拉曼光譜講稿課件

(surfaceenhancedRamanspectroscopy)SERSSERSRamanspectroscopy:highcharacteristicgoodspatialresolution(microRaman)minimalsamplepreparationallsolventscanbeusedbut:biologicalsamplesoftenshowhighfluorescencebiologicalmoleculesappearoftenatlowconcentrationlevelWhySERSspectroscopy?Ramanspectroscopy:WhySERSsSERSquenchesfluorescenceessentialoil10mmRamansilvercolloidsM.xpiperita514.5nm200015001000500Wavenumber/cm-1RamanIntensity

SERSquenchesfluorescenceesseSERSimprovesthedetectionlimit:Adenine10-8

M10-7

M10-6

M10-5

M10-3

M10-2

M10-1

amanIntensityRamanWavenumber/cm-115001000500Wavenumber/cm-1

RamanIntensitySERS

SERSimprovesthedetectionliHowdoesSERSwork?

TheSERSEMenhancementEOmetalcolloidexcitationdetectionSERSmoleculeHowdoesSERSwork?

TheSERSSERSEMenhancement–shapeeffectSERS:ExcitationofplasmonresonancesinAg(AuorCu)nanoparticlesRamanspectroscopyutilizesopticalpropertiesofnanostructuresWavelength[nm]SCS[nm]J.Kottmannetal.,IFHFieldTheoryGroup,ETHZürichAg,AuorCuWavelength/nmScatteringCrosssectionFieldenhancementSERSEMenhancement–shapeefSERS:RamanspectroscopyutilizesopticalpropertiesofnanostructuresJ.Kottmannetal.,IFHFieldTheoryGroup,ETHZürichWavelength[nm]SCS[nm]*10SERSEMenhancement–shapeeffectScatteringCrosssectionWavelength/nmFieldenhancementSERS:RamanspectroscopyutiliSERS:Ramanspectroscopyutilizesopticalpropertiesofnanostructures20nmJ.Kottmannetal.,IFHFieldTheoryGroup,ETHZürichAg,AuorCuSERSEMenhancement–aggregationeffectFieldenhancement4002001005020105210.50.2ScatteringCrosssectionWavelength/nmSERS:Ramanspectroscopyutili拉曼光譜講稿課件拉曼光譜講稿課件Typical

SERS

mediaTypical

SERS

media不同形狀金納米粒子的表面增強拉曼光譜

自組裝好的不同形狀的金納米粒子的硅片浸沒在20mMNaSCn的溶液里,取出后測量其SERS信號不同形狀金納米粒子的表面增強拉曼光譜自組裝好的不同形拉曼光譜講稿課件以SCN-作為探針分子,綠光(51415nm)作為激發(fā)光波長得到的SERS譜圖以SCN-作為探針分子,綠光(51415nm)作為激發(fā)

具有較高SERS活性的粗糙鉑電極的STM(a)和鎳納米線陣列的AFM(b)圖像具有較高SERS活性的粗糙鉑電極的STM(a)

各種過渡金屬表面上吸附的吡啶在最強峰電位下的表面增強拉曼譜圖各種過渡金屬表面上吸附的吡啶在最強峰電位下的表面增強拉曼譜Near-fieldRamanspectroscopyNear-fieldRamanspectroscopyNear-FieldMicroscopyRayleighLimitNear-fieldresolutionNear-FieldMicroscopyRayleighNear-FieldGeometriesNear-FieldGeometriesSchematicNear-FieldMicroscopeSet-upSchematicNear-FieldMicroscopL.NovotnyandC.Hafner,Phys.Rev.E50(1994).LightatSmallAperturesAluminumHE11250nm160nmL.NovotnyandC.Hafner,PhysNear-fieldAperturespulledetched/oldetched/newTransmission:~0.0001%~0.1%St?ckleetal.,Appl.Phys.Lett.75,161(1999)Near-fieldAperturespulInvestigationofLiquid-LiquidInterfacesInvestigationofLiquid-LiquidNFRamanstudiesofwater-carbon-tetrachlorideinterface

Ramanintensityofwaterstretchingvibrationvs.thedistancecoveredbythepiezotranslatorNFRamanstudiesofwater-carbNFRamanstudiesofwater-carbon-tetrachlorideinterfaceRamanspectralshiftofwaterstretchingvibrationvsthedistancecoveredbythepiezotranslatorNFRamanstudiesofwater-carbInvestigationofChemicalReactionsusingNF-RamanHeterogeneousCatalysisInvestigationofChemicalReacHeterogenousCatalysisHeterogenousCatalysisCorrelationofTopographyandSpectra500nmTopographyC.FokasandV.Deckert,Appl.Spectrosc.56,192(2002)CorrelationofTopographyandTERS-TipEnhancedRamanSpectroscopySampleSingleSERSactiveparticleAFMcantileverIllumination/collectionopticsR.St?ckle,Y.D.Suh,V.Deckert,R.Zenobi,Chem.Phys.Lett.,2000,318,131.TERS-TipEnhancedRamanSpec

十四拉曼光譜的主要應用

十四拉曼光譜的主要應用

從拉曼光譜獲取的信息characteristicRamanpeakCompositionandstructureofmaterialchangesinfrequencyofRamanpeakstress/strainstateCrystalsizepolarizationofRamanpeakcrystal(molecule)symmetryandorientationwidthofRamanpeakqualityofcrystal(crystalsize)從拉曼光譜獲取的信息characteristicRaman不同的物質(zhì)，其拉曼譜是不同的，就象人的指紋一樣，因此拉曼光譜可用于物相的分析與表征。不同的物質(zhì)，其拉曼譜是不同的，就象人的指紋一樣，因此拉曼光譜開平碉樓開平碉樓本研究工作的碉樓本研究工作的碉樓拉曼光譜講稿課件Micro－RamanspetraofyellowfragmentCaCO3goethiteK2Ca(SO4)2CaSO4quartzMicro－RamanspetraofyellowfRamanspetraofBlueandgreenfragmentsCr2O3

Lazurite

青金石RamanspetraofBlueandgreenFig.1ThepictureoftheMingYongleBlueandWhiteporcelain.Fig.1ThepictureoftheMi永樂青花瓷唐壽州窯黃釉瓷Fig.2TheRamanSpectrumofglazeSiO4四面體的Si-O彎曲振動SiO4四面體的Si-O拉伸振動這兩個峰的面積比（Ip=A500/A1000）與陶瓷的燒成溫度相關聯(lián)Ip越大，燒成溫度越高Ip>0.9Ip=0.8永樂青花瓷唐壽州窯黃釉瓷Fig.2TheRamanS青花彩上發(fā)現(xiàn)有較多的黑色的網(wǎng)狀斑點青花彩上發(fā)現(xiàn)有較多的黑色的網(wǎng)狀斑點Fig.3TheRamanspectrumofblackreticulationspotonthebluecolourofBlueandwhiteporcelain.

662,302~Fe3O4Fig.3TheRamanspectrumofb青花彩中的黃色斑點青花彩中的黃色斑點Fig.4TheRamanspectrumofyellowspotonthebluecolourofBlueandWhiteporcelain.224,291,407~Fe2O3662,~Fe3O4Fig.4TheRamanspectrumof青花彩中黑色顆粒狀斑點青花彩中黑色顆粒狀斑點Fig.5TheRamanspectrumofblackspotonthebluecolourofBlueandwhiteporcelain.584,628~Mn2O3547~MnO在還原氣氛下，青花料中的錳應趨向于形成Mn3O4Fig.5TheRamanspectrumofb青花彩中黑色條紋狀斑點青花彩中黑色條紋狀斑點Fig.6TheRamanspectrumofwirelikeblackspotonthebluecolourofBlueandWhiteporcelain.692，522，488~Co3O4鈷是青花料的主要顯色元素，但在青花彩中發(fā)現(xiàn)氧化鈷的結(jié)晶尚屬首次Fig.6TheRamanspectrumofw釉中白色結(jié)晶物的照片釉中白色結(jié)晶物的照片F(xiàn)ig.7TheRamanspectrumofwhitecrystalgrainintheglaze位于970和953cm-1的峰分別屬于磷酸鈣和硅酸鈣，說明該釉是以CaO為主要助熔劑，屬于石灰釉類而磷酸鈣的形成則可能是在釉料中加有草木灰之類的植物灰料Fig.7TheRamanspectrumofwRamanspectraofdopedCNTs

un-dopedGa-dopedN-dopedN/B-codopedRamanspectraofdopedCNTs拉曼光譜在催化中的應用拉曼光譜能提供催化劑本身以及表面上物種的結(jié)構(gòu)信息，這是認識催化劑和催化反應最為重要的信息。拉曼光譜較容易實現(xiàn)原位條件下(高溫、高壓，復雜體系)的催化研究。拉曼光譜可以用于催化劑制備的研究，特別是可以對催化劑制備過程從水相到固相的實時研究。

拉曼光譜可以實現(xiàn)時間分辨動力學和動態(tài)學的研究。拉曼光譜在催化中的應用拉曼光譜能提供催化劑本身以及表面上Noactivesites;lessshapeselectivityPossibleeffectinregioselectivityandenantioselectivity

介孔材料是目前材料領域發(fā)展極為迅速的一個方向，但介孔材料很少應用于催化，因為缺乏催化活性中心在介孔材料中引入活性中心和表征活性中心是目前催化領域的前沿研究方向Micropore,<20?Mesopore,20~150?Acidicsites;shapeselectivityLessactivesitesforoxidationandhydrogenation

Noactivesites;lessshape催化劑中過渡金屬中心的電荷轉(zhuǎn)移躍遷吸收/nm200300400500MOOOOMOOOOMOOOOMOOOOOOMOOOOO(MOx)nBulkoxideMOOOOSiSiSiSiO(2p)Ti(3d)O(2p)Fe(3d)O(2p)V(3d)220nm250nm280nmAbsorbanceReference:[MoxOy]n-催化劑中過渡金屬中心的電荷轉(zhuǎn)移躍遷吸收/nm2003004TS-1催化劑和選擇氧化SiO2TiTS-1H2O2++NH3+FrameworkTi<2%TiO2TS-1催化劑和選擇氧化SiO2TiTS-1++NH3+FTS-1

的紫外共振拉曼光譜ex=244nmTS-1的紫外共振拉曼光譜ex=244nmTS-1

的紫外共振拉曼光譜TS-1的紫外共振拉曼光譜紫外拉曼譜峰的歸屬紫外拉曼譜峰的歸屬Ti-SBA-15的紫外共振拉曼光譜Si/Ti=400Si/Ti=50Si/Ti=200Si/Ti=100Si/Ti=20SBA-15ex=244nmTi-SBA-15的紫外共振拉曼光譜Si/Ti=400Si/FrameworksiteinTS-11125cm-1

Isolatedsiteinmesoporousmaterials1100-1110cm-1

IsolatedsiteonSiO21085cm-1

OOTiOHOHSiO2FrameworksiteIsolatedsiteinTiOOOOHOOTiOHOHTiOSiO2SiO2SilicaliteOOO1125cm-1~1085cm-11100-1110cm-1TS-1GraftedTionSiO2Ti-MCM-41,Ti-SBA-15Post-synthesizedTiinsilicalitesandZSM-51125cm-1

譜峰的位置對Ti的配位環(huán)境非常敏感TiOOOOHOOTiOHOHTiOSiO2SiO2SiliFe/ZSM-5催化劑中的多種活性物種Fe2O3FeSpecies:1)FrameworkFe,2)ExtraframeworkFea)IsolatedFeb)OligomerFe3)NanoparticleFeOx物種極其復雜結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定困難Fe/ZSM-5催化劑中的多種活性物種Fe2O3FeSp拉曼光譜講稿課件ex=244nmex=325nmUVRamanspectre

ofFe-silicalite(Si/Fe=100)withdifferentexcitationlines利用拉曼共振效應檢測Fe-ZSM-5中的骨架鐵物種ex=244nmex=325nmUVRamanFrom1110cm-1bandFrom516cm-1band0.006(Fe/Si)0.020.010.050.025Fe/Simolarratio分子篩中骨架位鐵物種的最大含量為0.010(鐵硅摩爾比)紫外拉曼光譜對Fe-silicalite骨架鐵物種的半定量分析From1110cm-1bandFrom516cmFrameworkspeciesareformedfirst,thentheextraframeworkspeciesappear.Fe/Si=0.025ex=325nmFe/Si=0.02Fe/Si=0.01Fe/Si=0.005Fe/Si=0.0025Fe/Si=0.01

利用拉曼共振效應檢測Fe-ZSM-5中骨架外鐵物種FrameworkspeciesareformedfFe-silicalite紫外拉曼譜峰的歸屬ex=244nm516,1110

cm-1ex=325nm520,1005,1115,1165

cm-1FrameworkExtraframeworkFe-silicalite紫外拉曼譜峰的歸屬ex=21110cm-1

FrameworkironinFe-ZSM-51080-1100cm-1

FrameworkironinFe-SBA-15紫外拉曼譜峰的歸屬1110cm-11080-1100cm-1紫外拉曼譜AssignmentofUVRamanbandsforextraframeworkironspeciesformedatlowironconcentrationFe-silicalite:520,1005,1165cm-1Fe-Al-SBA-15:510,1140cm-1AssignmentofUVRamanbandsfRamanbandaround1140cm-1exitedby325nmlaserisattributedtotheextraframeworkironspeciesassociatedwithframeworkAl,GaorFeatomsFe-SBA-15Fe-AlSBA-15Fe-GaSBA-15Ramanbandaround1140cm-1exZrO2

的晶相結(jié)構(gòu)Temperatureforphasetransformationm-ZrO2t-ZrO2950-1200oCt-ZrO2c-ZrO22370oCMeltingpoint2500-2600oCmonoclinic

tetragonalcubic

ZrO2的晶相結(jié)構(gòu)Temperatureforphasm-ZrO2andt-ZrO2

的特征拉曼光譜m-ZrO2(cm-1)176,187,220,305,340,376,474,510,536,558,613,634t-ZrO2(cm-1)149,270,313,462,600,640monoclinictetragonal對于單斜相(m)，譜峰474cm-1強于634cm–1，而四方相(t)恰好相反。單斜相的拉曼譜圖中，在472和634cm-1兩個譜峰之間有些弱的譜峰存在，而這些譜峰在四方相的拉曼譜圖中是不存在的。m-ZrO2andt-ZrO2的特征拉曼光譜m-ZrO400oC:混合晶相500oC:

m-ZrO2700oC焙燒之后仍能觀察到四方晶相ZrO2.ZrO2樣品不同溫度焙燒后的紫外拉曼光譜圖和XRD圖譜400oC:混合晶相700oC焙燒之后仍能觀察到四方100200300400500600700800900mmmmmmmm700oC500oC400oC

tttRamanshift/cm-1IntensityZrO2樣品不同溫度焙燒后的可見拉曼光譜圖和XRD圖譜可見拉曼光譜的結(jié)果和XRD的結(jié)果非常相似主要為四方晶相100200300400500600700800900mmm提出的

ZrO2

相變機理UVLaserX-rayUVRamanScatteringXRDVisibleLaserVisibleRamanScatteringAmorphousZr(OH)4TetragonalZrO2MonoclinicZrO2

紫外拉曼光譜與XRD，可見拉曼光譜結(jié)果的不同表明氧化鋯四方相到單斜相的相變首先是從表面開始，接著逐步發(fā)展到體相。提出的ZrO2相變機理UVLaserX-rayUVRS.Shukla,etal.

NanoLetters2002,2,989.TEMevidenceforthephasetransformationofZrO2TetragonalMonoclinicCanLi,etal.J.Phys.Chem.B2001,105,8107.

S.Shukla,etal.NanoLetters2mol%Y2O3-ZrO2體相主要為四方相摻雜2mol%Y2O3

并不能使四方相在樣品的表面穩(wěn)定整個焙燒過程中僅觀察到單斜相譜峰Y摻雜氧化鋯相變的研究2mol%Y2O3-ZrO2體相主要為四方相摻雜2mo紫外，近紫外拉曼光譜圖和XRD圖譜5mol%Y2O3-ZrO2體相主要是四方相表面主要是單斜相紫外，近紫外拉曼光譜圖和XRD圖譜5mol%Y2O3-紫外和近紫外拉曼光譜圖8mol%Y2O3-ZrO2表面處于扭曲結(jié)構(gòu)的單斜晶相體相處于四方晶相紫外和近紫外拉曼光譜圖8mol%Y2O3-ZrO2表面處MonoclinicTetragonal400500600700800CalcinationTemperature/oCSurfacephaseBulkphase2wt%Y2O3400500600700800CalcinationTemperature/oC8wt%Y2O3DistortedsurfacephaseY摻雜氧化鋯相變的過程MonoclinicTetragonal4005006007AmorphousTetragonalMonoclinicZrO2400500600700800CalcinationTemperature/oC8mol%Y2O3-ZrO28mol%La2O3-ZrO2tmZrO2

及Y2O3(La2O3)-

ZrO2相變AmorphousTetragonalMonoclinicZTiO2

的晶相結(jié)構(gòu)ZrO2的晶相配位結(jié)構(gòu)RutileAnataseBrookiterutileanatasebrookiteTiO2TiO2TiO2

------------------------------------------------------------Form.Wt.79.89079.89079.890CrystalSystemTetTetOrthSpaceGroupP42/mnmI41/amdPbcaUnitCella(?)4.58453.78429.184b(?)5.447c(?)2.95339.51465.145Vol62.07136.25257.38MolarVol18.69320.15619.377Density4.27433.8954.123

TiO2的晶相結(jié)構(gòu)ZrO2的晶相配位結(jié)構(gòu)RutileAna銳鈦礦和金紅石相的UV-vis

和拉曼光譜圖532nm244nm325nm銳鈦礦和金紅石相的UV-vis和拉曼光譜圖532nm24TiO2不同溫度焙燒的XRD圖譜和可見拉曼光譜可見拉曼的結(jié)果與XRD的結(jié)果一致TiO2不同溫度焙燒的XRD圖譜和可見拉曼光譜可見拉曼的結(jié)果混合晶相金紅石晶相TiO2不同溫度焙燒的紫外和可見拉曼光譜混合晶相金紅石晶相TiO2不同溫度焙燒的紫外和可見拉曼光譜PhasetransformationofTiO2calcinedinairatdifferenttemperaturesRutileAnatase300500400700800CalcinationTemperature/oCSurfacephaseBulkphase600PhasetransformationofTiO2c

500oC(銳鈦礦)600oC(銳鈦礦和金紅石的混合晶相)800oC(金紅石)不同溫度焙燒的

TiO2

樣品的TEM

小粒子團聚成大粒子500oC600oC800oC不同溫TiO2相變模型400500600700800CalcinationTemperature/oCAnataseRutileAnataseRutileUVRamanspectraUVlaservisibleRamanspectravisiblelaserTiO2相變模型400拉曼光譜講稿課件RamanspectraofbinaryK2O-xSiO2glassRamanspectraofbinaryK2O-xSRamanscatteringfromNa0.5CoO2withtrigonalstructureC3v(asgrown)RamanscatteringfromNa0.5CoORamanspectrafromNa0.5CoO2asfunctionoftemperatureandaphasetransitionfromC3vtoC2vhasbeenobservedRamanspectrafromNa0.5CoO2aAnotherphasetransitionwasobservedafterannealingthesampleat495K.

D6h------A1g+E1g+3E2gAnotherphasetransitionwaso

C3v------A1+A2+Eg

C2v-------3A1+3B1+A2+2B2

D6h------A1g+E1g+3E2g

ConclusionConclusionInvivoRamansystem(a)SchematicdiagramofIVRS(b)ThecompactHolospec(47×19×17cm,8kg)utilizesaholographicgrating,notchfilterandNIRanti-reflectivecoatedlensestoproduceahighopticaltransmissionspectrographInvivoRamansystem(a)SchemaThemicroscopeobjectiveismountedonaprecisiontranslationtableInvivoRamansystemConfocalRamansetupforinvivoexperimentAdedicatedinvertedconfocalRamanicrospectrometerFocusthelaserlightataselecteddepthbelowtheskinsurfaceThemicroscopeobjectiveismoBraintissueAlzheimer’sdisease(AD)ThepresenceofastrongeramideIbandinthe1667cm-1regionwhichoccursmoreprominentlyintheAlzheimer'sdiseasedtissueSudworthetal.,Proc.ofSPIE,2004,5321:93-101BraintissueAlzheimer’sdiseasThoraciccavitytissueAtherosclerosisRawdata(dots)andsimulationwiththefirstsixprincipalcomponents(line)NonatheroscleroticNoncalcifiedcalcifiedtissuePCAtissuepathology&Deinumetal.,Appl.Spectrosc.1999,53:938-942ThoraciccavitytissueAtheroscThoraciccavitytissueAtherosclerosisInvivointravascularRamanspectroscopicexperiments

TwoapproachesComparisonofRamanspectracollectedinvivoandinvitroBuschmanetal.,Anal.Chem.2000,72:3771-3775ThoraciccavitytissueAtheroscApplicationofCRSonprobingintohistoryPigmentIdentificationonColoredDrawingfromWuyingHalloftheImperialPalaceTheplanof“ForbiddenCity”WuyingHallApplicationofCRSonprobingApplicationofCRSonprobingintohistoryPigmentIdentificationonColoredDrawingfromWuyingHalloftheImperialPalaceTheImperialPalace,alsonamed“ForbiddenCity”,isthegreatestpalaceofallovertheworld.Wuyinghall,onegrouphouseoftheImpericalPalace,wasinitiallybuiltduringYongleperiodofMingdynasty.Inthefollowing600years,tillQingdynasty,Wuyinghallwasexpandedsubsquently.ApplicationofCRSonprobingApplicationofCRSonprobingintohistoryTop-left:RamanspectraofblackpigmentTop-right:RamanspectraofgreenpigmentBelow-left:RamanspectraofbluepigmentApplicationofCRSonprobing

流體包裹體鹽度是流體包裹體的重要參數(shù)之一,以往的測試一直是先用冷凍法測出包裹體中水溶液的冰點,然后再根據(jù)相圖求得鹽度。自1989年澳大利亞學者T.P.Mernagh和R.R.Wilde提出了利用激光拉曼光譜測定包裹體溶液鹽度的新方法流體包裹體鹽度是流體包裹體的重要參數(shù)之一,以往的測試一該方法是針對具有明顯特征峰的離子而采用的,如CO2

-3

、SO2-4

等離子,這些離子具有很強的拉曼特征峰,利用其特征峰與水拉曼峰的比值隨鹽濃度的變化來預測水中鹽的濃度,所以我們把它稱為特征峰強度比值法。特征峰強度比值法

先用待測離子特征峰與水在3400cm-1處拉曼峰的強度比值與濃度關系作出工作曲線,然后通過工作曲線對未知鹽水濃度進行預測該方法是針對具有明顯特征峰的離子而采用的,如CO2-3、RI=Ic/I3400RI=Ic/I3400C—濃度((mol/L)拉曼強度比值與鹽濃度關系曲線圖C—濃度((mol/L)拉曼強度比值與鹽濃度關系曲線圖

對一些鹽類,沒有明顯的特征峰,但是由于這些鹽類的存在會使得水拉曼峰明顯地發(fā)生形變,利用水拉曼峰的形變程度來預測水中鹽的濃度。頻移參數(shù)法

該方法主要考慮了離子效應對O-H拉曼峰的影響,通過O-H拉曼峰的頻移參數(shù)(F)來確定水中鹽的濃度,我們稱之為頻移參數(shù)法,對一些鹽類,沒有明顯的特征峰,但是由于這些鹽類的

波數(shù)在3100～3700cm-1之間最強拉曼散射峰是水的OH伸縮振動峰。液態(tài)水由水分子簇構(gòu)成,因此它的OH伸縮振動存在著分子間和分子內(nèi)兩種振動模式,表示為O—H----O(實線為水分子內(nèi)的作用,點線為不同水分子間的作用,即氫鍵作用)。

由于氫鍵作用比分子內(nèi)的作用弱,因此由氫鍵作用引起的OH振動峰也就比分子內(nèi)的OH振動峰頻率低。波數(shù)在3100～3700cm-1之間最強拉

水拉曼特征峰隨NaCl濃度變化趨勢圖,曲線A,B,C,D,E,F的鹽度分別為:0.05,0.20,0.50,1.00,2.00,5.00mol/L水拉曼特征峰隨NaCl濃度變化趨勢圖,曲線A,B,C,頻移參數(shù)求取過程如下:F=F(C,T)=Z×D式中,F—頻移參數(shù),C—濃度(mol/L),T—溫度,Z—O-H拉曼峰對稱性描述參數(shù),D—陽離子校正系數(shù)。其中:Z=A/S,A=Y-XS=(X+Y)/2A—拉曼譜圖中O-H拉曼峰的不對稱組分;S—拉曼譜圖中O-H拉曼峰的對稱組分;X—拉曼譜圖中2800～3300cm-1

間O-H拉曼峰的積分;Y—拉曼譜圖中3300～3800cm-1

間O-H拉曼峰的積分。D=2-[(Y/X)/R]R—不同陽離子在O-H拉曼峰上的效應,R=I(3400cm-1)/I(3200cm-1)式中:I—特定波數(shù)上的拉曼強度。頻移參數(shù)求取過程如下:

頻移參數(shù)與鹽濃度關系曲線頻移參數(shù)與鹽濃度關系曲線拉曼光譜講稿課件拉曼光譜講稿課件拉曼光譜講稿課件拉曼光譜講稿課件拉曼光譜講稿課件不同含釹化合物的FT-Raman光譜,

Nd3+

在4I9/2

和4I11/2

之間躍遷產(chǎn)生的電子拉曼譜帶不同含釹化合物的FT-Raman光譜,Nd3+在有機玻璃齒輪顯微拉曼光譜技術(shù)檢測激光微加工質(zhì)量有機玻璃齒輪顯微拉曼光譜技術(shù)檢測激光微加工質(zhì)量拉曼光譜講稿課件拉曼光譜講稿課件GaP納米棒的拉曼光譜特征.

GaP納米棒(a)和(111)晶向的GaP體材料(b)的一階拉曼光譜GaP納米棒的拉曼光譜特征.GaP納米棒(a)和(1

不同激發(fā)光功率下GaP(100)體材料(a)和GaP納米棒(b)的拉曼光譜.從下到上的光譜次序?qū)诩ぐl(fā)光功率從小向大增加然后從大到小減小的過程不同激發(fā)光功率下GaP(100)體材料(a)和GaP用離子注入法向硅單晶材料摻雜時，由于注入離子與硅原子的相互作用，會引入各種類型的損傷，從而改變了硅材料的電學和光學性質(zhì)。在離子注入層中制作器件之前，通常采用熱退火的方法，消除注入損傷，使之再結(jié)晶，用拉曼光譜研究這種再結(jié)晶過程方便而準確。用離子注入法向硅單晶材料摻雜時，由于注入離子與硅原子的相互作同位素分析通常碳同位素13C富集于CHCl3中，在它的拉曼譜中670cm-1的兩個峰分屬于12CHCl3和13CHCl3，由它們的強度比I13/（I12+I13）可精確測定樣品中13C的含量同位素分析藝術(shù)品修復This12centuryfrescoonachurchwallinItalyneededtoberestored.Whatpaintstouse?Ramananalysisclearlyidentifiedthepaintsandpigmentsthatwereoriginallypresent,permittingacorrectchoiceofcleaningmaterialsandsubsequentrepaintingtorestoreitsoriginalcondition.藝術(shù)品修復This12centuryfrescoonRamanspectraoftheredcoating,naturalhaematiteandnaturalmagnetite.Ramanspectraoftheredcoati