2018年12月六級真題第二套

2018年12月大六級考試（第2套Part (30Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonhowtobalancejobresponsibilitiesandalinterests.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.Part Listening (30SectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversationsAttheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Stopworryingabout B)KeepawayfromtheC)Takeapictureof D)PutonasfortheA)GaininggreatfameontheInternet. B)Publishingacollectionofhisphotos.C)Collectingthebestphotosinthe ingaprofessionalA)SurfingvariouswebsitesandcollectingEditinghispicturesandpostingthemonline.C)FollowingsimilaraccountstocompareD)StudyingthepicturesinpopularsocialA)TheyarefarfromTheyaremostlytakenbyherTheymakeanimpressiveTheyrecordherfondQuestions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)AjournalreportingthelatestprogressinAnintroductorycourseofmodernAnoccasionforphysiciststoexchangeAseriesofinterviewswithoutstandingA)Thefutureofthephysical B)TheoriginoftheC)Sourcesof D)ParticleA)Howmattercollideswithanti- B)WhethertheuniversewillturnC)Whythereexistsanti- D)WhythereisauniverseatA)Matterandanti-matterareoppositesofeachother.B)Anti-matterallowedhumanstocomeintoexistence.C)Theuniverseformedduetoasufficientamountofmatter.D)Anti-matterexistsinveryhigh-temperatureenvironments.SectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Atofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)ShefoundherselfspeakingaforeignShewokeupspeakingwithadifferentShefoundsomesymptomsofherillnessShewokeupfindingherselfinanotherA)ItisusuallycausedbyastrokeorbrainIthasnotyetfoundanyeffectiveItleavesthepatientwithadistortedItoftenhappenstopeoplewithspeech Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust B)RacinginC)Storiesaboutwomen D)BooksaboutA)ShesucceededinswimmingacrosstheEnglishShepublishedaguidetoLondon’sbestswimmingShetoldherstoryofadventurestosomeyoungShewroteabookaboutthehistoryofswimwearintheA)TheylovedvacationingontheTheyhadauniquenotionofTheywereprohibitedfromTheywerefullydressedwhenA)ShedesignedlotsofappropriateswimwearforSheoncesuccessfullycompetedagainstmeninShewasthewomantoswimacrosstheEnglishShewasanadvocateofwomen’srighttoswiminpublicSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustA)BuildamachinethatcandetectDevelopamagneticbrainTestthecredibilityofcourtWinpeople’scompletetrustinA)TheyareoptimisticaboutitsTheyarescepticalofitsTheythinkitisbutbusinessTheycelebrateitwithgreatA)ItisnottobetrustedatItdoesnotsoundItmayintrudeintopeople’sItmayleadtooveruseincourtQuestions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustA)MostofitsresidentsspeakseveralSomeofitsindigenouslanguagesaredyingEachvillagetherespeaksatotallydifferentItslanguageshaveinterestedresearcherstheworldA)TheyarespreadrandomlyacrosstheSomearemoredifficulttolearnthanMorearefoundintropicalregionsthaninthemildTheyenrichandimpacteachotherinmorewaysthanA)Theyuseddifferentmethodstocollect yzeTheyidentifieddistinctpatternsoflanguageTheirconclusionsdonotcorrespondtotheiroriginalThereisnoconclusiveaccountforthecauseoflanguageQuestions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustA)Itsmiddle-classisItswealthisrationallyItspopulationisrapidlyItscherisheddreamiscomingA)SuccesswasbutadreamwithoutconscientiousTheycouldrealizetheirdreamsthroughhardAfewdollarscouldgoalongWealthwassharedbyallA)BetterworkingBetter-payingHighsocialFullA)ReducetheadministrativeAdopteffectivebusinessHirepart-timeemployeesMakeuseofthelatestPartIII ReadingComprehension (40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereissagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingSurfingtheInternetduringclassdoesn'tjuststealfocusfromtheeducator;italrtsstudentswho'realreadystrugglingto thematerial.AnewstudyfromMichiganStateUniversity,though,arguesthatallstudents—includinghighachievers—seeadeclineinperformancewhentheybrowsetheInternetduringclassfornon-academicpurposes.TomeasuretheeffectsofInternet-baseddistractionsduringclass, 500studentstakingintroductorypsychologyclassatMichiganStateUniversity.ResearchersusedACTscoresasameasureof .Becausepreviousresearchhasshownthatpeoplewithhighin lectualabilitiesarebetterat distractions,researchersbelievedstudentswithhighACTscoreswouldnotshowa decreaseinperformanceduetotheiruseofdigitaldevices.ButstudentswhosurfedthewebduringclassdidworseontheirexamsregardlessoftheirACTscores,suggestingthateventheacademicallysmarteststudentsareharmedwhenthey'redistractedinclass.Collegeprofessorsareincreasingly alarmbellsabouttheeffectssmartphones,laptops,andtabletshaveonacademicperformance.One2013studyofcollegestudentsfoundthat80%ofstudentsusetheirphonesorlaptopsduringclass,withtheaveragestudentcheckingtheirdigitaldevice11timesina class.Aquarterofstudentsreportthattheiruseofdigitaldevicesduringclasscausestheirgradesto Professorssometimesimplementpoliciesdesignedto students'useofdigitaldevices,andsomeinstructorsevenconfiscate(沒收)tabletsandphones.Inaworldwherepeopleareincreasinglydependentontheirphones,though,suchstrategiesoftenfail.Oneinternationalstudyfoundthat84%ofpeoplesaytheycouldn'tgoadaywithouttheirsmartphones.Untilstudentsareableto thepullofsocialnetworking,texting,andendlesslysurfingtheweb,theymaycontinuetostruggleintheirclasses.C)evaluatedH)N)SectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.APioneeringWomanofScienceRe-Emergesafter300MariaSibyllaMerian,likemanyEuropeanwomenofthe17thcenturystayedbusymanagingahouseholdandrearingchildren.Butontopofthat,Merian,aGerman-bornwomanwholivedintheNetherlands,alsomanagedasuccessfulcareerasanartist,botanist,naturalistandentomologist（昆蟲學(xué)家）.“Shewasascientistonthelevelwithalotofpeoplewespendalotoftimetalkingabout,”saidKayEtheridge,abiologistatGettysburgCollegeinPennsylvaniawhohasbeenstudyingthescientifichistoryofMerian’swork.“Shedidn'tdoasmuchtochangebiologyasCharlesDarwin,butshewassignificant.”Atatimewhennaturalhistorywasavaluabletoolfordiscovery,Meriandiscoveredfactsaboutplantsandinsectsthatwerenotpreviouslyknown.Herobservationshelpeddismissthepopularbeliefthatinsectsspontaneouslyemergedfrommud.Theknowledgeshecollectedoverdecadesdidn'tjustsatisfythosecuriousaboutnature,butalsoprovidedvaluableinsightsintomedicineandscience.Shewasthetobringtogetherinsectsandtheirhabitats,includingfoodtheyate,intoasingleecologicalcomposition.AfteryearsofpleasingafascinatedaudienceacrossEuropewithbooksofdetaileddescriptionsandlife-sizepaintingsoffamiliarinsects,in1699shesailedwithherdaughternearly5,000fromtheNetherlandstoSouthAmericatostudyinsectsinthejunglesofwhatisnowknownasSuriname.Shewas52yearsold.Theresultwashermasterpiece,MetamorphosisInsectorumSurinamensium.Inherwork,sherevealedasideofnaturesoexotic,dramaticandvaluabletoEuropeansofthetimethatshereceivedmuchacclaim.Butacenturylaterherfindingscameunderscientificcriticism.Shoddy（粗糙的）reproductionsofherworkalongwithsetbackstowomen'srolesin18th-and19th-centuryEuroperesultedinhereffortsbeinglargelyfotten.“Itwaskindofstunningwhenshesortofdroppedoffintooblivion（遺忘）,”saidDr.Etheridge.“Victoriansstartedputtingwomeninabox,andthey'restilltryingtocrawloutofit.”Today,thepioneeringwomanofthescienceshasre-emerged.Inrecentyears,feminists,historiansandartistshaveallpraisedMerian'stenacity（堅(jiān)韌）,talentandinspirationalartisticcompositions.AndnowbiologistslikeDr.Etheridgearediggingintothescientifictextsthat paniedherart.Threehundredyearsafterherdeath,MerianwillbecelebratedataninternationalsymposiuminAmsterdamthisJune.Andlastmonth,MetamorphosisInsectorumSurinamensiumwasrepublished.Itcontains60plates（插圖）andoriginaldescriptions,alongwithstoriesaboutMerian'slifeandupdatedscientificdescriptions.BeforewritingMetamorphosis,Merianspentdecades ingEuropeanplantsandinsectsthatshepublishedinaseriesofbooks.Shebeganinher20s,makingtextless,decorativepaintingsofflowerswithinsects.“Thenshegotreallyserious,”Dr.Etheridgesaid.Merianstartedraisinginsectsathome,mostlybutterfliesandcaterpillars.“ dsitupallnightuntiltheycameoutofthepupa（蛹）soshecoulddrawthem,”shesaid.Theresultsofherdecades'worthofcarefulobservationsweredetailedpaintingsanddescriptionsofEuropeaninsects,followedbyunconventionalvisualsandstoriesofinsectsandanimalsfromalandthatmostatthetimecouldonlyimagine.It'spossibleMerianusedamagnifyingglasstocapturethedetailofthesplittonguesof sphinxmoths（斯飛蛾）depictedinthepainting.Shewrotethatthetwotonguescombinetoformonetubefordrinkingnectar（花蜜）.Somecriticizedthisdetaillater,sayingtherewasjustonetongue,butMerianwasn'twrong.Shemayhaveobservedtheadultmothjustasitemergedfromitspupa. Forabriefmomentduringthatstageofitslifecycle,thetongueconsistsoftwotinyhalf-tubesbeforemergingintoone.Itmaynothavebeenladyliketodepictagiantspiderdevouringahummingbird,butwhenMeriandiditattheturnofthe18thcentury,surprisingly,nobodyobjected.Dr.Etheridgecalleditrevolutionary.Theimage,whichalsocontainednoveldescriptionsofants,fascinatedaEuropeanaudiencethatwasmoreconcernedwiththeexoticstoryunfoldingbeforethemthantderofthe whopaintedit.“Allofthesethingsshookuptheirnice,neatlittleview,”Dr.Etheridgesaid.Butlater,peopleoftheVictorianerathoughtdifferently.Herworkhadbeenreproduced,sometimesincorrectly.Afewobservationsweredeemedimpossible.“She'dbeencalledasillywomanforsayingthataspidercouldeatabird,”Dr.Etheridgesaid.ButHenryWalterBates,afriendofCharlesDarwin,observeditandputitinbookin1863,provingMerianwascorrect.Inthesameplate,Meriandepictedanddescribedleaf-cutterantsforthetime.“InAmericatherearelargeantswhichcaneatwholetreesbareasabroomhandleinasinglenight,”shewroteinthedescription.Meriannotedhowtheantstooktheleavesbelowgroundtotheiryoung.Anddn'thaveknownthisatthetime,buttheantsusetheleavestofarmfungi（菌類）undergroundtofeedtheirdevelobabies.Merianwascorrectaboutthegiantbird-eatingspiders,hesamedrawing,sheincorrectlylumpedtogetherarmyandleaf-cutterants.Andinsteadofshowingjustthetypicalpairofeggsinahummingbirdnest,shepaintedfour.ShemadeothermistakesinMetamorphosisInsectorumSurinamensiumaswell:noteverycaterpillarandbutterflymatched.PerhapsoneexplanationforhermistakesisthatshecutshortherSurinametripaftergettingsick,andcompletedthebookathomeinAmsterdam.Anderrorsarecommonamongsomeofhistory'smost-celebratedscientificminds,too.“TheseerrorsnomoreinvalidateMs.Merian'sworkthandowell-knownmisconceptionspublishedbyCharlesDarwinorIsaacNewton,”Dr.Etheridgewroteina rthatarguedthattoomanyhavewronglyfocusedonthemistakesofherMerian’spaintingsinspiredartistsandecologists.Inan1801drawingfromhisbook,GeneralZoology eShaw,anEnglishbotanistandzoologist,creditedMerianfordescribingafrogintheaccountofherSouthAmericanexpedition,andnamedtheyoungtreefrogafterherinhisportrayalofit.Itwouldn'tbefairtogiveMeri lthecredit.Shereceivedassistancenamingplants,makingsketchesandreferencingtheworkofothers.Herdaughtershelpedhercolorher somadenoteofthehelpshereceivedfromthenativesofSuriname,aswellasslavesorservantsthatassistedher.Insomeinstancesshewrotemovingpassagesthatincludedherhelpersindescriptions.Asshewroteinherdescriptionofthepeacockflower,“The ns,whoarenottreatedwellbytheirDut asters,usetheseedstoaborttheirchildren,sothattheywillnot eslaveslikethemselves.TheblackslavesfromGuineaandAngolahavedemandedtobewelltreated,threateningtorefusetohavechildren.Infact,theysometimestaketheirownlivesbecausetheyaretreatedsobadly,andbecausetheybelievetheywillbebornagain,freeandlivingintheirownland.Theytoldmethisthemselves.”LondaSchiebinger,aprofessorofthehistoryofscienceatStanfordUniversity,calledthispassageratherastonishing.It'sparticularlystrikingcenturieslaterwhentheseissuesarestillprominentinpublicdiscussionsaboutsocialjusticeandwomen’srights.“Shewasaheadofhertime,”Dr.Etheridgesaid.Merianwas scientisttostudyatypeofAmericanTheEuropeanaudiencewasmoreinterestedinMerian'sdrawingsthanhergender.38.Merian'smasterpiececameunderattackacenturyafteritspublication.Merian’smistakesinherdrawingsmaybeattributedtohershortenedstayinSouthMerianoftensatupthewholenightthroughtoobserveanddrawMerianacknowledgedthehelpshegotfromnativesofSouthMeriancontributedgreatlytopeople'sbetterunderstandingofmedicineandMerianoccasionallymademistakesinherdrawingsofinsectsandNow,Merian'sroleasafemaleforerunnerinscienceshasbeenre-MerianmadealongvoyagetoSouthAmericatostudyjungleinsectsoverthreecenturiesSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingWhilehumanachievementsinmathematicscontinuetoreachnewlevelsofcomplexitymanyofuswhoaren'tmathematiciansatheart(orengineersbytrade)maystruggletorememberthelasttimeweusedcalculus(微積分).It’safactnotlostonAmericaneducators,whoamidrisingmathfailureratesaredebatinghowmathcanbettermeetthereal-lifeneedsofstudents.Shouldwechangethewaymathistaughtinschools,oreliminatesomecoursesentirely?AndrewHacker,QueensCollegepoliticalscienceprofessor,thinksthatadvancedalgebraandotherhigher-levelmathshouldbecutfromcurriculainfavorofcourseswithmoreroutineusefulness,likestatistics.“Wehearonallsidesthatwe'renotteachingenoughmathematics,andtheChinesearerunningringsaroundus,”Hackersays.“I'msuggestingwe'reteachingtoomuathematicstotoomanypeople…noteverybodyhastoknowcalculus.Ifyou'regoingto eanaeronautical(航空的)engineer,fine.Butmostofusaren't.”Instead,HackerispushingformorecoursesliketheoneheteachesatQueensCollege：Numeracy101.There,studentsof“citizenstatistics”learntoyzepublicinformationlikethefederalbudgetandcorporatereports.Suchcourses,Hackerargues,arearemedyforthenumericalilliteracyofadultswhohavecompletedhigh-levelmathlikealgebrabutareunabletocalculatethepriceof,say,acarpetbyHacker'sargumenthasmetwithoppositionfromothermatheducatorswhosaywhat'sneededistohelpstudentsdevelopabetterrelationshipwithmathearlier,ratherthanteachingthemlessmathaltogether.MariaDroujkovaisafounderofNaturalMath,andhastaughtbasiccalculusconceptsto5-year-olds.ForDroujkova,high-levelmathisimportant,andwhatitcoulduseinAmericanclassroomsisaninjectionofchildlikewonder.“Makemathematicsmoreavailable,”Droujkovasays.“Redesignitsoit'smoreaccessibletomorekindsofpeople:youngchildren,adultswhoworryaboutit,adultswhomayhavehadbadexperiences.”PamelaHarris,alecturerattheUniversityofTexasatAustin,hasasimilar.HarrissaysthatAmericaneducationissufferingfromanepidemicof“fakemath”—anemphasisonrotememorization死記硬背offormulasandsteps,ratherthananunderstandingofhowmathcaninfluencethewaysweseetheworld.AndrewHacker,fortherecord,remains“I'mgoingtoleaveittothosewhoareinmathematicstoworkoutthewaystomaketheirsubjectinterestingandexcitingsostudentswanttotakeit,”Hackersays.“AllthatIaskisthatalternativesbeofferedinsteadofputtingallofusontheroadtocalculus.”WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutordinaryTheystruggletosolvemathTheythinkmathisacomplexTheyfindhigh-levelmathoflittleTheyworkhardtolearnhigh-levelWhatisteralcomplaintaboutAmerica'smatheducationaccordingtoAmericais ngaswellasMathprofessorsarenotngagoodItdoesn'thelpstudentsdeveloptheirTherehashardlybeenanyinnovationforWhatdoesAndrewHacker'sNumeracy101aimtoAllowstudentstolearnhigh-levelmathstepbyEnablestudentstomakepracticaluseofbasicLayasolidfoundationforadvancedmathHelpstudentstodeveloptheiryticalWhatdoesMariaDroujkovasuggestmathteachersnMakecomplexconceptseasytoStartteachingchildrenmathatanearlyHelpchildrenworkwonderswithTrytoarousestudents'curiosityinWhatdoesPamelaHarristhinkshouldbethegoalofmathToenablelearnerstounderstandtheworldTohelplearnerstolfakemathfromrealTobroadenAmericans'sonToexertinfluenceonworldPassageQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingForyears,theU.S.hasexperiencedashortageofregisterednurses.TheBureauofLaborStatisticsprojectsthatwhilethenumberofnurseswillincreaseby19percentby2022,demandwillgrowfasterthansupply,andthattherewillbeonemillionunfillednursingjobsbySowhat'sthesolution?Japanisaheadofthecurvewhenitcomestothistrend.ToyohashiUniversityofTechnologyhasdevelopedTerapio,aroboticmedicalcartthatcanmakehospitalrounds,delivermedicationsandotheritems,andretrieverecords.Itfollowsaspecificindividual,suchasadoctorornurse,whocanuseittorecordandaccessp