英語系語言學(xué)考研

注意事項(xiàng)語言學(xué)是考研比較頭疼的課程,以下幾個(gè)復(fù)習(xí)中需要注意的問題,供你參考:第一,要注意基本概念和基本理論?；靖拍钏€熟于心,做到能見到概念就知道它屬于哪個(gè)章節(jié),基本內(nèi)容是什么，對這個(gè)概念不同的語言學(xué)流派有什么不同的理解，你個(gè)人的見解又是什么?；纠碚撘宄涝趯Υ粋€(gè)問題時(shí)不同的理論是如何處理的，它們的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是什么?它們的理論前提是什么?它們的優(yōu)勢和弊端都是什么?你對這些理論有什么評價(jià)?第二,要注意對于基本理論的應(yīng)用。比如在音位學(xué)章節(jié)里,用區(qū)別性特征理論的研究結(jié)果來描寫音位;在形態(tài)學(xué)里，用派生形態(tài)學(xué)的理論來解釋構(gòu)詞法;在句法學(xué)里，用直接成分分析法和樹形圖來解釋歧義句等等。這些經(jīng)典理論的運(yùn)用在考試中是經(jīng)常例現(xiàn)的。第三,要注意語言學(xué)和其他學(xué)科的聯(lián)系。雖然在考試中主要考察語言學(xué)的核心學(xué)科,可是語言學(xué)和其它學(xué)科的交叉有時(shí)也占有一定的比例。所以建議大家多看看相關(guān)的章節(jié),掌握ー下那個(gè)章節(jié)的概貌;比如說,社會語言學(xué)、二語習(xí)得、計(jì)算語言學(xué)、歷史比較語言學(xué)等等。第四，要注意創(chuàng)造性地理解和解釋新現(xiàn)象。在考試題目中,總會有些平時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)沒有見過的語ぎ材料讓你來分析。這時(shí)不要緊張,要仔細(xì)思考那其中所包含的信.息,并檢索自己知識系統(tǒng)中的相關(guān)理論去解釋它。要有創(chuàng)造性的見解。第五,要多做練習(xí)。英語語言學(xué)概論重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)提示第一章概論語言的定義;語言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多產(chǎn)性、移位、文化傳遞和互換性）；語言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、詢問、表達(dá)主觀感情、喚起對方的感情和言語行為）；語言的起源（神授說，人造說,進(jìn)化說）等。語言學(xué)定義；研究語言的四大原則（窮盡、一致、簡潔、客觀）；語言學(xué)的基本概念（口語與書面語、共時(shí)與歷時(shí)、語言與言學(xué)、語言能力與言行運(yùn)用、語言潛勢與語言行為）；普通語言學(xué)的分支（語音、音位、語法、句法、語義）；;語言學(xué)的應(yīng)用（語言學(xué)與語言教學(xué)、語言與社會、語言與文字、語言與心理學(xué)、人類語言學(xué)、神經(jīng)語言學(xué)、數(shù)理語言學(xué)、計(jì)算語言學(xué)）等。第三章語音學(xué)和音位學(xué)發(fā)音器官的英文名稱；英適輔音的發(fā)音部位和發(fā)音方法；語音學(xué)的定義；三大分支（發(fā)音語音學(xué)；聽覺語音學(xué)；聲學(xué)語音學(xué)）；元音及輔音的分類；嚴(yán)式與寬式標(biāo)音等。音位理論；最小對立體；自由變異；互補(bǔ)分布;語音的相似性；區(qū)別性特征；超語段音位學(xué);音節(jié)；重音（詞重音、句子重音、音高和語調(diào)）等。第三章詞法學(xué)詞法的定義；曲折詞與派生詞；構(gòu)詞法（合成與派生）;詞素的定義;詞素變體；自由詞素;粘著詞素（詞根，詞綴和詞干）等。詞的定義；語法詞與詞匯詞；變詞與不變詞;封閉詞與開放詞；詞的辨認(rèn)；習(xí)語與搭配。第四章句法學(xué)句法的定義;句法關(guān)系；結(jié)構(gòu)；成分；直接成分分析法；并列結(jié)構(gòu)與從屬結(jié)構(gòu)；句子成分;范疇（性，數(shù)，格）；一致；短語,從句,句子擴(kuò)展等。第五章語義學(xué)語義的定義；語義的有關(guān)理論；意義種類（傳統(tǒng)、功能、語用）；里奇的語義分類；詞匯意義關(guān)系（同義、反義、下義）；句子語義關(guān)系。第六章語言變化語言的發(fā)展變化（詞匯變化、語音書寫文字、語法變化、語義變化）；第七章語、田維與文化語言與文化的定1i;薩丕爾ー沃夫假說；語常與思維的關(guān)系；語言與文化的關(guān)系；中西文化的異同。第八章語用學(xué)語用學(xué)的定義;語義學(xué)與語用學(xué)的區(qū)別;語境與意義;言語行為理論（言內(nèi)行為、言外行為和言后行為）;合作原則。第九章語言學(xué)和外語教學(xué)語言學(xué)與外語教學(xué)的關(guān)系;各種語言觀及其在外語學(xué)習(xí)和外語教學(xué)中的意義:大綱設(shè)計(jì);語言學(xué)習(xí):1.語法與語言學(xué)習(xí)2.輸入和語言學(xué)習(xí)3.中際語與語言學(xué)；錯(cuò)誤分析；測試第十章語言習(xí)得母語習(xí)得理論（行為主義,天生論）;二語習(xí)得（對比分析,錯(cuò)誤分析,中介語）；二語習(xí)得中的個(gè)體差異（語言學(xué)能,認(rèn)知差異,性格特征,學(xué)習(xí)策略）；第十一章現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)理論與流派布拉格學(xué)派,倫敦學(xué)派,美國結(jié)構(gòu)主義學(xué)派,轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法各流派的代表人物,重要文獻(xiàn);各流派的理論基礎(chǔ)、特點(diǎn)、主要觀點(diǎn)、重要概念。模擬題TEST1I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully,decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.（1%X15=15%）Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarforitismostly.A.prescriptiveB.descriptiveC.subjectiveD.diachronicWhichofthefollowingisnotamajorbranchoflinguistics?A.phoneticsB.phonologyC.speechD.syntaxphoneticsstudiesspeechorgansandhowspeechsoundsaremade（articulated）bythevocalorgans.A.AcousticB.ArticulatoryC.ArithmeticD.Auditorystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesthatgoverntheirformation.A.PhonologyB.SemanticsC.SyntaxD.MorphologyEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsof.A.mannerofarticulationB.placeofarticulationC.forceofarticulationD.BothAandBN.Chomskyisafamouslinguist.A.American B.British C.Greek D.SwissThewords“petrol”and“gasoline”aresynonymsdifferingin.A.styles B.dialects C.register D.connotativemeaningWhichofthefollowingtwo-termsetsaregradableantonyms?A.hot/coldB.doctor/patientC.single/marriedD.husband/wifeWhichofthefollowingsetoffeaturesiscorrecttodescribethesound[f]inEnglish?A.voicedpalatalaffricativeB.voicedalveolarstopC.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricativeWhatisthesententialrelationshipbetween"John'sbikeneedsrepairing."and“Johnhasabike.*'?A.EntailmentB.PresuppositionC.ContradictionD.AnomalyisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituentsuchasNPandVP.A.S-structureB.D-structureC.LinearstructureD.HierarchicalstructureLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled.A.dualityB.displacementC.creativityD.reliabilityTheaffixeswhichmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasM-ing,-est"arecalled.A.derivationalaffixesB.freemorphemesC.inflectionalaffixesD.rootsWhichofthefollowingunderlinedletterisdifferentfromothersinpronunciation?A.sinceB.sinkC.sunglassDthankThesounds/k/and/g/areseparate.A.allophonesB.phonemesC.morphemesD.allomorphsDirections:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%X10=10%)Languageisasystemofavocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludesyllable,stress,toneandAneconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecentreofthewhole.Cvowelsareasetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages..Thepairofwords“femaleandmale**belongstothecantonyms.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthes,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.Englishspeechsoundscanbeclassifiedintovowelsandc.Apiswhatisexpressedbyadeclarativesentencewhenthesentenceisutteredtomakeastatementwithtruthvalueasitsimportantproperty.Thestudyoflanguagedevelopmentatsomepointintimeisgenerallytermedasslinguistics.Gisarelationshipinwhichawordofacertainclassdeterminestheformofothersintermsofcertaincategory,whileconcordisknownasagreement.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(1%X20=20%)Langueisrelativelystableandsystematicwhileparoleissubjecttopersonalandsituationalconstraints.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.Transformationalrulesdonotchangethebasicmeaningsofsentences.Theword“flower”isthesuperordinateofthehyponyms“rose”，“tulip”and“l(fā)ily”.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheactualrealizationoftheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.Phonologyisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesentencepatternsofalanguage.Allvowelsandnasalsarevoiced.Hallidayhastriedtorelatethefunctionsoflanguagestoitsstructures.Senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheChineseusedintheTangDynastyisadiachronicstudy.[p]isavoicelessbilabialstop.SinceEnglishhassomanyloanwords,completesynonymsarecommonlyseen.Inflectionalaffixesarethosewhosemajorfunctionistoattachthemselvestoothermorphemestoformanewword.Linguisticsstudiesanyparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.Foranynaturallanguage,asetofsyntacticrulesisnotcapableofyieldinganunlimitednumberofsentencesinthatlanguage.Asyllablewithoutacodaisaclosedsyllable.Thephrase“greenhouse"withthefirstelementstressedmeans“ahousewhichisgreenincolour.*'Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzesentencemeaning.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithdiacriticsiscallednarrowtranscription.Directions:MatchthelinguistsinColumnAwiththeirrelevanttheoriesorlinguisticcontributioninColumnB(1%X10=10%)AB1.Ferdinand deA.SemanticsSaussureB.thesemantictriangle2.DanielJonesC.Phaticcommunion3.GeoffreyLeechD.TGGrammar4.Ogden&RichardsE.IPA5.J.KatzF.CourseinGeneral6.MalinowskiLinguistics7.BloomfieldG.“TheStructureofa8.NoamChomskySemanticTheoryM.A.K.HallidayH.Systemic-Functional9.Grammar10.J.R.FirthI.ThestructuralapproachJ.TheLondonSchoolDirections:Analyzethesentences(5%X2=10%)Analyzethefollowingambiguousphrasewithimmediatecomponentanalysis(labeledtreediagram)morereliableinformationUsetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawalabeledtreediagramThestudentsawanaccidentonthestreet.VI.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms.(2%X5=10%)duality2.vowel3.hyponymy4.stop(爆破音)5.acronymVII.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessarv(5%X5=25%)1.Illustratethemainfunctionsoflanguage?Howisphonologyrelatedtoanddifferentfromphonetics?IllustrateChomsky*sdistinctionofcompetenceandperformance.WhatarethewaysofclassifyingwordsinEnglish?Whatisthereferentialtheory?AdditionalPartDirections:Afteryouhavefinishedansweringtheabovequestions,commentonthefollowingparagraphifyou'dlike.Yourachievementonthispartwillbeusedasreferenceforyourfinalscore.Iftimeisupwhenyoucometothispart,itwillnotinfluencetheevaluationonyourperformanceinthistest.Aprofessorwritesarecommendationletterasfollows:“JohnWangregularlyandpunctuallyattendedallmyclasses.Allhisassignmentswerehandedinontimeandveryneatlypresented.IgreatlyenjoyedhavingJohnWanginmyclass.n

ASK:Whatishisimpliedmeaning?A卷答案及評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):卷面成績總分為100分,占總成績的70%〇I.第一為選擇題,共15小題,每題1分,共15分。B2.C3.B4.D5.D6.A7.B8.A9.D10.B11.B12.B13.C14.A15.B第二題為填空題,單詞拼寫正確方可得分。10個(gè)小題,每題1分,共10分。1.ernment如果第7題寫為subcategory也算正確,得1分。第三題為判斷題,共20小題,每題1分,共20分。.T2.T3.T4.T5.F 6.F7.T8.T9.T10.F.T12.F13.T14.F15.F 16.F17.F18.F19.F20.T第四題為匹配選擇題,按照順序選擇與語言學(xué)家相對應(yīng)的語言學(xué)貢獻(xiàn)。共10個(gè)匹配項(xiàng),共10分。.F2.E3.A4.B5.G6.C7.I8.D9.H10.J第五題要求用樹型圖顯示歧異短語或者句子結(jié)構(gòu)1.morereliableinformation morereliableinformation如果只畫出上面的其中一個(gè)得3分;沒有標(biāo)記詞性的樹型圖扣1分;全部畫出得5分。畫出如ド的基本樹型圖得3分,最后介詞短語畫在VP卜.得滿分,介詞短語畫在VP下面的NP里面也不扣分。VI.第六題為名詞解釋題,5個(gè)名詞術(shù)語每個(gè)2分,共10分。每個(gè)小題答出關(guān)鍵訶（黑體字）即可得2分。duality:Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Languagehastwolevelsofstructures,thesoundwhichismeaninglessandformunitswhicharemeaningful.vowel:Avowelisthesoundsegmentwhichisproducedwithoutanyobstructionalongthevocaltract.Whenitisarticulated,noturbulencecanbeperceived.hyponym:Itismeaninginclusiveness（amatterofclassmembership）.Theupperterminthissenserelationiscalledsuperordinateandthelowerhyponyms.stop:Itisasoundproducedastheresultascompleteclosureofthearticulatorsfirstandsuddenreleaseoftheairstreams.acronym:Itismadeupfromthefirstletterofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword,suchasWTO,BBCandWB.VIL第七題為簡答題,共5題,每題5分,共25分。答出每題的主要內(nèi)容得滿分,少幾點(diǎn)主要內(nèi)容,相應(yīng)地扣幾分。Languagehasmanyfunctionsinourdailylife.Formostpeople,theinformativefunctionisthemajorroleoflanguage.Languageistheinstrumentofthought.Secondly,languagehastheinterpersonalfunctionbywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinthesociety.Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons.Emotivefunctionchangestheemotionalstatusofpeople.Phaticcommunionreferstothefunctionofmeaninglessexpressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationship.Languagehasrecreationalandmetalingualfunctionaswell.（只列出關(guān)鍵詞沒有解釋其中任何一條的扣2分,只解釋一條的扣一分）Bothphonologyandphoneticsstudythespeechsoundsinlanguage.Phoneticsstudieshowsoundsaremade,transmittedandreceived.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isthestudyofthesoundsystemsoflanguages.Phonologyisconcernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguages,whilephoneticsisthestudyofallpossiblespeechsounds.Phonologystudiesthewayinwhichspeakersofalanguageusetheselectionofthesesoundsinordertoexpressmeaning.CompetenceandperformanceareafundamentaldistinctionproposedbyChomsky.Alanguageusersunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticcompetence.Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.Wecanobservethediscrepancybetweencompetenceandperformanceinnormallanguageusers.Competenceisabstractandstable,whereasperformanceisconcreteanddependentonthesituation.Accordingtotheirvariability,wordscanbeclassifiedintovariablewordsandinvariablewords.Intermsofthemeaningexpressedbywords,theycanbeclassifiedintogrammaticalwordsandlexicalwords.Thisdistinctionleadstothedistinctionofclosed-classwordsandopen-classwords.Awordthatbelongstotheclosedclassisonewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited,whiletheopen-classoneisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.Thereferentialtheorywhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandfor,isknownasthereferentialtheory.Wecanexplainthemeaningofawordbypointingtothethingitrefersto.Butthereissomethingabstractandcanonlybesensedinourminds.Later,thesemantictriangleisemployedtoexplaintheindirectrelationbetweenwordsandthings.TEST2I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully,decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%X10=20%)Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarforitismostly.A.prescriptive B.descriptiveC.subjective D.Latin-basedWhichofthefollowingisnotamajorbranchoflinguistics?A.phoneticsB.phonologyC.speechD.syntaxEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofA.mannerofarticulationB.placeofarticulationC.forceofarticulationD.BothAandBTherearemorphemesintheword“disabled”.A.oneB.twoC.threeD.fourstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesthatgoverntheirformation.A.PhonologyB.SemanticsC.SyntaxD.MorphologyTheisthemostflexible,andisresponsibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother.A.nasalcavityB.oralcavityC.tongueD.lips“hotdog"withthefirstelementstressedmeans.A.adogwhichishotB.abarkingdogC.akindoffoodD.adeaddogN.Chomskyisafamouslinguist.A.AmericanB.BritishC.GreekD.SwissThewordssuchashandbookandhighwayare.formedbyblending B.coinedbyback-formationC.compoundwords D.derivationsWhichofthefollowingtwo-termsetsarecomplementaryantonyms?A.hot/cold B.doctor/patientC.single/married D.husband/wifeDirections:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(2%X10=20%)Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanc.Saussuremadethefamousdistinctionbetweenlangueandp.Misthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofm.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasstudy.Thepairofwords"femaleandmale1*belongstothecantonyms.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthes,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.Englishspeechsoundscanbeclassifiedintovowelsandc.AnexpertwhostudieslinguisticsiscalledaI.Linguisticsisdefinedasthesstudyoflanguage.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(1%X20=20%)Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.Sincemorphemesarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage,theycanbeusedindependently.Theword“flower1'isthesuperordinateofthehyponyms“rose”，“tulip”and“l(fā)ily”.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser*sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelofthelanguagesystem,thereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless.TheEnglishsound[m]isabilabialnasal.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalledduality.Modernlinguisticsgivesprioritytothewrittenformoflanguage.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheChineseusedintheTangDynastyisadiachronicstudy.[b]isavoicelessbilabialstop.WhileEnglishhasborrowedmostheavilyfromFrench,otherlanguageshavealsomadetheircontributions.Inflectionalaffixesarethosewhosemajorfunctionistoattachthemselvestoothermorphemestoformanewword.Linguisticsstudiesanyparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.InEnglish,nouns,verbs,prepositionsandadverbsareopenclassessincewecanregularlyaddnewwordstotheseclasses.Asyllablewithoutacodaisaclosedsyllable.Thephrase“greenhouse”withthefirstelementstressedmeans“ahousewhichisgreenincolour.”Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzelexicalmeaning.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithdiacriticsiscalledbroadtranscription.Directions:Analyzethesentences(5%X2=10%)Analyzethefollowingambiguousphrasewithimmediatecomponentanalysis(labeledtreediagram)morecomfortablehousesUsetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawalabeledtreediagramThemotherfeedsthebaby.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms.(2%X5=10%)1.phonology2.vowel3.language4.syntax5.morphemeVI.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessarv(2%X10=20%).Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?答案及評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)卷面成績總分為100分,占總成績的70%。第一為選擇題,共10小題,每題2分,共20分。C3.D4.C5.D6.B7.C8.A9.C10.C第二題為填空題,單詞拼寫正確方可得分。10個(gè)小題,每題2分,共20分。1.communication2.parole3.morpheme4.meanings5.synchroniccomplementary7.superordinate8.consonants9.linguist10.scientificIII.第三題為判斷題,共20小題,每題1分,共20分。.T2.T3.F4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.F10.F.F12.T13.T14.F15.F16.T17.F18.F19.T20.FIV.第五題要求用樹型圖顯示歧異短語或者句子結(jié)構(gòu),共10分。1.NPNP

NPNP如果只畫出上面的其中一個(gè)得3分:沒有標(biāo)記詞性的樹型圖扣1分;全部畫出得5分。VI.第六題為名詞解釋題,5個(gè)名詞術(shù)語每個(gè)2分,共10分。每個(gè)小題答出關(guān)鍵詞(黑體字)即可得2分。Phonology:Thelinguisticstudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.Vowel:Avowelisthesoundsegmentwhichisproducedwithoutanyobstructionalongthevocaltract.Whenitisarticulated,noturbulencecanbeperceived.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Syntax:Itisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtofromsentencesandthesentencestructureoflanguage.Morpheme:Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage,e.g.dis-,taste,-ful.VII.第七題為簡答題,共2題,每題10分,共20分。答出每題的主要內(nèi)容得滿分,少幾點(diǎn)主要內(nèi)容,相應(yīng)地扣兒分。Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication,^arbitrariness:Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.2)Productivity:languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Duality:languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructuresortwolevels:thelowerlevelofsoundsandthehigherlevelofmeaning.4)Displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.TEST3I.Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandchoosetheletterA,B,CorD.(120=20)Saussure*scollectednoteswereputtogetherbyhisstudentstoproducethegreatwork,,in1916.Itmarkedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.A.CourseinGeneralLinguisticsB.ACourseinModernLinguisticsC.Language D.SyntacticStructuresInhisbookSyntacticStructurespublishedin1957,Chomskyestablishedthewell-known,whichmarkedthebeginningoftheChomskyanRevolution.

A.competenceandperformanceC.synchronicanddiachronicA.competenceandperformanceC.synchronicanddiachronicD.Transformational-GenerativeGrammar“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”,thefamousquotationfromShakespeare,splay“RomeoandJuliefwellillustrates.theconventionalnatureoflanguagethecreativenatureoflanguagetheuniversalityoflanguagethebigdifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanimalcommunicationLinguisticsisthescientificstudyof.A.aparticularlanguage B.theEnglishlanguageC.humanlanguagesingeneralD.thesystemofaparticularlanguageTheconsonant[f]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures.A.voiceless,bilabial,stop B.voiceless,labiodental,fricativeC.voiced,bilabial,stop D.voiced,labiodental,fricativeThesounds"s”and"z"aretheresultofairescapingunderfricationbetweenthetongueandbeforepassingthroughtheteeth.A.hardpalate B.uvulaC.alveolarridge D.softpalateThemorpheme“vision"inthecommonword“television'sa(n).A.boundmorpheme B.boundformC.derivationalmorphemeD.freemorphemeThe“n”intheword“think"ispronouncedas[0].Thisphenomenoniscalled.A.ruleelaboration B.rulesimplificationC.sounddissimilation D.soundassimilationThelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplaceiscommonlytermedthe.A.phrasestructure B.syntacticstructuresurfacestructure D.deepstructureThesentencethathasaNPandaVPcanbeshowninaformula-“SNPVP”.A.hierarchical B.linearC.treediagram D.vertical“Cold”and“hot”arecalledantonyms.A.gradable B.complementaryC.reversal D.converse“HehasbeentoFrance"“HehasbeentoEurope".A.entails B.presupposesC.issynonymouswith D.isinconsistentwithY'sutteranceinthefollowingconversationexchangeviolatesthemaximof.X:whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight?Y:Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks?A.quality B.quantityC.relation D.mannerAccordingtoAustin,tosaysomethingistodosomething;andtheactperformedisknownas.A.perlocutionaryact B.performativeactC.locutionaryact D.illocutionaryactThetheoryofCommunicativeCompetencethatwasintroducedtolanguageteachingwasfirstproposedby.A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.HymeD.Firth“Coconut"isatypicalwordthatfallsintooneofthefollowingborrowings-.A.loanwordB.loanblendC.loanshiftD.loantranslationBinaryfeaturesthathavetwovaluesandcanbeusedinthefollowingaspectsoflinguisticanalysisEXCEPT.A.semanticcomponentsB.semanticfeaturesC.designfeatures D.distinctivefeaturesThesemanticinformationofwordswhichhastodowiththemoregeneralormoresystematicpartornatureisrepresentativeby,asisshownintheword“boy”:(+Human),(+Male),(-Adult).A.casemarkers B.grammaticalmarkersC.semanticmarkers D.distinguishersHallidayhastriedtorelatethefunctionsoflanguagetoitsstructures.Heproposesthreegeneralfunctionsoflanguage-,interpersonalandtextual.A.informativeB.ideationalC.referentialD.performativeAwordformationwhereashortwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguageistermed.A.clippingB.abbreviationC.acronymD.back-formationII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.WriteTfortrueandFforfalse.(120=20)Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakeslearningalanguagelaborious.()Displacementfeatureoflanguagemakeshumanbeingstothinkandtalkinconcreteterms.()Languagemarksoutidentity,psychologicallyintermsoflanguageandpersonality;ethnicallyandsociallyintermsofstratification,class,status,role,solidarityanddistance])Thenamingofashipisanexampleoftherecreationalfunctionoflanguage.()Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Thisisthemetalingualfunctionoflanguage.()Englishhasaboutforty-fivephonemes.()Alanguageuser,sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhisperformance.()Theminimalpairstestshowsthatthewordphonemesimplyreferstoaunitofexplicitsoundcontrasts)Thesound[s]isavoicelessalveolarstop.()Syllablestypicallyconsistofaconsonantfollowedbyavowel.()Theword“task”usedtomeantaximposed,todayitmeansapieceofwork.Thisisanexampleofthenarrowingofmeaning.()Thevalueofalinguisticsignisdeterminedbythesignswithwhichitcancombinetoformasyntagmaticrelation,andthesignswithwhichitcanformaparadigmaticrelation.()Thephrase"afraidofthedark**isanexocentricconstruction.()EnglishbasicsentenceslikeTherainstoppedisanendocentricconstruction.()Theantonyms“pass”and“fail”arecomplementaryones.()Componentialanalysiscanhelpexplainthesenserelationsofwords.()Thesentence/poursomeliquidintothetubeisaperformativeone.()ThesentencelikeBoysareboysisanexampleinwhichtheRelationmaximisviolated.()Wordsaresometimes“idiomatically?governed”and“culturally-specific”」)Firthinsistedthattheobjectoflinguisticstudyislanguageinactualuse.()III.ExplainthefollowinglinguistictermsornotionsinEnglish.(210=20)TraceDisplacementStemDissimilationDiacriticsThemeRelationaloppositesSapir-WhorfHypothesesPredicatelogicConversationalimplicatureIV.Givebriefanswerstothefollowingquestions.(12+8=20)Whatarethemainconcernsofgenerallinguistics?Explainthespeechacttheorywithexamples.Answerkeys(forreference)I.Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandchoosetheletterA,B,CorD.(120=20).A 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.B 6.C 7.D 8.D9.D 10.B.A 12.A 13.C 14.D 15.C 16.B 17.C 18.C19.B20.DII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.WriteTfortrueandFforfalse.(120=20).T 2.F3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.T 9.F10.T.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.T 16.T 17.F 18.F 19.T20.TID.ExplainthefollowinglinguistictermsandnotionsinEnglish.(210=20)Trace—(ByChomsky)Aphoneticallynullelementtooccupythepositionfromwhichasyntacticelementhasbeenmoved.Thatis,afterthemovementofanelement,therewillbeatraceleftintheoriginalposition.Displacement-ltmeansthathumanIgesenabletheiruserstosymbolize(referto)objects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Stem—Anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichanin