wèn)“作者提及AAAA汽車(chē)與Zodiac汽車(chē)的是什么？”。由

第二段第一句“IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.眾所周知，在顧客瀏覽他們的電話薄時(shí)，被稱(chēng)為AAAA汽車(chē)的出租車(chē)公司比被稱(chēng)為Zodiac汽車(chē)的出租車(chē)公司有大的優(yōu)勢(shì)”與第一段第二句“Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.但是，一個(gè)潛伏的形式（即字母順序主義）繼續(xù)繁榮”確定A選項(xiàng)“一種被忽視的不平等”正確；

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問(wèn)‘從前三段我們可以推斷出什么?’。由第一段中“Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.但是，一個(gè)潛伏的形式（即字母順序主義）繼續(xù)在繁榮”及第二段中“LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman不太為人所知的是AdamAbbott（即姓名以字母A開(kāi)始的人）在生活中相比ZoeZysman（即姓名以字母Z開(kāi)始的人）具有的優(yōu)勢(shì)”可知生活中的這種現(xiàn)象常被人忽視，所以D選項(xiàng)“一些形式的歧視太隱約而不易引人注意”正確。A選項(xiàng)“無(wú)論在東方還是西方，名字對(duì)于成功都是必要的”、B選項(xiàng)“字母表對(duì)ZoeZysman（即姓名以字母Z開(kāi)始的人）的失敗應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任”和C項(xiàng)“消費(fèi)者經(jīng)常很關(guān)注公司的名字”均不符合文意，排除。

3.推理判斷題。題干詢問(wèn)‘第四段指出…’。由第四段第四句“Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.因此，近視的Zysman（即姓名以字母Z開(kāi)始的人）小學(xué)生被困在后排，且很少被問(wèn)到由那些麻木不仁的老師提出有啟發(fā)性的問(wèn)題”確定C選項(xiàng)“教師應(yīng)該關(guān)注自己所有的學(xué)生”正確。

4.推理判斷題。題干詢問(wèn)‘作者所說(shuō)的“大多數(shù)人都在打盹”是什么意思(第5段第2-3行)?’。由第五段中第三句“Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.求職面試名單、選票、會(huì)議發(fā)言者和參加人名單都傾向于按字母順序地被擬定，而它們的接受者卻在費(fèi)力地閱讀它們時(shí)失去了興趣?！迸c第二句“Atuniversitygraduationceremonies在大學(xué)畢業(yè)的典禮”這個(gè)場(chǎng)景的對(duì)應(yīng)確定B選項(xiàng)“他們正在鼾聲隆隆地打瞌睡”符合語(yǔ)境，正確。

5.推理判斷題。題干詢問(wèn)‘根據(jù)文章，下列哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確的?’。全文圍繞“alphabetism字母順序主義”論述其帶來(lái)的各種偏見(jiàn)、歧視和不平等。如被稱(chēng)為AAAA汽車(chē)的出租車(chē)公司比被稱(chēng)為Zodiac汽車(chē)的出租車(chē)公司有大的優(yōu)勢(shì)，近視的Zysman（即姓名以字母Z開(kāi)始的人）小學(xué)生被困在后排，且很少被問(wèn)到由那些麻木不仁的老師提出的啟發(fā)性的問(wèn)題?！彼訢選項(xiàng)“按照字母順序安放事情可能導(dǎo)致非故意的偏見(jiàn)”正確。

2.單選題

Myboneshavebeenachingagain,astheyoftendoinhumidweather.Theyachelikehistory:thingslongdonewith,thatstillremainaspain.Whentheacheisbadenoughitkeepsmefromsleeping.EverynightIyearnforsleep,Istriveforit;yetitfluttersonaheadofmelikeacurtain.Therearesleepingpills,ofcourse,butthedoctorhaswarnedmeagainstthem.

Lastnight,afterwhatseemedhoursofdampturmoil,Igotupandcreptslipperlessdownthestairs,feelingmywayinthefaintstreetlightthatcamethroughthewindow.Oncesafelyarrivedatthebottom,Iwalkedintothekitchenandlookedaroundintherefrigerator.TherewasnothingmuchIwantedtoeat:theremainsofabunchofcelery,ablue-tingedheelofbread,alemongoingsoft.I'vefallenintothehabitsofthesolitary;mymealsaresnatchedandrandom.Furtivesnacks,furtivetreatsandpicnics.Imadedowithsomepeanutbutter,scoopeddirectlyfromthejarwithaforefinger:whydirtyaspoon?

Standingtherewiththejarinonehandandmyfingerinmymouth,Ihadthefeelingthatsomeonewasabouttowalkintotheroom~someotherwoman,theunseen,validowner~andaskmewhatinhellIwasdoinginherkitchen.I’vehaditbefore,thesensethateveninthecourseofmymostlegitimateanddailyactions—peelingabanana,brushingmyteeth―Iamtrespassing.

Atnightthehousewasmorethaneverlikeastranger's.Iwanderedthroughthefrontroom,thediningroom,theparlour,handonthewallforbalance.Myvariouspossessionswerefloatingintheirownpoolsofshadow,denyingmyownershipofthem.Ilookedthemoverwithaburglar’seye,decidingwhatmightbeworththeriskofstealing,whatontheotherhandIwouldleavebehind.Robberswouldtaketheobviousthings~thesilverteapotthatwasmygrandmother’s,perhapsthehand-paintedchina.Thetelevisionset.NothingIreallywant.

1.Theauthorcouldnotfallasleepbecause（

）.

2.TheauthordidnotlikethefoodintherefrigeratorbecauseitwasNOT（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.itwastoodampinthebedroom

B.shehadrunoutofsleepingpills

C.shewasinverypoorhealth

D.shefeltveryhungry

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.fresh

B.sufficient

C.nutritious

D.delicious

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干詢問(wèn)作者不能入睡的原因。由第一段中第三句“Whentheacheisbadenoughitkeepsmefromsleeping.EverynightIyearnforsleep,Istriveforit;yetitfluttersonaheadofmelikeacurtain.當(dāng)疼痛非常嚴(yán)重時(shí)，它讓我無(wú)法入睡。每晚我都渴望睡覺(jué)，我努力去睡著，但是睡覺(jué)如同一個(gè)窗簾樣在我的面前飄動(dòng)”確定C選項(xiàng)“她身體非常不好”正確。

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問(wèn)作者不喜歡吃冰箱的食物的原因。由第二段第三句“TherewasnothingmuchIwantedtoeat:theremainsofabunchofcelery,ablue-tingedheelofbread,alemongoingsoft.這里沒(méi)有太多我想吃的東西：剩下的東西有一把芹菜、一塊染了藍(lán)色的面包尾部和一個(gè)正變軟的檸檬”確定A選項(xiàng)“新鮮”正確；B選項(xiàng)“充足的”、C選項(xiàng)“營(yíng)養(yǎng)的”和D選項(xiàng)“可口的”不正確。

3.單選題

TheChinese,whobegansystematicastronomicalandweatherobservationshortlyaftertheancientEgyptians,wereassiduousrecord-keepersandbecauseofthiscanclaimhumanity'slongestcontinuous（

）ofnaturalevents.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.defiance

B.documentation

C.maintenance

D.domination

【答案】B

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)的defiance“挑戰(zhàn)，挑釁，蔑視”；B選項(xiàng)的documentation“文件”；C選項(xiàng)的maintenance“維持，維修，保養(yǎng)”；D選項(xiàng)的domination“支配，統(tǒng)治”。根據(jù)句意‘中國(guó)人繼古埃及人之后旋即展開(kāi)了有系統(tǒng)的天文與氣候觀察，可謂是勤勉不輟的文獻(xiàn)記錄者，基于這一原因，中國(guó)人可聲稱(chēng)擁有人類(lèi)歷史上對(duì)自然事件最漫長(zhǎng)悠久、持之以恒的文獻(xiàn)記載’確定B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotograph’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenceofphotographywayidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofrealityphotographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.

Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves-anythingbutmakingworksofart.Theyarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart.ItshowstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.

Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.Muchofphotography’sprestigetodayderivesfromtheconvergenceofitsaimswiththoseofrecentart,particularlywiththedismissalofabstractartimplicitinthephenomenonofPoppaintingduringthe1960’s.Appreciatingphotographsisarelieftosensibilitiestiredofthementalexertionsdemandedbyabstractart.ClassicalModernistpainting—thatis,abstractartasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyPicasso,Kandinsky,andMatissepresupposeshighlydevelopedskillsoflookingandafamiliaritywithotherpaintingsandthehistoryofart.Photography,likePoppainting,reassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity---inshort,anart.

1.Theauthorismainlyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes"theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism"astheauthorrepresentsitinLine13?

3.WhydoestheauthorintroduceAbstractExpressionistpainter?

4.Howdidthenineteenth-centurydefendersofphotographystressthephotography?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.definingtheModernistattitudetowardart

B.explaininghowphotographyemergedasafineart

C.explainingtheattitudeofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext

D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheirartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Objective

B.Mechanical

C.Superficial

D.Paradoxical.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Hewantstoprovideanexampleofartistswho,likeseriouscontemporaryphotographers,disavowedtraditionallyacceptedaimsofmodemart.

B.HewantstosetforthananalogybetweentheAbstractExpressionistpaintersandclassicalModernistpainters.

C.HewantstoprovideacontrasttoPopartistandothers.

D.Hewantstoprovideanexplanationofwhyseriousphotography,likeothercontemporaryvisualforms,isnotandshouldnotpretendtobeanart.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theystressedphotographywasameansofmakingpeoplehappy.

B.Itwasartforrecordingtheworld.

C.Itwasadeviceforobservingtheworldimpartially.

D.Itwasanartcomparabletopainting.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。A選項(xiàng)“界定現(xiàn)代主義者對(duì)藝術(shù)的態(tài)度”；B選項(xiàng)解釋攝影是如何作為美術(shù)出現(xiàn)的”；C選項(xiàng)“說(shuō)明當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅的攝影家對(duì)攝影作為藝術(shù)的態(tài)度，并把他們這些態(tài)度放在歷史的進(jìn)程來(lái)觀察?！?；D選項(xiàng)“界定當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅攝影家對(duì)待他們的藝術(shù)所具有的各種觀點(diǎn)，并判定每種觀點(diǎn)的價(jià)值”，根據(jù)文章大意可知最能概括文章中作者的主要思想的是D選項(xiàng)。

2.根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句“ItshowstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism;thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.”“這說(shuō)明他們就是把現(xiàn)代主義勝利所強(qiáng)加的藝術(shù)概念視為合理的，其合理程度是：藝術(shù)越強(qiáng)，對(duì)藝術(shù)的傳統(tǒng)目的破壞得越大?！贝_定D選項(xiàng)“矛盾的”正確，

3.推理判斷題。A選項(xiàng)“他想列舉哪些像當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅的攝影家一樣拋棄了傳統(tǒng)上被接受的現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)目的的藝術(shù)家的例子”，B選項(xiàng)“他想在抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫(huà)家和古典現(xiàn)代主義畫(huà)家之間找出相似點(diǎn)”，C選項(xiàng)“他想在流行藝術(shù)家和其它藝術(shù)家之間做一個(gè)對(duì)比”，D選項(xiàng)“他想解釋為什么嚴(yán)肅攝影，像其它當(dāng)代視覺(jué)形式一樣不是藝術(shù)，而且也不應(yīng)當(dāng)充當(dāng)藝術(shù)”。根據(jù)文章第三段第二句“Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting”“例如，這些認(rèn)為通過(guò)拍照可以擺脫繪畫(huà)所表現(xiàn)的藝術(shù)的矯飾的攝影家，使我們想起了那些抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫(huà)家設(shè)想通過(guò)集中于繪畫(huà)的物理行為而擺脫古典現(xiàn)代主義繪畫(huà)所表現(xiàn)的嚴(yán)肅的思想。”，確定A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句“Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofrealityphotographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.”“針對(duì)攝影是一種沒(méi)有靈魂的、對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)機(jī)械性復(fù)制的指責(zé)，攝影工作者聲稱(chēng)攝影不是復(fù)制品，而是一種特殊的觀察方式，是對(duì)平庸視覺(jué)的叛逆，和繪畫(huà)一樣有藝術(shù)價(jià)值?！笨芍?9世紀(jì)攝影的支持者通過(guò)指出攝影是一種藝術(shù)并且和繪畫(huà)一樣有藝術(shù)價(jià)值來(lái)對(duì)攝影進(jìn)行維護(hù)，所以D選項(xiàng)“攝影是一種藝術(shù)，可以和繪畫(huà)相媲美”符合題意。

5.單選題

Ahumanbeingisquite（

）creature,fortheglossofrationalitythatcovershisorherfearsand（

）isthinandofteneasilybreached.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.afrail...insecurity

B.avaliant...phobias

C.anambitious...morality

D.aludicrous...laughter

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞和名詞詞義辨析題。A選項(xiàng)的frail‘脆弱的，身體虛弱的”；insecurity“不安全，無(wú)保障”；B選項(xiàng)的valiant“勇敢的”；phobia“恐懼，厭惡”；C選項(xiàng)的ambitious“有野心的，有強(qiáng)烈欲望的，有抱負(fù)的”;morality“道德，品行”;D選項(xiàng)的ludicrous“滑稽的，荒唐可笑的”;laughter“笑，笑聲”。根據(jù)句意‘人類(lèi)是一種極為脆弱的生物體，因?yàn)檠谏w著其恐懼心和不安全感的那層理性的外表是那么的薄弱，且常常易于破裂’確定A選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Oneofthegoodthingsformeninwomen'sliberationisthatmennolongerhavetopaywomentheold-fashionedcourtesies.

Inanarticleonthenewmanners,Ms.Holmessaysthataperfectlyablewomannolongerhastoacthelplesslyinpublicasifshewereamodel.Forexample,shedoesn’tneedhelpgettinginandoutofcars.”Womengetinandoutofcarstwentytimesadaywithbabiesanddogs.Surelytheycangetoutbythemselvesatnightjustaseasily".

Shealsosaysthereisnoreasonwhyamanshouldwalkontheoutsideofawomanonthesidewalk"Historicallythemanwalkedontheinsidesohecaughtthegarbagethrownoutofawindow.Todayamanissupposedtowalkontheoutside.Amanshouldwalkwherehewantsto.Soshouldawoman.If,outofloveandrespect,heactuallywantstotaketheblows,heshouldwalkontheinside—becausethat’swhereattackersareallhidingthesedays".

Asfarasmannersareconcerned,IsupposeIhavealwaysbeenasupporterofwomen’sliberation.Overtheyears,outofasenseofrespect,Iimagine,Ihaverefusedtotroublewomenwithoutdatedcourtesies.

Itisusuallyeasiertofollowrulesofsocialbehaviorthantodependonone'sowntaste.Butrulesmaybesafelybroken,ofcourse,bythoseofuswiththegiftofnaturalgrace.Forexample,whenamanandwomanareledtotheirtableinarestaurantandthewaiterpullsoutachair,thewomanisexpectedtositinthechair.ThatisaccordingtoMs.AnnClark,Ihavealwaysdoneittheotherwayaccordingtomywife.

Itcameuponlytheothernight.Ifollowedthehostesstothetable,andwhenshepulledthechairout,IsatonitquitenaturallysinceithappenedtobethechairIwantedtositin.

"Well,"mywifesaid,whenthehostesshadgone,"youdiditagain?'

"Didwhat?’，Iasked,utterlyconfused

"Tookthechair"

Actually,sincePdwalkedthroughtherestaurantaheadofmywife,itwouldhavebeenawkward.Ishouldthink,nottohavetakenthechair.Ihadgottherefirstafterall.

Also,ithasalwaysbeenmycustomtogetinacarfirst,andletthewomangetinbyherself.ThisisacourtesyIinsistonasthestrongersex,outofloveandrespect.Intimeslikethese,theremightbeattackershiddenabout.Itwouldbeunsuitabletoputawomaninacarthenshutthedooronher,leavingheratthemercyofsomebadfellowwhomightbehidinginthebackseat.

1.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat（

）.

2.Bysaying"youdiditagain”,theauthor'swifemeansthat

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonwhytheauthorgetsintoacarbeforeawoman?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.it’ssafetobreakrulesofsocialbehaviors

B.inwomen’sliberationmenarealsoliberated

C.womenarebecomingmorecompetentthanbefore

D.menshouldwalkintheoutsideofapavement

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theauthorshouldhaveshownhispolitenessbypullingoutthechairforher

B.theauthorshouldnothavesatdownbeforeshedid

C.theauthorshouldnothavesatinthechairpulledoutbythewaitress

D.theauthorshouldhavewalkedbehindher

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Heintendstobepolitetothewoman

B.Hedoesthatbyforceofhabit

C.Hewantstoprotectthewomanfromhiddendanger

D.Hethinkswomennowadaysareascapableasmen

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干詢問(wèn)‘從這篇文章可以得出,,,’。由第五段中“Itisusuallyeasiertofollowrulesofsocialbehaviorthantodependonone'sowntaste.Butrulesmaybesafelybroken,ofcourse,bythoseofuswiththegiftofnaturalgrace.通常，遵守社會(huì)行為準(zhǔn)則比根據(jù)自己的品味行事更容易。當(dāng)然，我們這些天生優(yōu)雅的人可以安全地打破規(guī)則?！贝_定A選項(xiàng)“打破社會(huì)行為準(zhǔn)則是安全的”太絕對(duì)；由第一段中“Oneofthegoodthingsformeninwomen’sliberationisthatmennolongerhavetopaywomentheold-fashionedcourtesies.在婦女解放運(yùn)動(dòng)中，男人的好處之一是不再需要向女人支付舊式的禮遇?！贝_定B選項(xiàng)“在婦女的解放中，男性也被解放了”正確。C選項(xiàng)“女性正變得比以前更有能力”在文中沒(méi)有提及；由第三段第二句“Amanshouldwalkwherehewantsto.男性應(yīng)該在他想走的地方走路”確定D項(xiàng)“男性應(yīng)該走在人行道的外側(cè)”與原文不符。

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問(wèn)‘說(shuō)“你又做了一次”，作者的妻子意味著…’。根據(jù)第五段第三句“Forexample,whenamanandwomanareledtotheirtableinarestaurantandthewaiterpullsoutachair,thewomanisexpectedtositinthechair.ThatisaccordingtoMs.AnnClark,Ihavealwaysdoneittheotherwayaccordingtomywife.例如，當(dāng)一個(gè)男人和一個(gè)女人在餐館被領(lǐng)到他們的桌子前，服務(wù)員拉出一把椅子，這個(gè)女人應(yīng)該坐在椅子上。根據(jù)安?克拉克女士的說(shuō)法，我總是用另一種方法來(lái)做。”，下文就舉出作者自己做得相反的例子和倒數(shù)第三段中回答“Tookthechair坐了這個(gè)椅子”，可以確定C選項(xiàng)“作者不應(yīng)該坐在被女侍者拉出的椅子上”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問(wèn)‘以下哪一項(xiàng)不是作者比女士先上車(chē)的原因?’。由最后一段第一句“Also,ithasalwaysbeenmycustomtogetinacarfirst,andletthewomangetinbyherself.ThisisacourtesyIinsistonasthestrongersex,outofloveandrespect.而且，我的習(xí)慣是先上車(chē)，讓女士自己上車(chē)。這是一種禮貌，我堅(jiān)持作為更強(qiáng)的性別，出于愛(ài)和尊重。”確定A選項(xiàng)“他想對(duì)女性有禮貌”和B選項(xiàng)“他這那樣做是出于習(xí)慣”是作者先于女性上車(chē)的原因；也確定D選項(xiàng)“他認(rèn)為今天的女性如男人一樣有能力”不是作者先于女性上車(chē)的原因，符合題意，正確；由最后一段中“Intimeslikethese,theremightbeattackershiddenabout.在這樣的時(shí)候，可能會(huì)有攻擊者隱藏起來(lái)。”確定C選項(xiàng)“他想保護(hù)女性不受隱藏的危險(xiǎn)的傷害”也是作者先于女性上車(chē)的原因。

7.單選題

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills.Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Humanresourcemanagement(HRM)isnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehiredorrentedatthelowestpossiblecost,whichisamuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhumanresourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm'shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.WhichofthefollowingappliestotheHRMofAmericancompanies?

2.What'sthepositionoftheexecutiveofHRMinanAmericanfirm?

3.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputinworkforcetrainingmainlygoeson（

）.

4.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhirepeoplewiththeleastpossiblemoneyregardlessoftheirskills.

B.Theyseeskillsgainastheiremployees’ownbusiness.

C.Theyprefertohireself-trainedworkers.

D.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeenemploymentcompetition.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm.

B.Hispositionislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologieshavebeenintroduced.

C.Hehasnosayinginmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.

D.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.technologicalandmanagerialstaff.

B.workerswhowillrunnewequipment.

C.workerswholackbasicbackgroundskills.

D.topexecutives.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Americanfirm'sHRMstrategiesaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.

B.HRMisakeyfactorinafirm’ssurvival.

C.ThecostofworkingtraininginAmericaishigherthanthatinJapanandGermany.

D.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinHRM.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目提問(wèn)‘下面哪個(gè)適用于美國(guó)公司中人力資源的管理？’根據(jù)文章第一段第三句“Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.技能的獲得被認(rèn)為是個(gè)人的責(zé)任?！贝_定B選項(xiàng)“公司認(rèn)為雇員掌握技術(shù)問(wèn)題是他們自己的事”正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目提問(wèn)‘在美國(guó)公司中人力資源部門(mén)的主管的地位怎樣？’根據(jù)文章第二段中第三句“Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.人力資源管理主管這一職位通常是一項(xiàng)專(zhuān)門(mén)的工作，位于公司等級(jí)制度的邊緣?！焙偷谒木洹癟heexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).持有該職位的行政人員從未就重大戰(zhàn)略決策征求過(guò)意見(jiàn)，也沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)晉升為首席執(zhí)行官。”可以確定美國(guó)公司里的人力資源部門(mén)的主管在管理層中是非常沒(méi)有地位的，在重大決策中是沒(méi)有發(fā)言權(quán)的，所以C選項(xiàng)“他在公司里做重要決定時(shí)沒(méi)有發(fā)言權(quán)”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目提問(wèn)‘大多數(shù)美國(guó)公司投入勞動(dòng)力培訓(xùn)的資金主要用于什么？根據(jù)文章第三段第二句‘Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.’可知，他們?cè)谂嘤?xùn)方面的投資也主要用在了技術(shù)和管理人員的身上。所以A選項(xiàng)“技術(shù)和管理人員”正確。

4.主旨大意題。題目提問(wèn)‘這篇文章主題是什么？’文章主要談?wù)撊绻?jìng)爭(zhēng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)取決于工人的技術(shù)，那么美國(guó)的公司就遇到麻煩了。美國(guó)公司不正確的人才管理戰(zhàn)略，使它們的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力受到了挑戰(zhàn)。所以A選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)公司的人力資源管理策略影響了它的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力”正確。

8.單選題

Exposuretolow-intensitygammaradiationslowstherateofgrowthofthespoilageofmicro-organismsinfoodinmuchthesamewaythatthelowheatusedinpasteurization（

）thespoilageactionofthemicro-organismsinmilk.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.precludes

B.initiates

C.inhibits

D.purifies

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)“阻止，妨礙”；B選項(xiàng)“創(chuàng)始，發(fā)起”；C選項(xiàng)“阻止，抑制”；D選項(xiàng)“使（某物）潔凈，凈化（心靈）”；根據(jù)句意‘暴露于低強(qiáng)度的伽馬電磁輻射下可以阻緩食物中腐壞微生物的生長(zhǎng)速度，按照相同的原理，在巴式消毒法中，低熱會(huì)遏制住牛奶中微生物的腐壞作用’確定C選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Thereare,asyet,novegetationtypesorecosystemswhosestudyhasbeen（

）totheextentthattheynolongerecologists

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.erest

B.perfected...hinder

C.diverted...arouse

D.vetoed...irritate

【答案】A

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析題。exhaust“排出，耗盡，使精疲力盡，詳盡論述”；interest“使感興趣，使關(guān)心，使注意，使參與，使有利害關(guān)系”；B選項(xiàng)的perfect“使……完美（完善）”；hinder“阻礙，妨礙，成為阻礙”；C選項(xiàng)的divert“使轉(zhuǎn)向，使繞道，轉(zhuǎn)移（某人）的注意力，使分心”；arouse“激起，引起（感情、態(tài)度），喚醒某人，激發(fā)，行動(dòng)起來(lái)“；D選項(xiàng)的veto“否決，禁止，反對(duì)”；irritate“刺激，使興奮，激怒”。根據(jù)句意‘迄今為止，還沒(méi)有任何植物類(lèi)型或生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，人們對(duì)它們的研宄能達(dá)到如此詳盡無(wú)遺的地步，以致它不再能夠引起生態(tài)學(xué)家的興趣’確定A選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

TheSydneyOlympicsofferedmeanopportunitytolearnmoreaboutstagingamajormulti-sporteventandthisknowledge,Ifelt,wouldstandmeingoodsteadasIdevelopedthemediaservicesthatwouldbeneededforourSaltLakeCityWinterGamesin2002.

Ialsodecidedthatworkingasavolunteerwouldgivemeagreaterunderstandingofawholerangeofissues,whichiswhyIjoinedtheranksofthoseworkinginthefrontline.

ButlittledidIsuspectjusthowmuch,theexperiencewouldoffermesuchpowerfulfeelingandastrongsenseofpride-emotionswhichinfluencethemanymemoriesthatItookawaywithmewhenIleftSydney.

Asawomanvolunteer,Iamnotusuallykeenonuniforms,butfromthemomentIputonmySydneyvolunteer’suniformIfeltIwaspartofsomethingimportantsomethingbigthatcouldwellbeaonce-in-a-lifetimeexperience.Iimmediatelybondedwithothersinthesameuniformandaswepassedeachotherinthestreetdressedinourcolorfuloutfits,wesmiledandsaid“G’day”toeachotherandthosegreetingscontinuedthroughoutthetwoweeksoftheOlympics.

MyjobwasasasupervisorintheMainPressCenterwhereImanaged800journalists*desks,thetelephones,thebanksoftelevisionandothervolunteers,manyofwhomweremediastudents.OurshiftswereeighthourslongandoftenovernightastheCenterwasopen24hours,butwegenerallystayedlongeroutofchoiceastheworkwasimportantan