汽車系統(tǒng)構(gòu)造(英文版)-Lesson-28-Vehicle-Insurance匯總課件

Lesson28VehicleInsuranceLesson28VehicleInsurance1Vehicleinsurance(orAutoinsurance,carinsurance,motorinsurance)isinsuranceconsumerscanpurchaseforcars,trucks,andothervehicles.Itsprimaryuseistoprovideprotectionagainstlossesincurredasaresultoftrafficaccidents.Aninsurancecompanymaydeclareavehicletotallydestroyed，ifitappearsreplacementwouldbecheaperthanrepair.Vehicleinsurance(orAutoins2Insurancecancoversomeorallofthefollowingitems:Theinsuredparty,theinsuredvehicle,andthirdparties.Differentpoliciesspecifythecircumstancesunderwhicheachitemiscovered.Forexample,avehiclecanbeinsuredagainsttheft,firedamage,oraccidentdamageindependently.Insurancecancoversomeoral3PublicPolicyInmanycountriesitiscompulsorytopurchaseautoinsurancebeforedrivingonpublicroads.IntheUnitedStates,penaltiesfornotpurchasingautoinsurancevarybystate,butofteninvolveasubstantialfine,licenseorregistrationsuspensionorrevocation,aswellaspossiblejailtimeinsomestates.PublicPolicy4Usuallytheminimumrequiredbylawisthirdpartyinsurancetoprotectthirdpartiesagainstthefinancialconsequencesofloss,damageorinjurycausedbyavehicle.Typically,coverageagainstlossofordamagetothedriver’sownvehicleisoptional-onenotableexceptiontothisisinSaskatchewan,whereSGI[1]providescollisioncoverage(lessa$700deductible)aspartofitsbasicinsurancepolicy.Usuallytheminimumrequiredb5InSouthAustraliaThirdPartyPersonalinsurancefromtheStateGovernmentInsuranceCorporation(SGIC)isincludedinthelicenseregistrationfee.SouthAfricaallocatesapercentageofthemoneyfrompetrolintotheRoadAccidentsFund,whichgoestowardscompensatingthirdpartiesinaccidents.Mostcountriesrelateinsurancetoboththecarandthedriver,howeverthedegreeofeachvariesgreatly.InSouthAustraliaThirdParty6BasisofPremiumChargesDependingonthejurisdiction,theinsurancepremiumcanbeeithermandatedbythegovernmentordeterminedbytheinsurancecompanyinaccordancetoaframeworkofregulationssetbythegovernment.Often,theinsurerwillhavemorefreedomtosetthepriceonphysicaldamagecoveragethanonmandatoryliabilitycoverage.BasisofPremiumCharges7Whenthepremiumisnotmandatedbythegovernment,itisusuallyderivedfromthecalculationsofanactuarybasedonstatisticaldata.Thepremiumcanvarydependingonmanyfactorsthatarebelievedtohaveanimpactontheexpectedcostoffutureclaims.Whenthepremiumisnotmandat8Thosefactorscanincludethecarcharacteristics,thecoverageselected(deductible,limit,coveredperils),theprofileofthedriver(age,gender,drivinghistory)andtheusageofthecar(commutetoworkornot,predictedannualdistancedriven).Thosefactorscanincludethe9Gender.Menaveragemoremilesdrivenperyearthanwomendo,andhaveaproportionallyhigheraccidentinvolvementatallages.Insurancecompaniescitewomen’sloweraccidentinvolvementinkeepingtheyouthsurchargelowerforyoungwomendriversthanfortheirmalecounterpartsbutadultratesaregenerallyunisex.Gender.Menaveragemoremiles10Mistakenreferencetothelowerrateforyoungwomenas“thewomen’sdiscount”hascausedconfusionthatwasevidentinnewsreportsonarecentlydefeatedECproposaltomakeitillegaltoconsidergenderinassessinginsurancepremiums.Mistakenreferencetothelowe11Endingthediscountwouldhavemadenodifferencetomostwomen’spremiums.Changingtoper-milecharges,however,wouldbenefitanyonewhosecarwasdrivenlessthanaverage,includingthemajorityofwomenwhoareoverchargedatcurrentper-yearrates.Endingthediscountwouldhave12Age.Teendriverswhohavenodrivingrecordwillhavehighercarinsurancepremiums.Howeveryoungdriversareoftenoffereddiscountsiftheyundertakefurtherdrivertrainingonrecognizedcourses,suchasthePassPlus[2]schemeintheU.K.IntheU.S.manyinsurersofferagoodgradediscounttostudentswithagoodacademicrecordandresidentstudentdiscountstothosewholiveawayfromhome.Age.Teendriverswhohaveno13Generallyinsurancepremiumstendtobecomelowerattheageof25.Seniordriversareofteneligibleforretirementdiscounts.Distance.Somecarinsuranceplansdonotdifferentiateinregardtohowmuchthecarisused.However,methodsofdifferentiationwouldinclude:Generallyinsurancepremiumst14Reasonableestimation.Severalcarinsuranceplansrelyonareasonableestimationoftheaverageannualdistanceexpectedtobedrivenwhichisprovidedbytheinsured.Thisdiscountbenefitsdriverswhodrivetheircarsinfrequentlybuthasnoactuarialvaluesinceitisunverified.Reasonableestimation.Several15Odometer-basedsystems.CentsPerMileNow(1986)advocatesclassifiedodometer-milerates.Afterthecompany’sriskfactorshavebeenappliedandthecustomerhasacceptedtheper-milerateoffered,customersbuyprepaidmilesofinsuranceprotectionasneeded,likebuyinggallonsofgasoline.Insuranceautomaticallyendswhentheodometerlimit(recordedonthecar’sinsuranceIDcard)isreachedunlessmoremilesarebought.Odometer-basedsystems.Cents16Customerskeeptrackofmilesontheirownodometertoknowwhentobuymore.Thecompanydoesnoafter-the-factbillingofthecustomer,andthecustomerdoesn’thavetoestimatea“futureannualmileage”figureforthecompanytoobtainadiscount.Intheeventofatrafficstop,anofficercouldeasilyverifythattheinsuranceiscurrentbycomparingthefigureontheinsurancecardtothatontheodometer.Customerskeeptrackofmiles17Criticspointoutthepossibilityofcheatingthesystembyodometertampering.Althoughthenewerelectronicodometersaredifficulttorollback,theycanstillbedefeatedbydisconnectingtheodometerwiresandreconnectingthemlater.However,astheCentsPerMile[3]Nowwebsitepointsout:“Asapracticalmatter,resettingodometersrequiresequipmentplusexpertisethatmakesstealinginsuranceriskyanduneconomical.Criticspointoutthepossibil18Forexample,inordertosteal20,000milesofcontinuousprotectionwhilepayingforonlythe2,000milesfrom35,000milesto37,000milesontheodometer,theresettingwouldhavetobedoneatleastninetimestokeeptheodometerreadingwithinthenarrow2,000-milecoveredrange.Therearealsopowerfullegaldeterrentstothiswayofstealinginsuranceprotection.Forexample,inordertosteal19Odometershavealwaysservedasthemeasuringdeviceforresalevalue,rentalandleasingcharges,warrantylimits,mechanicalbreakdowninsurance,andcents-per-miletaxdeductionsorreimbursementsforbusinessorgovernmenttravel.Odometertampering—detectedduringclaimprocessing—voidstheinsuranceand,underdecades-oldstateandfederallaw,ispunishablebyheavyfinesandjail.”O(jiān)dometershavealwaysserveda20Underthecents-per-milesystem,rewardsfordrivinglessaredeliveredautomaticallywithoutneedforadministrativelycumbersomeandcostlytechnology.Uniformper-mileexposuremeasurementforthefirsttimeprovidesthebasisforstatisticallyvalidrateclasses.Underthecents-per-milesyste21Insurerpremiumincomeautomaticallykeepspacewithincreasesordecreasesindrivingactivity,cuttingbackonresultinginsurerdemandforrateincreasesandpreventingtoday’swindfallstoinsurerswhendecreaseddrivingactivitylowerscostsbutnotpremiums.Insurerpremiumincomeautomat22GPS-basedsystem.In1998,ProgressiveInsurancestartedapilotprograminTexasinwhichvolunteersinstalledaGPS-basedtechnologycalledAutographinexchangeforadiscount.Thedevicetrackedtheirdrivingbehaviorandreportedtheresultsviacellularphonetothecompany.Policyholderswerereportedlymoreupsetabouthavingtopayfortheexpensivedevicethantheywereoverprivacyconcerns.GPS-basedsystem.In1998,Pro23In1996,ProgressivefiledforandobtainedaUSpatent(USpatent5,797134)ontheirprocess.ProgressivehasalsofiledcorrespondingpatentapplicationsinEuropeandJapan.UKautoinsurer,NorwichUnion,hasobtainedanexclusivelicensetoProgressive’sEuropeanpatentapplication.Theyhaverecentlycompletedasuccessfulpilottestofthetechnologyanditisnowavailablecommerciallyunderthetradename“PayAsYouDrive?”.In1996,Progressivefiledfor24OBDII-basedsystem.In2004,ProgressivelaunchedanotherpilotprogramtoallowpolicyholderstoearnadiscountontheirpremiumsbyconsentingtouseitsTripSensedevice.TripSenseconnectstoacar’sOnBoardDiagnostic(OBD-II)port,whichexistsinallcarsbuiltafter1996.Thediscountisforfeitedifthedeviceisdisconnectedforasignificantamountoftime.OBDII-basedsystem.In2004,P25Thanksforyourpresence!Thanksforyourpresence!26Lesson28VehicleInsuranceLesson28VehicleInsurance27Vehicleinsurance(orAutoinsurance,carinsurance,motorinsurance)isinsuranceconsumerscanpurchaseforcars,trucks,andothervehicles.Itsprimaryuseistoprovideprotectionagainstlossesincurredasaresultoftrafficaccidents.Aninsurancecompanymaydeclareavehicletotallydestroyed，ifitappearsreplacementwouldbecheaperthanrepair.Vehicleinsurance(orAutoins28Insurancecancoversomeorallofthefollowingitems:Theinsuredparty,theinsuredvehicle,andthirdparties.Differentpoliciesspecifythecircumstancesunderwhicheachitemiscovered.Forexample,avehiclecanbeinsuredagainsttheft,firedamage,oraccidentdamageindependently.Insurancecancoversomeoral29PublicPolicyInmanycountriesitiscompulsorytopurchaseautoinsurancebeforedrivingonpublicroads.IntheUnitedStates,penaltiesfornotpurchasingautoinsurancevarybystate,butofteninvolveasubstantialfine,licenseorregistrationsuspensionorrevocation,aswellaspossiblejailtimeinsomestates.PublicPolicy30Usuallytheminimumrequiredbylawisthirdpartyinsurancetoprotectthirdpartiesagainstthefinancialconsequencesofloss,damageorinjurycausedbyavehicle.Typically,coverageagainstlossofordamagetothedriver’sownvehicleisoptional-onenotableexceptiontothisisinSaskatchewan,whereSGI[1]providescollisioncoverage(lessa$700deductible)aspartofitsbasicinsurancepolicy.Usuallytheminimumrequiredb31InSouthAustraliaThirdPartyPersonalinsurancefromtheStateGovernmentInsuranceCorporation(SGIC)isincludedinthelicenseregistrationfee.SouthAfricaallocatesapercentageofthemoneyfrompetrolintotheRoadAccidentsFund,whichgoestowardscompensatingthirdpartiesinaccidents.Mostcountriesrelateinsurancetoboththecarandthedriver,howeverthedegreeofeachvariesgreatly.InSouthAustraliaThirdParty32BasisofPremiumChargesDependingonthejurisdiction,theinsurancepremiumcanbeeithermandatedbythegovernmentordeterminedbytheinsurancecompanyinaccordancetoaframeworkofregulationssetbythegovernment.Often,theinsurerwillhavemorefreedomtosetthepriceonphysicaldamagecoveragethanonmandatoryliabilitycoverage.BasisofPremiumCharges33Whenthepremiumisnotmandatedbythegovernment,itisusuallyderivedfromthecalculationsofanactuarybasedonstatisticaldata.Thepremiumcanvarydependingonmanyfactorsthatarebelievedtohaveanimpactontheexpectedcostoffutureclaims.Whenthepremiumisnotmandat34Thosefactorscanincludethecarcharacteristics,thecoverageselected(deductible,limit,coveredperils),theprofileofthedriver(age,gender,drivinghistory)andtheusageofthecar(commutetoworkornot,predictedannualdistancedriven).Thosefactorscanincludethe35Gender.Menaveragemoremilesdrivenperyearthanwomendo,andhaveaproportionallyhigheraccidentinvolvementatallages.Insurancecompaniescitewomen’sloweraccidentinvolvementinkeepingtheyouthsurchargelowerforyoungwomendriversthanfortheirmalecounterpartsbutadultratesaregenerallyunisex.Gender.Menaveragemoremiles36Mistakenreferencetothelowerrateforyoungwomenas“thewomen’sdiscount”hascausedconfusionthatwasevidentinnewsreportsonarecentlydefeatedECproposaltomakeitillegaltoconsidergenderinassessinginsurancepremiums.Mistakenreferencetothelowe37Endingthediscountwouldhavemadenodifferencetomostwomen’spremiums.Changingtoper-milecharges,however,wouldbenefitanyonewhosecarwasdrivenlessthanaverage,includingthemajorityofwomenwhoareoverchargedatcurrentper-yearrates.Endingthediscountwouldhave38Age.Teendriverswhohavenodrivingrecordwillhavehighercarinsurancepremiums.Howeveryoungdriversareoftenoffereddiscountsiftheyundertakefurtherdrivertrainingonrecognizedcourses,suchasthePassPlus[2]schemeintheU.K.IntheU.S.manyinsurersofferagoodgradediscounttostudentswithagoodacademicrecordandresidentstudentdiscountstothosewholiveawayfromhome.Age.Teendriverswhohaveno39Generallyinsurancepremiumstendtobecomelowerattheageof25.Seniordriversareofteneligibleforretirementdiscounts.Distance.Somecarinsuranceplansdonotdifferentiateinregardtohowmuchthecarisused.However,methodsofdifferentiationwouldinclude:Generallyinsurancepremiumst40Reasonableestimation.Severalcarinsuranceplansrelyonareasonableestimationoftheaverageannualdistanceexpectedtobedrivenwhichisprovidedbytheinsured.Thisdiscountbenefitsdriverswhodrivetheircarsinfrequentlybuthasnoactuarialvaluesinceitisunverified.Reasonableestimation.Several41Odometer-basedsystems.CentsPerMileNow(1986)advocatesclassifiedodometer-milerates.Afterthecompany’sriskfactorshavebeenappliedandthecustomerhasacceptedtheper-milerateoffered,customersbuyprepaidmilesofinsuranceprotectionasneeded,likebuyinggallonsofgasoline.Insuranceautomaticallyendswhentheodometerlimit(recordedonthecar’sinsuranceIDcard)isreachedunlessmoremilesarebought.Odometer-basedsystems.Cents42Customerskeeptrackofmilesontheirownodometertoknowwhentobuymore.Thecompanydoesnoafter-the-factbillingofthecustomer,andthecustomerdoesn’thavetoestimatea“futureannualmileage”figureforthecompanytoobtainadiscount.Intheeventofatrafficstop,anofficercouldeasilyverifythattheinsuranceiscurrentbycomparingthefigureontheinsurancecardtothatontheodometer.Customerskeeptrackofmiles43Criticspointoutthepossibilityofcheatingthesystembyodometertampering.Althoughthenewerelectronicodometersaredifficulttorollback,theycanstillbedefeatedbydisconnectingtheodometerwiresandreconnectingthemlater.However,astheCentsPerMile[3]Nowwebsitepointsout:“Asapracticalmatter,resettingodometersrequiresequipmentplusexpertisethatmakesstealinginsuranceriskyanduneconomical.Criticspointoutthepossibil44Forexample,inordertosteal20,000milesofcontinuousprotectionwhilepayingforonlythe2,000milesfrom35,000milesto37,000milesontheodometer,theresettingwouldhavetobedoneatleastninetimestokeeptheodometerreadingwithinthenarrow2,000-milecoveredrange.Therearealsopowerfullegaldeterrentstothiswayofstealinginsuranceprotection.Forexample,inordertosteal45Odometershavealwaysservedasthemeasuringdeviceforresalevalue,rentalandleasingcharges,warrantylimits,mechanicalbreakdowninsurance,andcents-per-miletaxdeductionsorreimbursementsforbusinessorgovernmenttravel.Odometertampering—detectedduringclaimprocessing—voidstheinsuranceand,underdecades-oldstateandfederallaw,ispunishablebyheavyfinesandjail.”O(jiān)dometershavealwaysserveda46Underthecents-per-milesystem,rewardsfordrivinglessaredeliveredautomaticallywithoutneedforadministrativelycumbersomeandcostlytechno