演示文稿華中農(nóng)業(yè)微生物學(xué)第一章英文

（優(yōu)選）華中農(nóng)業(yè)微生物學(xué)第一章英文版ppt講解第一頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。Chapteroutline1.1Whatisamicrobe?1.2TheimportanceofMicrobiology1.3Microbesinourlives1.4Thehistoryofmicrobiology1.5Importanteventsinthedevelopmentofmicrobiology第二頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。ConceptsMicroorganismsareresponsibleformanyofthechangesobservedinorganicandinorganicmatter(e.g.,fermentationandthecarbon,nitrogenandsulfurcyclesthatoccurredinnature.Thedevelopmentofmicrobiologyasascientificdisciplinehasdependedontheavailabilityofthemicroscopeandtheabilitytoisolateandgrowpureculturesofmicroorganisms.Microbiologyisalargediscipline,whichhasagreatimpactonotherareasofbiologyandgeneralhumanwelfare第三頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。Thewordmicrobe(microorganism)isusedtodescribeanorganismthatissosmallthatcannotbeseenwithouttheuseofamicroscope.Viruses,bacteria,fungi,protozoaandsomealgaeareallincludedinthiscategory.1.1Whatisamicrobe?第四頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。Ourworldispopulatedbyinvisiblecreaturestoosmalltobeseenwiththeunaidedeye.Theselifeforms,themicrobesormicroorganisms,maybeseenonlybymagnifyingtheirimagewithamicroscope.第五頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。

MicrobialworldOrganisms

(living)Infectiousagents

(non-living)Prokaryotes(unicellular)eukaryotesvirusesviroidsprionsEubacteriaArchaeaAlgae(unicellularormulticellular)Fungi(unicellularormulticellular)Protozoa(unicellular)Other(multicellularorganisms)第六頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。Mostofthebacteria,protozoa,andfungiaresingle-celledmicroorganisms,andeventhemulticelledmicrobesdonothaveagreatrangeofcelltypes.Virusesarenotevencells,justgeneticmaterialsurroundedbyaproteincoatandincapableofindependentexistence.Thesizeandcelltypeofmicrobes

第七頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。MicrobeApproximaterangeofsizesCelltypeViruses0.01-0.25μmAcellularBacteria0.1-10μmProkaryoteFungi2μm->1mEukaryoteProtozoa2-1000μmEukaryoteAlgae1μm-severalmetersEukaryoteThesizeandcelltypeofmicrobes第八頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。Microbesimpingeonallaspectsoflife,justafewofthesearelistedbelow:TheenvironmentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearch1.2Theimportanceofmicrobiology第九頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。TheenvironmentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearchPressheretocontinue第十頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。

Microbesareresponsibleforthegeochemicalcycles.Theyarefoundinassociationwithplantsinsymbioticrelationships.Somemicrobesaredevastatingplantpathogens,butothersmayactasbiologicalcontrolagentsagainstdiseases.第十一頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。Thedisease-causingabilityofsomemicrobesiswellknown.However,microorganismshavealsoprovideduswiththemeansoftheircontrolintheformofantibioticsandothermedicallyimportantdrugs.第十二頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。Microbeshavebeenusedtoproducefood,frombrewingandwinemaking,throughcheeseproductionandbreadmaking,tothemanufactureofsoysauce.Butmicrobesarealsoresponsibleforfoodspoilage.第十三頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。Traditionallymicrobeshavebeenusedtosynthesizeimportantchemicals.Theadventofgeneticengineeringtechniqueshasledtothecloningofpolypeptidesintomicrobes.第十四頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。Microbeshavebeenusedasmodelorganismsfortheinvestigationofbiochemicalandgeneticalprocesses.Millionsofcopiesofthesamesinglecellcanbeproducedveryquicklyandgiveplentyofhomogeneousexperimentalmaterial.Mostpeoplehavenoethicalobjectionstoexperimentswiththesemicroorganisms.第十五頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。1.3Microbesinourlives

MicroorganismsasDiseaseAgentsMicroorganismsandAgricultureMicroorganismsandtheFoodIndustryMicroorganisms,Energy,andtheEnvironmentMicroorganismsandtheFuture第十六頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。

BranchesofMicrobiologyBacteriologyProtozoologyParasitologyMicrobialMorphologyMycologyVirologyPhycologyorAlgologyMicrobialphysiologyMicrobialtaxonomyMicrobialgeneticsMolecularbiologyMicrobialecology第十七頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。ThefutureofmicrobiologyisbrightMicrobiologyisoneofthemostrewardingofprofessions,becauseitgivesitspractitionerstheopportunitytobeincontactwithalltheothernaturalscienceandthustocontributeinmanydifferentwaystothebettermentofhumanlife.第十八頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。1.4ThehistoryofmicrobiologyInthefieldofobservation,chancefavorsonlypreparedminds.------LouisPasteur第十九頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。ThediscoveryofmicroorganismsThespontaneousgenerationconflictTherecognitionofmicrobialroleindiseaseThediscoveryofmicrobialeffectsonorganicandinorganicmatterThedevelopmentofmicrobiologyinthiscentury第二十頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。ThediscoveryofmicroorganismsThefirstpersontoaccuratelyobserveanddescribemicroorganismsAntonyvanLeeuwenhock(1632-1723)第二十一頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。ThefirstpersontoobserveanddescribemicroorganismswastheamateurmicroscopistAntonyvanleeuwenhoekofDelft,Holland.Leeuwenhockmadehissimple,single-lensmicroscopewhichcouldamplifytheobjectbeingviewed50–300times.Between1673-1723,hewroteaseriesofletterstotheRoyalSocietyofLondondescribingthemicrobesheobservedfromthesamplesofrainwater,andhumammouth.第二十二頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。Leeuwenhoek’sdrawingsofbacteriafromthehumanmouth.Adrawingofoneofthemicroscopesshowingthelensa;mountingpinb;andfocusingscrewscandd.lensObjectbeingviewedadjustingscrews第二十三頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。Pasteur’scontributions:LouisPasteurworkinginhislaboratoryLouisPasteur(1822–1895)

Pasteur(1857)demonstratedthatlacticacidfermentationisduetotheactivityofmicro-organismsPasteur(1861)conflictoverspontaneousgeneration–birthofmicrobiologyasasciencePasteur(1881)developedanthraxvaccinePasteurization第二十四頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。

Spontaneousgeneration–thatlivingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingordecomposingmatter.Thespontaneousgenerationconflict第二十五頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。Pasteur’sswanneckflasksusedinhisexperimentsonthespontaneousgenerationofmicroorganisms第二十六頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。Conclusion:Microorganismsarenotspontaneouslygeneratedfrominanimatematter,butareproducedbyothermicroorganisms第二十七頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。RobertKochinhislaboratoryTherecognitionofmicrobialroleindiseaseRobertKoch(1843–1910)第二十八頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。Koch’sdemonstrationofspecialorganismscausespecialdiseases第二十九頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。

Koch’spostulatesThemicroorganismsmustbepresentineverycaseofthediseasebutabsentfromhealthyorganisms.Thesuspectedmicroorganismsmustbeisolatedandgrowninapureculture.Thediseasemustresultwhentheisolatedmicroorganismsisinoculatedintoahealthyhost.Thesamemicroorganismsmustbeisolatedagainfromthediseasedhost第三十頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。TheGoldenageofmicrobiology

Kochandpurecultures

FermentationandPasteurization

Germtheoryofdisease

Vaccination第三十一頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。ThediscoveryofmicrobialeffectsonorganicandinorganicmatterTheRussianmicrobiologistWinograskydiscoveredthatsoilbacteriacouldoxidizeiron,sulfurandammoniatoobtainenergy,andalsoisolatednitrogen–fixingbacteria.Beijerinckmadefundamentalcontributionstomicrobialecology.HeisolatedAzotobacterandRhizobium.第三十二頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。AlexanderFleming(1881-1955)SirAlexanderFlemingdiscoveredtheantibioticpenicillin.Hehadtheinsighttorecognizethesignificanceoftheinhibitionofbacterialgrowthinthevicinityofafungalcontaminant.第三十三頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。DateMicrobiologicalHistory1676Leeuwenhoekdiscovers"animalcules"PasteurshowsthatlacticacidfermentationisduetoamicroorganismPasteurshowsthatmicroorganismsdonotarisebyspontaneousgeneration1867Listerpublisheshisworkonantisepticsurgery1869Miescherdiscoversnucleicacids1876-1877KochdemonstratesthatanthraxiscausedbyBacillusanthracisLaverandiscoversPlasmodium,thecauseofmalaria1881KochculturesbacteriaongelatinPasteurdevelopsanthraxvaccine1.5Importanteventsinthedevelopmentofmicrobiology第三十四頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。1884Koch'spostulatesfirstpublishedMetchnikoffdescribesphagocytosisGramstaindeveloped1887Petridish(plate)developedbyRichardPetriBeijerinckisolatesrootnodulebacteriaBeijerinckprovesthatavirusparticlecausesthetobaccomosaicdisease1921Flemingdiscoverslysozyme1923FirsteditionofBergey'sManual1928Griffithdiscoversbacterialtransformation1929FlemingdiscoverspenicillinRuskadevelopsfirsttransmissionelectronmicroscope1935Stanleycrystallizesthetobaccomosaicvirus第三十五頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。AveryshowsthatDNAcarriesinformationduringtransformationWaksmandiscoversstreptomycinWatsonandCrickproposethedoublehelixstructureforDNA1961-1966Cohenetaluseplasmidvectorstoclonegenesinbacteria1980Developmentofthescanningtunnelingmicroscope1983-1984ThepolymerasechainreactiondevelopedbyMullis1990Firsthumangene-therapytestingbegunDiscoveryofThiomargaritanamibiensis,thelargestknownbacteriumEscherichiacoligenomesequencedDiscoverythatVibriocholeraehastwoseparatechromosomes第三十六頁(yè)，共四十頁(yè)。1.HowdidPasteur'sfamousexperimentdefeatthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration?2.HowcanKoch'spostu