跨文化交際中的中英饋贈禮儀(資料)

Ingeneralpeoplelovetogiveandreceivegifts.Theyareremindersofpleasanttimesandfriendships.Buteachcountryhasitsseasonsandoccasionsforgivinggifts.Gift-givinginsomeculturesisconsideredanintegralpartofbuildinginterculturalprofessionalandsocialrelationships.Thecarefulselectionandwrappingofagiftandpresentingitatthepropertimewithpropermannersconveystoothersyoursocialsensitivityandgoodmanners.Oneman’smeatcanbeanotherman’poison.Togivethepropergiftonemustunderstandthecultureofthereceiver.Gift-givinginChina:InChina,highvalueisplacedonthepracticeofGuanxiwhichisrootedinConfucianvalues.SincetheChineseviewgiftsassymbolsoffriendship,trustandmutualobligation,itisbesttoselectitemsthatrepresentone culture’s.ownThefollowingitemsaresuggested:DeskaccessoriesKitchengadgetsFramedpaintingsCalculatorsandWatchesFlowersandFoodAcellularphoneorsmallCDplayerGiftstoavoidare:ForeigncurrencyGreenheadwearClocksUmbrellasWhiteflowersSharpobjectslikeknivesorscissorsChinesetendtoacceptthefollowing:Donotunwrapagiftinthepresenceofthegiver.Alwaysreceivewithtwohands.Politelyshowreluctancewhenacceptingagift.Reciprocationisalsonecessary.Wrappingabusinessgiftisnotnecessary.Giftsareopenedinfrontofthegiver.Theoralexpressionofthanksisfollowedbyawrittenone.Businessgiftstotheofficeordepartmentareopenedimmediatelyandsharedbyall.GiftGivingEtiquetteAbstract：：：：Intoday’ssociety,giftgivingisverycommonineveryfield.However,giftsarecarrydifferentmeaning;eventhesameitemcanhavedifferentmeaningtodifferentpeople.Topresentgiftsproperlyisveryimportantandnotaneasyjobs.Inthispaper,thegiftgivingetiquettearegoingtodiscuss,somegeneralrulesaswellasthespecialtaboosofgiftgivingwerepresented.Thepurposeofthispaperistolearnmoreaboutthegiftgivingetiquetteandmakeithelpfulinthereality.Keywords:Giftgiving;etiquette;generalrule;specialstaboos;ⅠⅠⅠⅠIntroductionDuringthedailycontact,peoplealwaysgivegiftinsomespecialoccasions.Giftgivingcanhelptoexpresstheemotionsaswellasenhancethefriendshipamongpeople.However,giftgivingrequiredacultureunderstandingofetiquette,especiallyinthebusinessfield.Thewellunderstandingofgiftgivingetiquettecanhelptogetagoodrelationshipwiththebusinesscolleagues,clientsandcustomers.Thispaperwillgoingtodiscussaboutgiftgivingetiquetteofdifferentnations.itwilldividedintofourparts.Thefirstpartistheintroductionthesecondpartsisaboutthegeneralprinciplesofgiftgivingetiquette;thethirdpartwilltalkingsomespecialruleofdifferentnations,andthelastpartofthispaperistheconclusion;ⅡⅡⅡⅡThegeneralprinciplesaboutgiftgivingGiftgivingisawaytoexpresspeople’semotions,buthowtogiveagiftproperlyisaenergyconsumingjob,becausesomanyspecialdetailtobeconsideredaswellassomegeneralrulestofollow.Whenpeoplearegivinggift,nomatterinbusinessorsomeotheroccasions,generally,therearesix “W”tobeconsidered.Thefirst“W”is“who”,whichreferstotheacquirer,itisthemostimportantprinciple,thisprinciplerequirepeopletoknowmoredetailabouttheacquirerwhengivingagift.Peoplehavedifferentnationalities;backgroundculture,religions,occupations,educationsandevendifferentgenderhavedifferentunderstandingaboutgift.Soitshouldbecarefultochooseasuitablegiftforspecialacquirers.Thesecondprincipleofgivinggiftis“What”,inanotherword,itisaboutwhatkindofgifttobegiven.Thechoosingofgiftplaysanimportantrole.Besidestheacquirerfactor,someotherfactorsshouldbeconsidered.Forinstance,theidentityofthegift-giver,therelationshipofthetwosides,bothofthesearethefactorstobeconsidered.Besidesthesespecificfactors,therearesomegeneralrulesofchoosinggifts.Generally,thecommemorativeofagiftshouldbeemphasizing,also,thegiftsthateasyforcarryingorbringsomespecialmeaningmaybeagoodchoice.Forexample,sometraditionalChinesehandicraftslikekite,chopsticksanddecoupageareselectedgiftforforeigners.Thus,therearesometaboos,thelistfollowingarenotsupposedtogiveasgift:cashandsecurities;jewelries;medicineandnourishment;gifthavealabel;somethingthatcarryoffensivemeaning;somethingeasytogetmisunderstanding;somethingagainstthelaw;Thethird“W”is“Why”--thepurposeofgivinggift.Thepurposeofgiftgivinghasagreatinfluenceofgiftschoosing.Somemakesurethepurposeisveryimportant.Ingeneralway,giftgivingareusingasawaytoexpressthethanks,toshowthefriendlyandkindly;Whenitcomestothefourth“W’,itreferstothewordwhen,which—meansthetimetogivepresent.Peopleshouldchooseapropertime;usually,guestaresupposedtogivegiftatthefirsttimetovisitthehost,whilethehostaresupposedtogivegiftwhentheguestaregoingtoleave; Thefifth “W”,referstowheretheplace—togivegift.Withdifferentpurposeofgivinggift,theplacesshouldbedifferent.Whenthegiftaregivingonbusiness,itshouldbegivinginthepublicinordertoshowtherespectandfairness,whilethegiftaregivingasprivate,theplaceshouldbeprivateaswell. Thelastprincipleis “How”,thewayofgivinggift.Usually,itshouldbegivenpersonally,someotherwaylikegivingbyotherpeopleisacceptable.However,itisnotprefertosendgiftbypost.ⅢⅢⅢⅢSpecialrulesofdifferencenationsBesidesthegeneralrules,whengivinggift,differentnationshavetheirowntaboos,itrequiregift-giverhaveawellunderstandingoftheetiquetteaboutthesetaboos.Otherwise,itmaybeeasytogetmisunderstanding. ?、、、iftGivingEtiquetteinChinaFirstly,itshouldbepayattentionthatChinesepeoplearestressharmonyandbalance,soitisbettertogivegiftinpairs,avoidtogivingoneofsomething,otherwise,itwillmaketheacquirer nothappy ormisunderstanding. Chinesepeoplearecareabouthomophonicwords,sowhenchoosingagiftforChinesepeople,thesoundofthenameisveryimportant,forexample,itisunpopulartogiveaclockasagifttooldpeople,whatmore,togiveumbrellatocouplesisunacceptable.Secondly,itiscommonthatBusinessgiftsarealwaysreciprocatedinChina.Nottodosoisbadetiquette.Thirdly,Chinesepeopleareconservative,sothatgiftsareseldomtoopeninthegift-giver’face.Thisisverydifferentwiththewesterncountries.GiftGivingEtiquetteinWesternCountriesWhenreferstowesterncountries,theetiquetteissimilar.Peoplefromthesecountriesarepreferredtoopenthegiftonthegift-giver’sface,andexpressthegratefulofthegift.Itiscommontopresentflowerstothehostbeforevisiting.13andFridayareunpopularinwesterncountries,giftarenotsupposedtopresentedin13oratFriday.Flowersandwinearethecommongiftforwesterns.ⅣⅣⅣⅣConclusionGiftgivingplaysanimportantroleinthedailylifeaswellasinthebusinessfield.Gift—givershouldhaveawellknowledgeofgiftgivingetiquette,includedthegeneralruleaswellasthespecialprinciplesofdifferentnations.Bibliography:[1]劉益民國際禮儀指導「M」第二版上海：學林出版社2007-5[2]金正昆國際禮儀「M」北京：北京大學出版社 2005.8[3]金正昆 涉外禮儀教程「 M」第二版 北京：中國人民大學出版社 2005[4]陳剛平 旅游社交禮儀「 M」北京：旅游教育學出版社 2006.8ThereasonoftheEtiquetteDifferencesDifferentculturalfactorsmayresultintheetiquettedifferencesandconsequently,theacknowledgmentofthefactorsthataffecttheculturaldifferenceswillfacilitatetheunderstandingofsuchdifferences.OneofthereasonsthatresultsinculturaldifferencebetweenChinaandthewesterncountriesisConfucianism.ConfucianismbecamethefoundationstoneofChinesephilosophysystem.Formorethan2thousandyearsithasmoldedandshapedthecivilizationofChinaandexertedaprofoundinfluenceuponalmostonefourthofhumanrace.Inessence,ConfucianismisChinesehumanism.DifferentfromChina,Christianityplaysanimportantroleinwesterncountries.TheEnglishspeakingcountriesaregenerallyconsideredasChristiancountrieswheremanypeoplebelieveinChristianity.Itstillinfluencesmanyaspectsofpeople'sdailylife.Anotherreasonaboutthisisvalue.Individualismreferstothedoctrinethattherightsoftheindividualarethemostimportantonesinasociety.Mostwesternersbelievethateachpersonhashisownseparateidentityandpersonality,whichshouldberecognizedandreinforced.Therefore,onecannotcomprehendthewesterncountryanditspeoplewithoutunderstandingindividualism.However,toChinesepeople,theword“individualismis”relatedtothederogatorymeaningasegoism,whichrepresentsselfishnessinqualityandloosenessindiscipline.IntraditionalChinesebeliefsemphasizecooperationamonggroupmembersandindividualsuccessisduetothecollectiveeffortofthestaffinaunit,anorganizationoracommunity.ThesacrificeofindividualinterestforthatofthecollectiveisanoblequalityeulogizedsomuchbyChinesepeoplethatbeingmodestandthoughtfulofothersarehighlypraised.III.Somedifferentetiquettespeoplebehaveinthedailylife1、、、、GiftgivingOneareaofimportanceincross-culturalawarenessisinthedifferentgiftgivingetiquettesoftheworld.Understandinggiftgivingandtheetiquettesurroundingitcanhelpuscementbetterrelationshipswithforeigncolleagues,clientsorcustomers.InmanycountriessuchasinNorthAmericaandtheUK,giftgivingisrareinthebusinessworld.Infact,itmaycarrynegativeconnectionsasgiftgivingcouldbeconstruedasbribery.However,inmanyothercountries,giftgivinganditsetiquettehaveacentralplaceinbusinesspractice.Inordertohighlightsomeofthedifferentaspectsofcross-culturalgiftgivingetiquette,afewexamplesshallbepresented.InChina,itistheproperetiquetteforgiftstobeexchangedforcelebration,asthanksforassistanceandevenassweetenerforfuturefavors.WhentheChinesewanttobuygiftsit ’snotuncommonforthemtoaskwhatyouwouldlike.Businessgiftsarealwaysreciprocated.Nottodosoisbadetiquette.Givinggifts,avoidgivingcash.AndChinesephilosophytressharmonyandbalance,sogiveinpairs.IntheUS,wrappingabusinessgiftisnotnecessary.Giftsareopenedinfrontofthegiver.Thegiftisadmired,andappreciationisexpressedverbally.Businessgiftstotheofficeordepartment,suchasbasketoffruitorboxofcandy,areopenedimmediatelyandsharedall.Theabovearetwoexamplesofcross-culturaldifferencesingiftgivingetiquette.It’sadvisabletotryandascertainsomefactsaboutthegiftgivingetiquetteofanycountryyouplantovisit.2、、、、DiningThewayspeopleeat,thatis,thetablemanner,reallydistinguishalot.Thereasonforthisisprobablybecauseofthedifferentdiningtoolsandmenus.Easternersusechopsticks,orsometimesevengraspricestraightlywithhandsasIndiansdo.Thethinandlongchopstickscannotbeusedtocutfood,soweusuallyuseourteethtoactasknives.Weholdourfood,meatorvegetable,withthechopsticks,sendthemtothemouths,biteoffapartofitandremaintheotherpartonthechopsticks.That’stheusualwayweeat.Wearealsousedtoholdupourbowlswhenhavingriceorsoup.Japaneseholdbowlstohavefishsoupwithoutspoons.ButallthesehabitsareconsideredrudeintheWesterncountries.TheetiquetteintheWestrequeststhatwheneating,bowlsandplatescannotleavethetables.Foodshouldbecutbyknivestofitintothemouths.Ofcourseyourmouthcannottouchtheplatesorbowls.Sotheregularprocessislikethis.Youcutyoursteakontheplatewithforkandknife,sendthemeatcubeintothemouthwithforkandnothingwillbereturnedbackbuttheforkalone.3、、、、ArrangingavisitoractivityIntheWest,itiscommontotelephoneafriendoracquaintancebeforevisitingthemtomakesurethattheyareathomeandthatthetimeisconvenient.ButinChina,peopleoftengodirectlytotheperson'shome,someWesternersdonotmindifChinesecometovisitthemunexpectedly,butothersprefertoknowinadvance.Whetheritisacceptableornotdependssomewhatonthenatureoftherelationship.Ifthevisitisabusinessratherthanasocialone,theWesternermayprefertoarrangeatimeinadvance.Westernlecturersandteachersoftenhaveanappointmentsystemandtheyexpectstudentstocomestraighttothepoint,ratherthangothroughlengthysocialpreliminaries.ButinmostChinesehighereducationalinstitutions,noformalappointmentsystemispracticedandstudentscangodirectlytotheirlectures.Asaresult,ifawesternerinsistsonChinesemakingappointments,hemayappeartobecoldorrude,andgivetheimpressionofbeingextremelybusy.AndifthingsaredoneintheChineseway,awesternermayfeelitisaninefficientwayofmanaginghistime.IntheWest,ifapersongoestovisitsomeone,heisalmostimmediatelyaskedifhewouldliketotakeoffhiscoat.Ifhedoesnottakeoffwhatisobviouslyoutdoorclothing,itisassumedthatheisonlygoingtostayafewminutes,aftertakingoffhiscoat,thevisitorwillbeaskedtositdown,theywillchatforawhile,andthenthehostmayoffersomethingtodrinkliketeaorcoffee,Thisisnormallyphrasedasaquestion,suchas"Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?"Theguestisexpectedtoanswerhonestly,andifheturnsdowntheoffer,thehostwillnotgivehimany.InChina,though,thesituationissomewhatdifferent.Almostimmediatelyafterhisarrival,heisgivenacupoftea.Heneednotdrinkitall,andinfacttodosomaybeinappropriate.Thehostcontinuallyfillsuphiscupsothatitisneverempty.WhenChinesevisitforeigners,misunderstandingmayoccur,whentheWesterneroffersacupoftea,theChinesemayrefuseoutofpolitenessandwantthehosttoofferseveraltimesbeforeaccepting.Ifshedoesnot,theChinesemaythinksheisinhospitable.Ontheotherhand,iftheyacceptthedrink,theymaynotdrinkitallandthismayoffendtheWesterners.IV.ThemethodswecandowiththeCultureDifferencesinEtiquetteFirstly,wecannotdenyanyofthecultures.Everynationhasitsowncharacteristicsandit’smainlythroughitsculturethatwefirstbegintoknowthenationanditscharacteristics.Next,weshouldgettolearnhowtocoordinatethedifferentcultures.Theworldisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.Weshouldtrytoavoidmisunderstandingsresultfromculturedifferences.Oneimportantthingistogetsomebasicknowledgeabouttheotherculturessoasnottomisunderstandsomeactionsorhabitsoftheforeigners.Ifweabidebythetworegulationsmentionedabovewecanstarttocommunicate.Ofcourse,wecannotthrowawayourowncultureandacceptanotheronetotally.Everycultureisatreasuretothehistoryoftheworld.Weshouldlearnfromother’sstrengthsandoffsetourweakness.V.ConclusionToday,etiquettebecomesthereflectionandmanifestationofonecountry’seconomy,andcultureinpeople’socialcontact.Anditincludestheprincipalandmoralthatpeopleshouldobeyindailylife.Etiquetteformedintheprocessofthedepositionofcultureandsocialcontact.TolearndifferentetiquetteindailylifeisbenefittoestablishthegoodrelationshipanditcanhelpustolearnEnglish.Bibliography1、胡文仲.CrossingCulturalBarriers[M]. 上海：外語教學與研究出版社， 2002 2林大津《跨文化交際—與英美人交往指南》 ，福建：福建人民出版社， 1996。3寧洪 《社會與文化》，天津：南開大學出版社，20064徐行言《中西文化比較》，北京：北京大學出版社， 2004。Abstract:Sinceancienttimes,thedifferencesbetweenWesternculturehaslongbeenpresentknowledge,weknowthehistory,politics,geography,religionandmanyotherfactors,ledtoallcountriesandtheemergenceofdifferentculturalregions.Thespecificculturaldifferencesreflectedinallaspects,especiallyinlanguage,thisarticleintroducesthedefinitionofculture,culturaldifferencesinlanguageperformance,andinthetranslationofculturaldifferencesthatexist,howtodealwithandsoon.Keywords:culturaldifferences,dailycommunication,etiquetteChinaisgrowingrapidlywiththeworld,anincreasingnumberoftransnationalcommunication.ContactsbetweenChinaandWesterncountriesisincreasing.Inthe(easternandwesternculturesthereisabigdifference.The(EasternandWesternculturesattachgreatimportancetopeople.Buttheconceptofcommunicationareanobviouswayofcommunicationdifferences. First,sayhelloChineseLu-yulovetogreetanacquaintancesaid:"eatit?""Whereto?""Toworkfor?"Andsoon.Inourviewthisisapolitegreetings,andifyoutalklikeWesternersgreeting"Haveyouhadyourmeal?""Whereareyougoing?"Theywillthinkthatyouwouldliketoinvitehimtodinnerortointerfereintheirprivateaffairs,bemisleading.westernerstomeet,oftengreeting:"Hello!""Howdoyoudo!""Niceday,isn'tit?" Second,thanks ForotherscommendedtheChinesepeopleusuallyshowtheirhumility,andasetofmodestwordslike"ashamed","Where,""myhouse","myarticle,"andsoon.WhileWesternersarealwayshappytoanswer"thankyou"tothetableaccepted.Chineseuse"thankyou"occasionslessthanWesterners,especiallytheveryclosefriendsandfamilymembersdonotoftensay,"Thankyou."Westernersalldayto"thankyou"talkaboutitevenfriendsandfamilymembersoftenthecase.Chinesepeopleoftenreceivegiftsontheside,withoutevenlooking(forfearthatotherssaygreedy.AndreceivedagiftwhenWesternersfaceinfrontofguestsatonceopenandevenclaimedthatgood.Third,entertainingguestsChinesehospitality,aglasscuptopouroverandovergroundvegetables,nottheguestsdonoteat,drinkisnotOK,sothatWesternersfinditdifficulttodealwith.TheWesternhabits:Helpyourself,Please!Chinesepeoplegivetheguests,theownerandcustomersoftensay:"walking!""Becareful!""Good-bye,gowell!""Yougonow!""Pleasestay,"andsoon.TheWesternersonlysaid:"ByeBye!""Seeyoulater!""Seeyounexttime!""Goodnight!"Fourth,FestivalsChineseandEnglish-speakingcountriesandculturaldifferencesarealsosignificantmanifestedfestivalarea.InadditiontoChinaandtheEnglish-speakingcountriesofcommonevents(eg,NewYear'sDayatthetwosidesalsohavetheirownuniqueholiday.ChinaistheSpringFestival,theDragonBoatFestival,Mid-AutumnDay.andsoon,English-speakingcountriesthereis"Valentine'sDay(Valentine'sDay,Easter(Easter,Aprilfool'sDay(AprilFool'sDay,ThanksGivingDay(ThanksgivingDay,ChristmasDay(Christmas.thecustomsofWesternholidaysarealsoverydifferent.Inthefestival,agiftforsomeoneelse,theChinesepeopleoftenhavetoputoffsome,actednochoicebuttoaccept,notgenerallyacceptedinpersontoopen.Ifyouopenthefaceandexclaimed,mayleadto"greed"ofsuspects.andinEnglishculture,peoplesendgiftstoothersaregenerallyrequiredtopersonallyopenthepraiseaboutit,andpleasedtothank.Fifth,thelanguageandculturalvocabularyInthelong-termuseofEnglishvocabularyhasaccumulatedrichculturalconnotations,sointheteachingofEnglishvocabularyandculturalsignificanceoftheintroduction,topreventthestudentsfromtheworditselfsimplymakeasubjectiveevaluation.Suchastheredword,bothintheEnglish-speakingcountriesorinChina,redisoftenassociatedwithcelebrationsorfestivedaysisrelatedtoEnglish,thereare"red-letterdays"(holidays.especiallyinChina,redsymbolizesrevolutionandSocialismandpositivemeaning,butinEnglish"red"alsomeansdangerousstateorpeopleangry,suchasthe"redflag"(theintroductionofmadthings.therewhenyouseethecommercialinEnglish"inthered",donotthinkthatisprofitable,onthecontrary,isthatlossesandliabilities.repostedelsewherefreepapersdownloadinteaching,CultureandEducationisdiverse,teachersshouldadoptflexiblewaystoimprovestudentsculturalsensitivity,culturalawarenesstrainingsothattheycaninitiative,self-absorbedandintegratedintothenewculturalenvironment.Forexample:tostrengthenthecomparisonbetweenChineseandWesterncultures,ChineseandWesternculturesintheaddress,greeting,andsoconversationtopics,andvaluesthedifferencesinthenaturalwayintotheconsciousnessofteachingin.Anotherexample:theuseofmultiplechannels,avarietyofmeanstoabsorbandExperiencetheexoticculture.cancollectsomeitemsandpicturesEnglish-speakingcountries,toenablestudentstounderstandtheforeignart,historyandcustomsandsoon.Inshort,inWesternculturetherearemanydifferencesintheteachingofEnglishlanguageteachingcannotjustsimplypayattentionto,andtheneedtostrengthenthelanguageandculturalimport,languageandculturaldifferencesseriouslyimpactonthelanguage.Theonlywaytocorrectuseoflanguageinpractice.Sixth,culturalhierarchy(ThestrongorientalCulturehierarchy.Whetherintheorganization,orinthefamily,ignoringrank,statusisindecentassault.Whileinthetraditionalritualhierarchyhasbeeneliminated,butthehierarchyisstillanimpactonEasternculture.InChina,thetraditionalrulerandsubject,fatherandsonHierarchyinthemindsoftheChinesepeoplearestilldeeplyentrenched.fatherinhisson'seyes,theeyesofstudentstoteachershasabsoluteauthority,thegrowthofthehumanfamilybackgroundstillplaysaveryimportantrole.Also,Chinesefamilystructureiscomplicated,thetraditionalfamilyisfourgenerationsofhappiness.Insuchfamilies,theelderlytohelplookafterchildren,childrenandgrandchildrengrowuptohelpthedependentelderlyfamilymembersdependoneachotherandhelpeachotherandcloselythefamilyrelationship.InWester