浙江版高考英語總復(fù)習(xí)附錄一《構(gòu)詞法》教與學(xué)

高考英語總復(fù)習(xí)PAGEPAGE28學(xué)好一門外語很重要。附錄一構(gòu)詞法一、派生(一)后綴法1.變名詞(1)-ence,-ance結(jié)尾的名詞:存在exist—existence發(fā)生occur—occurrence查閱/參考refer—reference更喜歡/偏好prefer—preference不同differ—difference接受accept—acceptance出現(xiàn)/外表appear—appearance履行perform—performance抵制resist—resistance指導(dǎo)guide—guidance進入enter—entrance保險insure—insurance幫助assist—assistance忍受endure—endurance/tolerate—tolerance(2)-tion,-sion結(jié)尾的名詞:生產(chǎn)produce—production介紹introduce—introduction消費consume—consumption減少reduce—reduction認(rèn)為/假設(shè)assume—assumption/suppose—supposition毀滅destroy—destruction描寫describe—description打斷interrupt—interruption采納/收養(yǎng)adopt—adoption防止prevent—prevention接收/接待處receive—reception解決solve—solution進化evolve—evolution建議suggest—suggestion編輯/版本edit—edition展覽exhibit—exhibition打算/意圖intend—intention認(rèn)出recognize—recognition解釋/定義define—definition保護protect—protection方向/指導(dǎo)direct—direction指令instruct—instruction建設(shè)construct—construction注射inject—injection感染infect—infection駁斥reject—rejection反對object—objection/oppose—opposition連接connect—connection收集collect—collection糾正correct—correction視察inspect—inspection挑選select—selection選舉elect—election限制restrict—restriction抵觸/矛盾contradict—contradiction保留reserve—reservation保存preserve—preservation保護conserve—conservation觀察observe—observation挨餓starve—starvation組織organize—organization文明civilize—civilization認(rèn)識realize—realization考試examine—examination決定determine—determination形成form—formation通知inform—information想象imagine—imagination運輸transport—transportation邀請invite—invitation期待expect—expectation誘惑tempt—temptation改編/適應(yīng)adapt—adaptation移民immigrate—immigration模仿imitate—imitation準(zhǔn)備prepare—preparation探索explore—exploration考慮consider—consideration宣布declare—declaration裝飾decorate—decoration激發(fā)/靈感inspire—inspiration放松/休閑relax—relaxation交流communicate—communication占用/職業(yè)occupy—occupation滿足satisfy—satisfaction申請/應(yīng)用apply—application暗示imply—implication推薦recommend—recommendation口譯/理解interpret—interpretation結(jié)合combine—combination操作/手術(shù)operate—operation猶豫hesitate—hesitation教育educate—education定位locate—location指出indicate—indication參加participate—participation計算calculate—calculation欣賞/感激appreciate—appreciation聯(lián)想/協(xié)會associate—association分離separate—separation冬眠hibernate—hibernation賠償compensate—compensation調(diào)查investigate—investigation慶祝celebrate—celebration祝賀congratulate—congratulation翻譯translate—translation積累accumulate—accumulation加速accelerate—acceleration捐贈donate—donation解放liberate—liberation動力motivate—motivation革新innovate—innovation集中concentrate—concentration游行/示威demonstrate—demonstration貢獻contribute—contribution分發(fā)distribute—distribution促進promote—promotion致力devote—devotion/dedicate—dedication沮喪frustrate—frustration/depress—depression印象impress—impression表達express—expression擁有/財產(chǎn)possess—possession討論discuss—discussion擴大expand—expansion延伸extend—extension承認(rèn)admit—admission允許permit—permission排放emit—emission爆炸explode—explosion結(jié)論conclude—conclusion決定decide—decision劃分divide—division迷惑confuse—confusion(3)-ment結(jié)尾的名詞:廣告advertise—advertisement同意agree—agreement驚奇amaze—amazement吃驚astonish—astonishment通告announce—announcement安排arrange—arrangement評估assess—assessment發(fā)展develop—development失望disappoint—disappointment雇用/就業(yè)employ—employment鼓舞encourage—encouragement款待/娛樂entertain—entertainment裝備equip—equipment統(tǒng)治/政府govern—government改進improve—improvement投資invest—investment卷入involve—involvement管理manage—management懲罰punish—punishment要求require—requirement退休retire—retirement定居/定居處settle—settlement闡述/陳述state—statement對待/治療treat—treatment以……為基礎(chǔ)/地下室base—basement鋪/人行道pave—pavement完成/成就achieve—achievement/accomplish—accomplishment(4)-ness結(jié)尾的名詞:adj.—n.意識aware—awareness/conscious—consciousness苦bitter—bitterness盲目blind—blindness冷靜calm—calmness聰明clever—cleverness瘋狂crazy—craziness渴望eager—eagerness公平fair—fairness愚蠢foolish—foolishness適合fit—fitness幸福/愉快happy—happiness疾病ill—illness友好kind—kindness懶惰lazy—laziness孤獨lonely—loneliness寧靜quiet—quietness悲傷sad—sadness嚴(yán)重性serious—seriousness甜美sweet—sweetness穩(wěn)定steady—steadiness厚度thick—thickness累tired—tiredness弱點weak—weakness冷/冷淡cold—coldness惶恐不安nervous—nervousness思鄉(xiāng)homesick—homesickness粗心careless—carelessness自私selfish—selfishness無私selfless—selflessness/unselfish—unselfishness無助/無望helpless—helplessness/hopeless—hopelessness(5)-age結(jié)尾的名詞:婚姻marry—marriage短缺short—shortage儲存store—storage包裹pack—package車廂carry—carriage通道pass—passage(6)-th結(jié)尾的名詞:溫暖warm—warmth真理true—truth死亡dead—death成長grow—growth(7)-ure結(jié)尾的名詞:快樂please—pleasure離開depart—departure暴露expose—exposure壓力press—pressure失敗fail—failure混合mix—mixture簽名sign—signature(8)-ce結(jié)尾的名詞:adj.—n.缺席absent—absence出席present—presence信心confident—confidence方便convenient—convenience不同different—difference勤奮diligent—diligence遠的/距離distant—distance明顯的/證據(jù)evident—evidence優(yōu)秀excellent—excellence重要important—importance獨立independent—independence天真/無辜innocent—innocence智力intelligent—intelligence公正just—justice耐心patient—patience浪漫romantic—romance沉默silent—silence暴力violent—violencev.—n.冒犯offend—offence防御defend—defense(AmE)—defence(BrE)建議advise—advice設(shè)施devise—device(9)-dom結(jié)尾的名詞:自由free—freedom王國king—kingdom智慧wise—wisdom(10)-hood結(jié)尾的名詞:孩童時代childhood男孩時代boyhood鄰里neighborhood(11)-ship結(jié)尾的名詞:所有權(quán)ownership錦標(biāo)賽championship友誼friendship手藝craftsmanship獎學(xué)金scholarship領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能leadership艱難hardship關(guān)系relationship(12)-ing結(jié)尾的名詞:農(nóng)業(yè)farming變暖warming園藝gardening學(xué)業(yè)schooling繪畫painting意思meaning繪畫drawing訓(xùn)練training錄音tape-recording衣物clothing感覺feeling十字路口crossing工資earnings問候greeting儲蓄savings所發(fā)生的事情happenings發(fā)現(xiàn)findings財產(chǎn)belongings痛苦suffering貢品offering環(huán)境surroundings保齡球bowling舉重weight-lifting射擊shooting摔跤wrestling2.變形容詞(1)-y結(jié)尾的形容詞:n.—adj.陽光燦爛的sun—sunny多雨的rain—rainy被雪覆蓋的snow—snowy有風(fēng)的wind—windy有暴風(fēng)雨的storm—stormy寒冷的chill—chilly多霧的fog—foggy有霜的frost—frosty冰冷的ice—icy陰沉的gloom—gloomy布滿星星的star—starry泥濘的mud—muddy布滿灰塵的dust—dusty臟的dirt—dirty健康的health—healthy富有的wealth—wealthy霸道的boss—bossy臭的smell—smelly美味的taste—tasty咸的salt—salty皮包骨的skin—skinny貪婪的greed—greedy迅速的speed—speedy狡猾的/棘手的trick—trickyv.—adj.愛挑剔的choose—choosy/pick—picky黏的stick—sticky悅耳易記的catch—catchy害怕的scare—scary滑溜的slip—slippery(2)-al,-ial結(jié)尾的形容詞:n.—adj.全球的globe—global文化的culture—cultural農(nóng)業(yè)的agriculture—agricultural情景的situation—situational有條件的condition—conditional環(huán)境的environment—environmental化學(xué)的chemistry—chemical醫(yī)學(xué)的medicine—medical原始的origin—original政治的politics—political實際的practice—practical理論的theory—theoretical音樂的music—musical感情的emotion—emotional國家的nation—national自然的nature—natural個人的person—personal偶尓的occasion—occasional精神上的mind—mental身體上的physics—physical偶然的accident—accidental教育的education—educational技術(shù)上的technique—technical心理上的psychology—psychological沿海的coast—coastal種族的race—racial面部的face—facial工業(yè)的industry—industrial金融的finance—financial商業(yè)的commerce—commercial官方的office—official有益的benefit—beneficial典型的type—typical有影響的influence—influential(3)-ful,-less結(jié)尾的形容詞:感激的thank—thankful=grateful充足的plenty—plentiful美麗的beauty—beautiful成功的success—successful可怕的awe—awful忠實的faith—faithful和平的peace—peaceful高興的joy—joyful/cheer—cheerful=enjoyable非常干凈的spot—spotless無休止的end—endless無家可歸的home—homeless無工作的job—jobless=unemployed身無分文的penny—penniless無私的self—selfless=unselfish無目標(biāo)的aim—aimless無線的wire—wireless無限的limit—limitless珍貴的/無價的price—priceless=invaluable毫無價值的value—valueless/worth—worthless無語的speech—speechless上氣不接下氣的breath—breathless小心的,粗心的care—careful,careless多彩的,無色的color—colorful,colorless有用的,無用的use—useful,useless成果豐碩的,無成效的fruit—fruitful,fruitless強大的,無能力的power—powerful,powerless有意義的,無意義的meaning—meaningful,meaningless=pointless=senseless痛苦的,不痛的pain—painful,painless后悔的,無悔的regret—regretful,regretless有害的,無害的harm—harmful,harmless閑適寧靜的,躁動不安的rest—restful,restless優(yōu)雅的,粗魯?shù)膅race—graceful,graceless抱有希望的,無望的hope—hopeful,hopeless有幫助的/愿意幫忙的,無助的help—helpful,helpless考慮周到的/不周到的thought—thoughtful,thoughtless(4)-(i)ous結(jié)尾的形容詞:n.—adj.許多的number—numerous多山的mountain—mountainous冒險的adventure—adventurous緊張的nerve—nervous有毒的poison—poisonous危險的danger—dangerous災(zāi)難的disaster—disastrous小心的caution—cautious營養(yǎng)的nutrition—nutritious宗教的religion—religious寬敞的space—spacious有抱負(fù)的ambition—ambitious神秘的mystery—mysterious(5)-able,-(s)ible結(jié)尾的形容詞:(不)可預(yù)見的predict—(un)predictable(不)可避免的avoid—(un)avoidable(不)可忘的forget—(un)forgettable(不)想要的desire—(un)desirable(不)舒服的comfort—(un)comfortable有(不)利的favor—(un)favorable(不)合適的suit—(un)suitable(不)可忍受的bear—(un)bearable(不)可忍受的endure—(un)endurable(不)可信的believe—(un)believable(不)可信的credit—(in)credible(不)可接近的access—(in)accessible看(不)見的view—(in)visible(不)可治愈的cure—(in)curable支付得起的afford—affordable適應(yīng)力強的adapt—adaptable可更新的renew—renewable便攜的port—portable多變的change—changeable可吃的eat—eatable可依靠的rely—reliable可行的work—workable有價值的value—valuable合理的reason—reasonable高興的enjoy—enjoyable流行的fashion—fashionable(6)-tive結(jié)尾的形容詞:v.—adj.多產(chǎn)的produce—productive迷人的attract—attractive有創(chuàng)造力的create—creative保護的protect—protective預(yù)防性的prevent—preventative健談的talk—talkative可供替代的alter—alternative相關(guān)的relate—relative有教育意義的instruct—instructive有競爭力的compete—competitiven.—adj.有效的effect—effective貴的expense—expensive(7)-tic,-fic結(jié)尾的形容詞:系統(tǒng)的system—systematic科學(xué)的science—scientific戲劇般的drama—dramatic浪漫的romance—romantic有同情心的sympathy—sympathetic精力充沛的energy—energetic(8)-en結(jié)尾的形容詞:羊毛的wool—woolen金色的gold—golden木制的wood—wooden(9)以-some結(jié)尾的形容詞:英俊的hand—handsome令人驚嘆的awe—awesome令人煩惱的trouble—troublesome煩人的tire—tiresome(10)-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞:致命的dead—deadly活躍的live—lively友好的friend—friendly兄弟般的brother—brotherly有次序的order—orderly昂貴的cost—costly每月的month—monthly每天的day—daily3.變動詞(1)-fy結(jié)尾的動詞:凈化pure—purify簡化simple—simplify美化beautiful—beautify使合理化just—justify使恐懼terrible—terrify使震驚horrible—horrify合格化quality—qualify分類class—classify(2)-ize結(jié)尾的動詞:adj.—v.認(rèn)識到real—realize使現(xiàn)代化modern—modernize使工業(yè)化industrial—industrialize使普及popular—popularize集權(quán)central—centralize使全球化global—globalize使理想化ideal—idealize使穩(wěn)定stable—stabilize使正常化normal—normalize社會化social—socialize使專門化special—specializen.—v.使物質(zhì)化material—materialize總結(jié)summary—summarize記憶memory—memorize(3)-en結(jié)尾的動詞:變暗dark—darken加快quick—quicken削尖sharp—sharpen削弱weak—weaken松開loose—loosen變緊tight—tighten軟化soft—soften使更明亮bright—brighten惡化bad—worsen減少little—lessen減輕/變亮light—lighten變黑black—blacken加寬broad—broaden縮短short—shortenadj.—n.—v.加深deep—depth—deepen加長long—length—lengthen加寬wide—width—widen加高high—height—heighten加強strong—strength—strengthen(4)-e結(jié)尾的動詞(注意發(fā)音變化):n.—v.洗澡bath—bathe呼吸breath—breathe給……穿衣cloth—clothe(二)前綴法1.超過over-:無意中聽到overhear超過overtake睡過頭oversleep推翻overthrow/overturn人口過剩overpopulation克服overcome忽略/俯視overlook2.重新re-:康復(fù)/找回recover脫(衣服等)/移開remove續(xù)借/更換/續(xù)簽renew回收利用recycle替代replace使恢復(fù)精力refresh改革reform復(fù)習(xí)review3.前的fore-:預(yù)告foretell前額forehead預(yù)報forecast預(yù)知foresee4.前的pre-:前提precondition預(yù)告predict戰(zhàn)前的pre-war幼兒園preschool預(yù)演preview5.前的ex-:前妻ex-wife前總統(tǒng)ex-president6.后的post-:戰(zhàn)后的post-war研究生postgraduate7.多的multi-:多媒體的multimedia多元文化的multicultural多項選擇的multiple-choice8.遠的tele-:電話telephone電視television電報telegram電信telecommunications望遠鏡telescope9.相互的inter-:面試interview國際的international互聯(lián)網(wǎng)Internet相互作用interact10.微小的micro-:麥克風(fēng)microphone微波microwave微軟microsoft顯微鏡microscope11.自動的auto-:汽車automobile自傳autobiography親筆簽名autograph自動地automatically12.副的vice-:副總統(tǒng)vice-president副總理vice-premier13.生態(tài)的eco-:生態(tài)學(xué)ecology生態(tài)系統(tǒng)ecosystem生態(tài)友好的eco-friendly14.中國的Sino-:中日的Sino-Japanese中石化Sinopec15.潛/次一級sub-:潛意識(的)subconscious亞熱帶的subtropical地鐵subway潛水艇submarine郊區(qū)的suburban副標(biāo)題subtitle16.半semi-:半熟練的semi-skilled半決賽semi-final17.三tri-:三輪車tricycle三角形triangle18.橫跨trans-:轉(zhuǎn)移transfer轉(zhuǎn)變transform傳播transmit移植transplant(三)否定的前綴或后綴1.in-,im-/il-,ir-不活躍的inactive不貴的inexpensive缺乏經(jīng)驗的inexperienced隨便的informal不完整的incomplete不方便的inconvenient獨立的independent間接的indirect不重要的insignificant無能力的incapable/incompetent不合適的improper/inappropriate不精確的inaccurate/incorrect/inexact不充足的inadequate/insufficient不成熟的immature不耐煩的impatient不完美的imperfect不可能的impossible不禮貌的impolite不合邏輯的illogical不合法的illegal不規(guī)則的irregular不負(fù)責(zé)的irresponsible2.un-不尋常的unusual不安的uneasy不公平的unfair/unjust不知道的unaware/unconscious不確定的uncertain不受歡迎的unpopular不普通的uncommon不愉快的unpleasant不重要的unimportant不必要的unnecessary不成功的unsuccessful沒被注意的unnoticed不整潔的untidy不合理的unreasonable未完成的unfinished/undone脫衣undress打開unfold卸車unload開……的鎖unlock解凍unfreeze出土/挖掘unearth擰開unscrew解開undo/unpack揭露uncover3.dis-消失disappear不鼓勵discourage揭露disclose發(fā)現(xiàn)discover不同意disagree不同意disapprove不服從disobey不誠實的dishonest不滿意的dissatisfied可恥的disgraceful弱點disadvantage紊亂disorder4.mis-誤導(dǎo)(v.)mislead誤導(dǎo)的(adj.)misleading誤解(v.)misunderstand濫用misuse誤解(n.)misunderstanding拼錯misspell不信任mistrust5.anti-防空的anti-aircraft防凍劑antifreeze抗日戰(zhàn)爭Anti-JapaneseWar反社會的antisocial6.de-降級degrade減少decrease貶值devalue解凍defrost毀林deforestation7.ill-虐待ill-treat信息不足的ill-informed不禮貌的ill-mannered不合時宜的ill-timed不合適的ill-fitting沒教養(yǎng)的ill-bred考慮欠周的ill-considered時運不濟的ill-fated非法得到的ill-gotten不健康illhealth8.non-非營利的non-profit直達的non-stop不吸煙者non-smoker防滑的non-slip廢話nonsense非暴力non-violence不可再生資源non-renewableresources9.-free無憂無慮的carefree無利息的interest-free免稅的duty-free10.-proof防水的waterproof防震的shockproof二、轉(zhuǎn)化(一)動詞與名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換:如:1.倒退(v.)Hebackedhiscarintothegarage.支持(v.)Youarenotalone,andweareallbackingyou.背后(n.)Shesthekindofpersonwhotalksaboutyoubehindyourback.2.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)(v.)Heheadedtherebellion.使……對著某處行進(v.)Heheadedhisboatfortheshore.頭(n.)Hewasshotinthehead,dead.3.缺乏(v.)Ilackwordswithwhichtoexpressmythanks.缺乏(n.)Lackofproperfundingismakingourjobmoredifficult.(二)動詞與形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)換:如:1.越過(v.)Thedogsucceededinclearingthefence.清理(v.)Heclearedthetablebytakingplates,forksandknivesaway.清楚的(adj.)Tomakeyourselfclearwithoutusingfacialexpressionscanbeverydifficult.2.打掃(v.)Yourshoesneedcleaning.干凈的(adj.)Trytokeepyourroomcleanandtidy.3.意味著(v.)Whatdoyoumeanbysayingthat?吝嗇的(adj.)Hehasalwaysbeenmeanwithhismoney.(三)形容詞與名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換:身體好的/井well好的/罰款fine公平的/展覽會fair主要的/首領(lǐng)chief耐心的/病人patient安全的/保險箱safe堅定的/公司firm穩(wěn)定的/馬廄stable相對的/親戚relative平淡的/平原plain滿意的/內(nèi)容content具體的/混凝土concrete三、合成1.合成形容詞(1)adj.+presentparticiple漂亮的good-looking聞著芳香的sweet-smelling隨和的easy-going長相一般的ordinary-looking(2)adv.+presentparticiple永久的ever-lasting職位高的high-ranking暢銷貨best-sellinggoods=bestseller(3)adv.+pastparticiple著名的well-known新婚的newly-married本地制造的locally-produced堅信的firmly-believed密切相關(guān)的closely-related廣泛接受的widely-accepted穿著隨意的informally-dressed容易形成的easily-formed牢固的strongly-built高度發(fā)達的highly-developed人口稠密的densely-populated正式發(fā)行的officially-released正式承認(rèn)的officially-recognized(4)n.+presentparticiple省時的time-saving耗能的energy-consuming愛好和平的peace-loving制片的film-making傷心的heart-breaking令人驚嘆的breathtaking說英語的English-speaking解決問題的problem-solving令人垂涎的mouth-watering贏利的profit-making(5)n.+pastparticiple國營的state-owned由衷的heartfelt人造的man-made覆蓋雪的snow-covered粗糙的weather-beaten國產(chǎn)的home-made一貧如洗的poverty-stricken好奇心驅(qū)使的curiosity-driven個體經(jīng)營的self-employed政府支持的government-backed(6)n.+adj.環(huán)保的environment-friendly=environmentallyfriendly節(jié)能的energy-efficient有成本效益的cost-effective(7)adj.+n.+-ed心不在焉的absent-minded心地善良的kind-hearted目光短淺的short-sighted近視的near-sighted左撇子的left-handed頭發(fā)花白的white-haired長尾巴的long-tailed和藹可親的good-natured脾氣壞的bad-tempered思想開明的open-minded狹隘的narrow-minded頭腦簡單的simple-minded有空調(diào)的air-conditioned(8)n.+-ed詳細(xì)的detail—detailed有經(jīng)驗的experience—experienced有