劉毅詞匯系列之基礎(chǔ)詞匯

.z.毅詞匯系列之Lesson1adv在國外v影響v上〔學(xué)〕；參加n責(zé)難n氣泡n墓地n贊揚(yáng)n沖突，爭斗v合作adj好奇的adj美味的v指導(dǎo)adj直接的v拉n帝國n事件n失敗n文卷檔v歸檔adj坦白的v產(chǎn)生v停頓前進(jìn)n角adj個別的n個人n〔時間的〕間隔n繩結(jié)adj自由主義的adj華美的adj心理的adj暫時的adj中立的v遺漏，刪除n孔雀n先驅(qū)者v祈禱v讀…的音n種族，比賽n親戚adj相對的v常去，求助v摩；擦n陰暗處n情勢adj疼痛的v覆蓋；鋪根底詞匯abroadaffectattendblamebubblecemeterymendationconflictcooperatecuriousdeliciousdirectdrawempireeventfailurefilefrankgeneratehalthornindividualintervalknotliberalmagnificentmentalmomentaryneutralomitpeacockpioneerpraypronounceracerelativeresortrubshadowsituationsorespreadn胃n手提箱n天才n王位n/v轉(zhuǎn)移，調(diào)職n使用n元音字母v縮回，撤銷Lesson2adj絕對的n經(jīng)銷處n態(tài)度adj空白的n堆，容量n典禮n貿(mào)易v混淆n銅v詛咒n娛樂，消遣v消失n/v漂流v雇用n證據(jù)n能力，大學(xué)教員adj經(jīng)濟(jì)上的n貨物adj大方的adj便利的adj可怕的adj勤勞的adj親密的n了解，學(xué)識n自由n莊嚴(yán)v提起n紀(jì)念物n綽號n洋蔥n山頂n坑v傳教n證據(jù)stomachsuitcasetalentthronetransferusagevowelwithdrawabsoluteagencyattitudeblankbulkceremonymerceconfusecoppercursedelightdisappeardriftemployevidencefacultyfinancialfreightgeneroushandyhorribleindustriousintimateknowledgelibertymajestymentionmonumentnicknameonionpeakpitpreachproofn破布v釋放n責(zé)任adj不禮貌的n/v輕視adj淺的n靈魂v撒；灑v彎腰n金額，總和adj多嘴的adv全部地prep全v運(yùn)送v說出adj完全的n航行v枯萎Lesson3adj學(xué)校的adv超過；在前n誘惑n火焰v邀請比賽v犯，做，委托n立法機(jī)關(guān)n改正adj潮濕的v需要v使失望v淹死v鼓勵adj明顯的n寓言adj堅硬的adj常有的n天才n港v咆哮adj聲名狼藉的v介紹n勞動n蓋n大多數(shù)n寬恕adj道義上的ragreleaseresponsibilityrudescornshallowsoulsprinklestoopsumtalkativethroughouttransportuttervoyagewitheracademicaheadattractionblazechallengemitcongresscorrectiondampdemanddisappointdrownencourageevidentfablefirmfrequentgeniusharborhowlinfamousintroducelaborlidmajoritymercymoralv點(diǎn)頭v轉(zhuǎn)動adj疼痛的n珍珠v拋，投，搭adj珍貴的n所有物，財產(chǎn)n憤怒v減輕，感到放心adj不安的n地毯n偵察兵n羞恥n草案，略圖adj健全的n聲音n/v偵查，間諜n貯藏庫v傳喚adj溫馴的v馴服v插入n陷阱v接種疫苗n薪資v目睹n證人Lesson4v使更為明顯v/n瞄準(zhǔn)n觀眾v祝福n包，包裹n特征v聯(lián)絡(luò)，傳達(dá)v連接v通信，符合v變黑v拒絕v排出，辭退adj鈍的n/v竭力n出色v枯萎n拳頭v害怕n鬼魂nodoperatepainfulpearlpitchpreciouspropertyragerelieverestlessrugscoutshamesketchsoundspystoragesummontamethrusttrapvaccinatewagewitnessaccentuateaimaudienceblessbundlecharacteristicmunicateconnectcorresponddarkendenydischargedullendeavore*cellencefadefistfrightenghostn困難adj極大的adj較低的v創(chuàng)造v照亮n男性n價值adj致命的，人類的n時機(jī)n宮殿n農(nóng)夫，農(nóng)人n憐憫n序言n比例n圍adj的v繼續(xù)n/v破壞v刮，削adj鋒利的adv整n熟練，技能adj酸的n正方形adj肥胖的n監(jiān)視者v纏結(jié)n拇指n條約v消失n戰(zhàn)爭adj機(jī)智的Lesson5v承受n恐懼n作者adj瞎的v負(fù)重?fù)?dān)n負(fù)擔(dān)adj慈善的n同伴v抑制，占領(lǐng)n服裝v投擲n沉淀物v儲存v露出hardshiphugeinferiorinventlightenmalemeritmortalopportunitypalacepeasantpityprefaceproportionrangereligiousresumeruinscrapesharpskillsoursquarestoutsuperintendenttanglethumbtreatyvanishwarfarewittyacceptalarmauthorblindburdencharitablepanionconquercostumedashdepositdiscloseadj沉默的v忍受n例外adj極度的n火焰n匆匆一瞥v瞥視n五金工具adj卑微的，簡陋的n/v感化力，影響v調(diào)整n缺乏n閃電n哺乳動物n動作adj正常的v反對n手掌v啄n行星n準(zhǔn)備n建議adj迅速的adj出眾的v保存n銹v劃，抓n抓痕v刮胡子n斜面v種植n松鼠v竭力adj最大的v輕拍n龍頭n打雷v顫抖n蒸汽n戰(zhàn)士n災(zāi)禍Lesson6adj偶然的n雄心n權(quán)力v開花n開花狀態(tài)n局dumbenduree*ceptione*tremeflameglancehardwarehumbleinfluenceinvestigatelacklightningmammalmotionnormalopposepalmpeckplanetpreparationproposalrapidremarkableretainrustscratchshaveslantsowsquirrelstrainsupremetapthundertremblevaporwarriorwoeaccidentalambitionauthorityblossombureaun迷人；魅力n比較n是非之心，良心n小屋n黎明v使沮喪，使蕭條v勸阻，使氣餒n黃昏n交換adj驚人的adj微弱的v閃光n霜n微弱的光n馬具v利用n圣歌v唱贊美歌v告知v邀請n梯子n肢，手足v駕駛，處理n方法n動機(jī)n鼻孔adj口頭的n突然的劇痛adj獨(dú)特的n盤v保存n風(fēng)光，希望adj稀有的，半熟的n藥物v退休n尖叫聲n小屋，棚v流出n奴隸制度adj寬闊的n全體人員n稻草n外表n滴答聲adj巨大的n多樣性n瀑布charmparisonconsciencecottagedawndepressdiscourageduske*changee*traordinaryfaintflashfrostgleamharnesshymninforminviteladderlimbmanagemethodmotivenostriloralpangpeculiarplatepreserveprospectrareremedyretirescreamshedslaveryspaciousstaffstrawsurfaceticktremendousvarietywaterfalln蟲Lesson7v陪，伴，伴奏v使笑〔樂〕v防止n炸彈n葬禮v追趕v強(qiáng)迫v同意n相當(dāng)?shù)娜宋飗使聾v獲得，起源v展示n灰塵adj精力充分的n廣博，程度n小仙子v奉承v蹙額，不悅n一瞥n收割v居住v包括n小羊n液體adj流體的adj強(qiáng)大的v登上，騎上v通知n軌道n天堂v細(xì)看n保證v發(fā)誓n壓力v興隆adj生的v使想起；提醒v退卻adj的，神圣的n紗，銀幕n暗礁，書架n袖v赦免adj空暇的n穩(wěn)固wormacpanyamuseavoidbombburialchasepelconsentcounterpartdeafenderivedisplaydustenergetice*tentfairyflatterfrownglimpseharvestinhabitinvolvelambliquidmightymountnotifyorbitparadisepeerpledgepressureprosperrawremindretreatsacredscreenshelfsleevesparestabilityn草莓n外科醫(yī)生n工作n潮n試驗(yàn)，審訊adj廣闊的n雨衣v使不透水v使變壞Lesson8v到達(dá)n錨v醒v臉紅n灌木v欺騙v競爭n結(jié)果n勇氣v討論v下降v布置，處理adj真心的v執(zhí)行v伸出，擴(kuò)展adj忠實(shí)的n味道v使受挫adj榮耀的n急忙v認(rèn)出v傷害adj不規(guī)則的adj跛足的n酒類adj有男子氣概的adj輕的，溫和的v哀悼n想法n/v命令n〔文章的〕段，節(jié)n刑罰v采，摘v假裝v保護(hù)strawberrysurgeontasktidetrialvastwaterproofworsenacplishanchorawakenblushbushcheatpeteconsequencecouragedebatedescenddisposeearnestenforcee*tendfaithfulflavorfrustrateglorioushasteidentifyinjureirregularlameliquormanlymildmournnotionorderparagraphpenaltypluckpretendprotectv了解，實(shí)現(xiàn)v遷移，移開，除去v泄露n/v犧牲n螺絲釘v釘n殼adj苗條的v閃耀n污點(diǎn)v被污n河，溪v投降adj美味的adj緊的n部落n武器v拆毀n殘骸Lesson9v符合v授予v夸耀n肉店，屠夫n頰adj勝任的，充分的v組成，存在n裂縫n債務(wù)v描述n爭論n輕松v雇傭，忙于v表達(dá)n想象力v逃跑v實(shí)踐n優(yōu)雅v〔鬼〕出沒adj無罪的n發(fā)行，出版，流出n房東n文學(xué)n/v制造n軍隊(duì)v增加adj極多的realizeremoverevealsacrificescrewshellslendersparklestainstreamsurrendertastytighttribeweaponwreckaccordawardboastbutchercheekpetentconsistcrackdebtdescribedisputeeaseengagee*pressfancyfleefulfillgracehauntinnocentissuelandlordliteraturemanufacturemilitarymultiplynumerousadj通常的n/v原諒n半島v跳入v阻礙v反對n后面n租金v租n復(fù)仇n馬鞍n封印v蓋章n避難所v遮蔽n片n矛，魚叉n木樁，利害關(guān)系v賭v伸出v包圍n酒店，旅店n森林，木材n戲法v欺騙n靜脈v使弱v扭，絞Lesson10n表達(dá)n角adj覺察的adj大膽的n小屋v使快樂v抱怨n撫慰n破碎聲，失事墜毀v腐蝕v應(yīng)受n區(qū)分v發(fā)回聲adj非常大的v暴露，揭穿n離別n艦隊(duì)n功能adj逐漸的ordinarypardonpeninsulaplungepreventprotestrearrentrevengesaddlesealshelterslicespearstakestretchsurroundtaverntimbertrickveinweakenwringaccountangleawareboldcabincheerplainconsolationcrashdecaydeservedistinctionechoenormouse*posefarewellfleetfunctiongradualn干草adj無知的v詢問n工程n風(fēng)景n肝臟n原稿n百萬富翁n謀殺v服從n構(gòu)造n國會n胡椒n詩n試映v供應(yīng)adj魯莽的v修理n圣人v尋找n警長n專家v潛近，大步地走n基，柄adj嚴(yán)格的v俯瞰n脾氣n錫v修剪adj整潔的n冒險v冒...險adj富有的n手腕Lesson11v習(xí)慣于n足踝n單身漢n邊adj沉著的v咀嚼adj復(fù)雜的v穩(wěn)固v爬adj體面的，不差的n絕望hayignorantinquireitemlandscapelivermanuscriptmillionairemurderobeyorganizationparliamentpepperpoetrypreviewproviderecklessrepairsaintsearchsheriffspecialiststalkstrictsurveytempertintrimventurewealthywristaccustomanklebachelorbordercalmchewple*consolidatecrawldecentdespairn悲哀n邊緣n企業(yè)n輸出v固定n肉n基金v畢業(yè)v治愈v說明v堅持n廣口瓶n巷n貸款n楓樹v交往n肌肉n物體v反對n起源n客廳v覺察adj有毒的adj先前的n省v勸告v代替adj荒唐的，可笑的v轉(zhuǎn)移v滑倒n紙片n球v使吃驚n鐘鳴聲n嫌疑n寺廟，太陽穴n蟾蜍adj討厭的，麻煩的n容器，血管，船只n網(wǎng)n喊叫v呼喊Lesson12n疼痛adj明顯的n谷倉v使人厭煩distressedgee*pertisee*portfastenfleshfundgraduatehealillustrateinsistjarlaneloanmapleminglemuscleobjectoriginparlorperceivepoisonouspreviousprovinceremendreplaceridiculousshiftslipspherestartlestrokesuspiciontempletoadtroublesomevesselwebyellacheapparentbarnboren運(yùn)河adj寒冷的v組成adj不斷的v創(chuàng)造adj確定的adj絕望的，自暴自棄的n區(qū)域adj可食的v娛樂v探險n命運(yùn)，天命v飄浮adj根本的adj壯偉的adj安康的v想象v鼓勵adj嫉妒的n燈籠adj地方的，當(dāng)?shù)氐膎石adj次要的adj共同的n目的n裝飾adj一局部的，偏袒的v執(zhí)行，做，演〔戲〕adj貴重的v發(fā)表；出版v認(rèn)出v重做n報答n緣故adj秘密的n奧秘n盾v遮護(hù)adj輕微的n符咒，一段時間v注視n繩v覺察n嫌疑犯n溫度canalchillyposeconstantcreatedecisivedesperatedistrictedibleentertaine*plorefatefloatfundamentalgrandhealthyimagineinspirejealouslanternlocalmarbleminormutualobjectiveornamentpartialperformpricelesspublishrecognizerepeatrewardsakesecretshieldslightspellstarestringsuspecttemperaturen組織n群，組，軍隊(duì)n詩，韻文adj疲倦的v使厭煩Lesson13v獲得v欣賞，感謝n根據(jù)v煩擾n蠟燭n選擇，被選的人v調(diào)配v組成n甲板v輕視v分發(fā)v教育adj熱心的v爆炸n缺點(diǎn)n水災(zāi)n葬禮v準(zhǔn)許v裝滿adj緊急的n例子n珠寶n膝部v設(shè)置n奇異之事adj詳細(xì)的adj神秘的v強(qiáng)迫n暴動v參與adj危險的adj客氣的n牧師v/n購置n參考v邀請n請求adj成熟的v使?jié)M意n平安tissuetroopversewearyachieveappreciatebasisbothercandlechoicepoundconstitutedeckdespisedistributeeducateenthusiastice*plodefaultfloodfuneralgrantheapimmediateinstancejewellaplocatemarvelminutemysteriousobligeoutbreakparticipateperilouspolitepriestpurchasereferencerequestripesatisfysecurityn缺點(diǎn)v打成粉碎n破碎聲v紡，旋轉(zhuǎn)adj穩(wěn)定的n材料v塞入，塞滿n汗v出汗adj可怕的n火把n龜n受害者n幸福Lesson14adj實(shí)際的n灰v打n碗n木匠n情況v想象v含有n罪v裝飾v決定v隔開n肘n入口n費(fèi)用n盛宴n霧v供應(yīng)，裝修adj貪心的v不愿；猶豫adj不可能的n機(jī)構(gòu)n雜志v發(fā)射n喪失v匹敵，相配n壞運(yùn)氣；不幸adj本國的adj明顯的adj出色的n草地shortingsmashspinsteadystuffsweatterribletorchturtlevictimwelfareactualashbeatbowlcarpentercircumstanceconceivecontaincrimedecoratedeterminedivideelbowentrancee*pensefeastfogfurnishgreedyhesitateimpossibleinstitutionjournallaunchlossmatchmisfortunenativeobviousoutstandingpasturen人格n港口n特權(quán)n謎n區(qū)域v相似v烤adj野蠻的n情感n安靜v啜泣v吐出adj陡峭的adj相當(dāng)?shù)腶dj急速的n溫度計n塔adj有代表性的n少女v悄悄地說Lesson15adj額外的n方面n胡子n黃銅v雕刻adj公民的，平民的v關(guān)于，關(guān)心n競賽v爭斗adj吹毛求疵的，危急的v減少n裝置，策略adj神的，非凡的n選舉n被羨慕的東西n探險，探險隊(duì)n特色n愚蠢，愚行n憤怒n悲傷v隱藏n印象v教導(dǎo)personalityportprivilegepuzzleregionresembleroastsavagesentimentsilencesobspitsteepsubstantialswiftthermometertowertypicalvirginwhisperadditionalaspectbeardbrasscarvecivilconcerncontestcriticaldecreasedevicedivineelectionenvye*peditionfeaturefollyfurygriefhideimpressioninstructn旅行n草地adj得意的n材料v欺騙n海軍n場合v抑制n輕拍v輕撫v說服adj可攜帶的n程序n質(zhì)量v登記v憎惡n竿n缺乏n連續(xù)adj愚蠢的adj社會的，聯(lián)誼性adj堂皇的n公牛v駕駛v代替v搖擺n口渴n蹤跡v追溯n聯(lián)合adj可見的v吹哨Lesson16v喜歡；欽佩v集合n走獸n勇敢n城堡v請求v推斷v訂約，收縮n農(nóng)作物，產(chǎn)量n行為v致力v/n離婚adj高雅的n赤道journeylawnlovelymaterialmisleadnavyoccasionoverepatpersuadeportableprocedurequalityregisterresentrodscarcityseriessillysocialsplendidsteersubstituteswingthirsttraceunionvisiblewhistleadmireassemblebeastbraverycastleclaimconcludecontractcropdeeddevotedivorceelegantequatorv生存adj聯(lián)邦制的v制止n畫廊v磨v改進(jìn)n用具；儀器adj下級的n漏洞v漏v降下n市長v不信任adj整潔的v充任adj所有的n補(bǔ)丁v補(bǔ)綴n片語，措辭n分得的財產(chǎn)n行列n爭吵n抱歉；遺憾v抱歉v保存n角色v驚嚇adj嚴(yán)肅的n銀器adj唯一的n底部v分配adj嚴(yán)格的v減去n刀，劍adj徹底的n傳統(tǒng)v聯(lián)合n視力，洞察力n寡婦Lesson17v允許v幫助v舉止n牛n粘土v譴責(zé)adj/adv相反的(地)e*istfederalforbidgallerygrindimproveinstrumentjuniorleaklowermayormistrustneatoccupyoverallpatchphraseportionprocessionquarrelregretreserverolescareserioussilverwaresolesplitsternsubtractswordthoroughtraditionunitevisionwidowadmitassistbehavecattleclaycondemncontraryadj為提煉的，粗魯?shù)膙打敗v不同n洋娃娃adj根本的v裝備v表現(xiàn)v喂食n暴力v疾奔n匆促地進(jìn)展v抓住adj后部的n沖動n/v侮辱n陪審團(tuán)v傾斜，屈身adj細(xì)瘦的adj忠實(shí)的n其間，當(dāng)中時間n混合n針v發(fā)生v俯視n軌道，路程adj自然的，物質(zhì)的身體的adj確實(shí)的v宣布adj奇怪的n/v統(tǒng)治v居住，存在n公雞n圍巾n仆人n相似adj隆重的v破壞adj硬的n地鐵n音節(jié)n線n商標(biāo)crudedefeatdifferdollelementaryequipe*hibitfeedforcegallopgriphindimpulseinsultjuryleanloyalmeantimemi*tureneedleoccuroverlookpathphysicalpositiveproclaimqueerreignresideroosterscarfservantsimilaritysolemnspoilstiffsubwaysyllablethreadtrademarkn大學(xué)n詞匯n荒地Lesson18n前進(jìn)，進(jìn)步v保證n生物學(xué)adj輝煌的，有才氣的n原因n殖民地n行為v比較adj殘忍的n缺陷v區(qū)分adj國的v擁抱n錯誤v使筋疲力竭n節(jié)日n形成n衣服v/n呻吟v租；雇，雇用adj附帶發(fā)生的adj聰明的n正義，公正v跳n幸運(yùn)v測量v嘲笑adj消極的，否認(rèn)的adj奇特的v歸功于n耐心n醫(yī)生v具有n職業(yè)v停頓，辭職v拒絕v辭職adj腐爛的v散播universityvocabularywildernessadvanceassurebiologybrilliantcausecolonyconductcontrastcrueldefectdifferentiatedomesticembraceerrore*haustfestivalformationgarmentgroanhireincidentalintelligentjusticeleapluckmeasuremocknegativeoddowepatiencephysicianpossessprofessionquitrejectresignrottenscatteradj嚴(yán)厲的n罪惡adj固體的n固體n發(fā)言人adj寂靜的v吸吮v代表，象征n威脅n交通n火山v擦Lesson19n便利n空氣，氣氛adj廣闊的adj慎重的adj色盲的n會議v有助于，捐助v壓碎v保護(hù)v消化n點(diǎn)n緊急v逃脫adj行政的v拿來n炮臺n喘息聲v喘氣n食品雜貨店adj中空的，凹陷的n愛好，傾向v想，打算adj銳利的，尖刻的n皮革n木材n機(jī)械工n方式v疏忽v觸怒n貓頭鷹n中止，停頓v躊躇n扒手n瓶，壺severesinsolidspokesmanstillsucksymbolizethreattrafficvolcanowipeadvantageatmospherebroadcautiouscolor-blindconferencecontributecrushdefenddigestdotemergencyescapee*ecutivefetchfortgaspgroceryhollowinclinationintendkeenleatherlumbermechanicmodeneglectoffendowlpausepickpocketpotn利潤v顫抖v快樂v抵抗adj粗的n氣味v聞出v縫v下沉n水槽n解答n污點(diǎn)，地點(diǎn)v/n螫；刺v遭受，受苦n同情n/v興奮adj悲慘的adj最新的n書本，容積adj任性的，成心的Lesson20n冒險v貼上adj苦的v播送v停頓v聯(lián)合，化合v成認(rèn)v談話v耕作v延誤n高尚n疑慮n情感v建造v原諒n纖維adj直率的adj快樂的n/v保證adj神圣的n收入n愛好，興趣v燃燒adj合法的n肺profitquiverrejoiceresistroughscentsewsinksolutionspotstingsuffersympathythrilltragicup-to-datevolumewillfuladventureattachbitterbroadcastceasebineconfessconversecultivatedelaydignitydoubtemotionestablishe*cusefiberforthrightgayguaranteeholyineinterestkindlelegallungn媒體adj一般的n附近n氣味n步調(diào)v鋪adj如畫的v倒n進(jìn)步v進(jìn)展v引證v表達(dá)，連接v決定adj皇家的n方案v圖謀v位于adv有幾分v噴上v攪動adj適合的n故事n喉嚨v行走，踐踏v促使n誓言v立誓n巫婆Lesson21v登廣告v攻擊n鐵匠n溪流n天花板v撫慰v限制，臥病v改變adj狡猾的n代表adj微暗的v拖n皇帝n財產(chǎn)v大叫adj兇猛的adj幸福的v凝視mediummoderateneighborhoododorpacepavepicturesquepourprogressquoterelateresolveroyalschemesituatesomewhatspraystirsuitabletalethroattrampurgevowwitchadvertiseattackblacksmithbrookceilingfortconfineconvertcunningdelegatedimdragemperorestatee*claimfiercefortunategazen習(xí)慣v跳躍n獨(dú)立adj國際的n風(fēng)箏n空閑n機(jī)器v融化adj謙遜的adj緊的v提出v裝n包n〔有爪的〕腳n鴿子n貧窮n方案v減輕v回復(fù)n答復(fù)n步槍n薪水n局部v劃分v射擊n坡，斜面v傾斜n蜘蛛v饑餓n構(gòu)造，建筑物v吞，咽n燕子adj嫩的v歸還；提出n信賴v相信n背心n雜草v除草v生產(chǎn)，屈服Lesson22n事務(wù)，事情v試圖n刀鋒n掃帚n小蜂窩，細(xì)胞v命令v證實(shí)v使相信v治愈n治療方法adj靈敏的habithopindependenceinternationalkiteleisuremachinerymeltmodestnervousofferpackpawpigeonpovertyprojectreducereplyriflesalarysectionshootslopespiderstarvestructureswallowtendertrustvestweedyieldaffairattemptbladebroomcellmandconfirmconvincecuredelicatev伸入v排水n強(qiáng)調(diào)v估計n人影，畫像adj污濁的n寶石v歡呼n地平線v指示v打攪v跪下v減輕n魔術(shù)v修補(bǔ)adj潮濕的n巢n官員adj公務(wù)上的n包裹n薪水冊n堆，大批v堆積adj實(shí)際的adj迅速的，果斷的v參考v代表adj公正的n治v夾在中間adj安心的v保護(hù)，獲得n缺乏adj聰明的v灑n政治家v努力，奮斗v/n搖擺n期間，學(xué)期，術(shù)語，條件v辛苦工作n辛勞，網(wǎng)n節(jié)奏v調(diào)音n惡習(xí)v