考研考博-英語-合肥學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-合肥學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Mariowasawardedthemedalfordisplayingprofessional（）ofthehighestorderintherescueattemptstwoweeksago.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.supervision

B.intelligence

C.solution

D.competence

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。supervision“監(jiān)督”；intelligence“智力；才智”solution“解決辦法”；competence“能力，勝任”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞professional“專業(yè)的”及rescueattempts“救援努力”可推斷此處講的是“專業(yè)能力”，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.單選題

（）,butitalsofiltersoutharmfulsunrays.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theatmospheregivesusairlobreathe

B.Notonlytheatmospheregivesusairtobreathe

C.Theatmospherewhichgivesairtobreathe

D.Notonlydoestheatmospheregiveusairtobreathe

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。如果notonly位于第一分句主語之前，則該分句要部分倒裝，即將謂語的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do，does或did，并將其置于主語之前；后一個(gè)分句，即but后面不用倒裝。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Anynationthatinterferesintheinternalaffairsofanothernationshouldbe_______condemned.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.verbally

B.universally

C.wickedly

D.visually

【答案】B

【解析】verbally口頭地；universally普遍地；wickedly惡劣地，居心叵測地；visually視覺地。句意：任何干涉他國內(nèi)政的國家都應(yīng)受到普遍譴責(zé)。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

4.單選題

Speakingtwolanguagesratherthanjustonehasobviouspracticalbenefitsinanincreasinglyglobalizedworld.Butinrecentyears,scientistshavebeguntoshowthattheadvantagesofbilingualismareevenmorefundamentalthanbeingabletoconversewithawiderrangeofpeople.Beingbilingual,itturnsout,makesyousmarter.Itcanhaveaprofoundeffectonyourbrain,improvingcognitiveskillsnotrelatedtolanguageandevenshieldingagainstdementia（癡呆）inoldage.

Thisviewofbilingualismisremarkablydifferentfromtheunderstandingofbilingualismthroughmuchofthe20thcentury.Researchers,educatorsandpolicymakerslongconsideredasecondlanguagetobeaninterference,cognitivelyspeaking,thathinderedachild’sacademicandintellectualdevelopment.

Theywerenotwrongabouttheinterference:thereisampleevidencethatinabilingual’sbrainbothlanguagesystemsareactiveevenwhenheisusingonlyonelanguage,thuscreatingsituationsinwhichonesystemobstructs（癡呆）theother.Butthisinterference,researchersarefindingout,isn’tsomuchahandicapasablessingindisguise.Itforcesthebraintoresolveinternalconflict,givingthemindaworkoutthatstrengthensitscognitivemuscles.

Thecollectiveevidencefromanumberofsuchstudiessuggeststhatthebilingualexperienceimprovesthebrain’sso-calledexecutivefunction.Acommandsystemdirectstheattentionprocessesthatweuseforplanning,solvingproblemsandperformingvariousothermentallydemandingtasks.Theseprocessesincludeignoringdistractionstostayfocused,switchingattentionwillfullyfromonethingtoanotherandholdinginformationinmind—likerememberingasequenceofdirectionswhiledriving.

Whydoesthetussle（搏斗）betweentwosimultaneouslyactivelanguagesystemsimprovetheseaspectsofcognition?Untilrecently,researchersthoughtthebilingualadvantagestemmedprimarilyfromanabilityforinhibitionthatwashoned（磨煉）bytheexerciseofsuppressingonelanguagesystem:thissuppression,itwasthought,wouldhelptrainthebilingualmindtoignoredistractionsinothercontexts.Butthatexplanationincreasinglyappearstobeinadequate,sincestudieshaveshownthatbilingualsperformbetterthanmonolingualsevenattasksthatdonotrequireinhibition,likethreadingalinethroughanascendingseriesofnumbersscatteredrandomlyonapage.

Thekeydifferencebetweenbilingualsandmonolingualsmaybemorebasic:aheightenedabilitytomonitortheenvironment.“Bilingualshavetoswitchlanguagesquiteoften—youmaytalktoyourfatherinonelanguageandtoyourmotherinanotherlanguage,”saysAlbertCosta,aresearcherattheUniversityofPompeaFabrainSpain.“Itrequireskeepingtrackofchangesaroundyouinthesamewaythatwemonitoroursurroundingswhendriving.”InastudycomparingGerman-ItalianbilingualswithItalianmonolingualsonmonitoringtasks,Mr.Costaandhiscolleaguesfoundthatthebilingualsubjectsnotonlyperformedbetter,buttheyalsodidsowithlessactivityinpartsofthebraininvolvedinmonitoring,indicatingthattheyweremoreefficientatit.

Thebilingualexperienceappearstoinfluencethebrainfrominfancytooldage,andthereisreasontobelievethatitmayalsoapplytothosewholearnasecondlanguagelaterinlife.

1.Accordingtothepassage,themorerecentandoldviewsofbilingualismdiffermainlyin（

）.

2.Thefactthatinterferenceisnowseenasablessingindisguisemeansthat

（

）.

3.WhatistheroleofParagraphFourinrelationtoParagraphThree?

4.Whichofthefollowingcanaccountforbetterperformanceofbilingualsindoingnon-inhibitiontasks?

5.Whatisthemainthemeofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.itspracticaladvantages

B.perceivedlanguagefluency

C.itsroleincognition

D.itsroleinmedicine

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.itspotentialbenefitshaveremainedundiscovered

B.ithasledtounexpectedlyfavorableresults

C.itseffectsoncognitivedevelopmenthavebeenminimal

D.onlyafewresearchershaverealizeditsadvantages

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.ItprovidescounterevidencetoParagraphThree.

B.Itoffersanotherexampleoftheroleofinterference.

C.Itservesasatransitionalparagraphinthepassage.

D.ItfurtherillustratesthepointinParagraphThree.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Anabilitytoignoredistractions

B.Anabilitytomonitorsurroundings.

C.Anabilitytoperformwithlesseffort.

D.Anabilitytoexercisesuppression.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Featuresofbilingualsandmonolinguals.

B.Interferenceandsuppression.

C.Bilingualsandmonitoringtasks.

D.Reasonswhybilingualsaresmarter

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由文章第一段中的Beingbilingual,itturnsout,makesyousmarter.Itcanhaveaprofoundeffectonyourbrain,improvingcognitiveskillsnotrelatedtolanguageandevenshieldingagainstdementiainoldage.（事實(shí)證明，雙語能讓你更聰明。它可以對你的大腦產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響，提高與語言無關(guān)的認(rèn)知能力，甚至可以在老年時(shí)抵御癡呆癥）可知C選項(xiàng)“它在認(rèn)知中的作用”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞interference定位到文章第三段中，由Butthisinterference,researchersarefindingout,isn’tsomuchahandicapasablessingindisguise.Itforcesthebraintoresolveinternalconflict,givingthemindaworkoutthatstrengthensitscognitivemuscles.（但研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種干擾與其說是一種障礙，不如說是一種偽裝的祝福。它迫使大腦解決內(nèi)部沖突，給大腦一個(gè)加強(qiáng)認(rèn)知肌肉的鍛煉）可知B選項(xiàng)“它帶來意外的有利結(jié)果”符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。文章第三段介紹干擾雖然存在，但能鍛煉認(rèn)知肌肉，第四段介紹研究表明雙語經(jīng)歷能改善大腦的執(zhí)行功能，接著又詳細(xì)說明大腦的工作流程來證明上面的觀點(diǎn)。故第四段進(jìn)一步說明第三段的內(nèi)容，因此D選項(xiàng)“它進(jìn)一步說明了第三段的觀點(diǎn)”符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞non-inhibitiontasks定位到文章第五段中，由Butthatexplanationincreasinglyappearstobeinadequate,sincestudieshaveshownthatbilingualsperformbetterthanmonolingualsevenattasksthatdonotrequireinhibition（但這種解釋似乎越來越不充分，因?yàn)檠芯勘砻?，即使在不需要抑制的任?wù)中，雙語者的表現(xiàn)也比單語者好）和第六段中的Thekeydifferencebetweenbilingualsandmonolingualsmaybemorebasic:aheightenedabilitytomonitortheenvironment.（雙語者和單語者之間的關(guān)鍵區(qū)別可能更為基本：提高了監(jiān)控環(huán)境的能力）可知B選項(xiàng)“監(jiān)測環(huán)境的能力”符合題意。

5.主旨大意題。文章首段提出雙語者更聰明，尾段提出雙語經(jīng)驗(yàn)對學(xué)習(xí)第二語言的有利影響，中間內(nèi)容解釋了雙語干擾帶來能鍛煉認(rèn)知肌肉，雙語經(jīng)歷能改善大腦的執(zhí)行功能。因此D選項(xiàng)“雙語者更聰明的原因”符合題意。

5.單選題

3.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Inhisbag.

B.Bythelamp.

C.Inhishouse.

D.Noideaaboutwhereheleftit.

【答案】C

【解析】W:Whatareyoulookingfor?

M:Mylaptop.Ican’tfinditinmybagoranywhere.

W:Ican’trememberyoucarryingithere.Thinkaboutitonemoretime.

M:That’sright.Ileftitathome.

Q:Whereistheman’slaptop?

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。男士說：Ileftitathome，即他把電腦落家里了。

6.翻譯題

Thetermeducationcanbeappliedtoprimitivecultureonlyinthesenseofenculturation,whichistheprocessofculturaltransmission.Aprimitiveperson,whosecultureisthetotalityofhisuniverse,hasarelativelyfixedsenseofculturalcontinuityandtimelessness.Themodeloflifeisrelativelystaticandabsolute,anditistransmittedfromongenerationtoanotherwithlittledeviation.Asforprehistoriceducation,itcanonlybeinferredfromeducationalpracticesinsurvivingprimitivecultures.Thepurposeofprimitiveeducationisthusguidechildrentobecomegoodmembersoftheirtribeorband.

Historicallyallculturesandsocietieshaveprovidedsomeformof“education”,formalandinformal.WhetherwearediscussinginformaleducationofademonstrationvarietyorthehighlyritualizedandformalmechanismsofadoctoralprogramintheUnitedStates,allsystemsofeducationoperateimplicitlyorexplicitlywithasetofpedagogicalobjectives.Inabroadsensetheoverallgoalsofeducation,formalandinformal,aretotransmittheskills,competencies,andvaluesthatthespecificculturedeemsnecessarytoassurethemaintenanceofthesociety.

【答案】只有從表示文化傳播過程的文化適應(yīng)的意義上來看,教育這一詞才能應(yīng)用于原始文化中。對于一個(gè)把他自己的文化當(dāng)做他的全部世界的原始人而言,他對文化連續(xù)性和永恒性有著相對固定的理解。他的生活方式相對穩(wěn)定和純粹,而在代代相傳的過程中,這種生活方式也不會(huì)發(fā)生很大的改變。至于史前教育,它只能從幸存的原始文化中通過教育實(shí)踐推知。原始教育的目的在于引導(dǎo)孩子成為他們一伙或樂隊(duì)中的一名優(yōu)秀的成員。

從歷史角度上看,每個(gè)文化和社會(huì)都提供了某種形式的教育,不管是正式的,還是非正式的。不管是我們正在討論的非正式教育的示范還是美國高度儀式化和正式的博士項(xiàng)目機(jī)制,所有的教育形式都直接或間接地帶有一套教育目的。從廣義上講,教育的總目的,正式或非正式的,是為了傳播特定文化所需的用來保證社會(huì)群體維持的技能、能力和價(jià)值觀。

7.單選題

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Becausethecompanieswanttoimproveworkershealthandreducemedicalspending

B.Becausethecompanieswanttosavemoremoneyforemployers

C.Becausetheprogramsturnedouttobeuselessinimprovingworkers'health

D.Becausethelonger-termeffectsoftheprogramshavenotbeenidentified

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theprogramdidnohelpinloweringworkers'bloodpressureorsugarlevels

B.Theprogramsignificantlyreducedworkers'healthcarecosts

C.Theworkerswhoadoptedhealthierbehaviorsturnedtobehealthier

D.Theworkerswhoaremoreoptimisticturnedtobehealthier

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyaregoingtoanalyze3yearsofdatafromthewellnessprogram

B.Theyaregoingtoadjustthewellnessprogram

C.Theyaregoingtosupportthewellnessprogramforalongterm.

D.Theyaregoingtoseewhetherthewellnessprogramarebeneficialinalong-termrun

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:D

【解析】第1題:重新思考健康計(jì)劃的原因在第二段與第三段最后均有提到。第二段最后說到“itfoundnosignificantreductioninworker’shealthcarecosts（研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，職工的醫(yī)療保健成本沒有顯著下降）”，第三段最后說到“Theresearchersarenowanalyzingthreeyearsofdatafromthewellnessprogramtoseeifthereareanylonger-termeffects（研究人員現(xiàn)在正在分析來自健康計(jì)劃的三年數(shù)據(jù)，以了解是否有任何長期的影響）”，說明其原因就在這個(gè)計(jì)劃的長期影響并不十分確定，D選項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:文中提到的研究有三個(gè)結(jié)果：1.參加了健康計(jì)劃的員工更加注意自己的身體健康問題；2.參加計(jì)劃與否對于到血壓或血糖指標(biāo)的影響差別不大；3.并沒有降低職工醫(yī)療成本。因此C選項(xiàng)是符合這三個(gè)結(jié)果的。A選項(xiàng)的問題在于否定了健康計(jì)劃對血壓或血糖指標(biāo)的影響。

第3題:研究人員的目標(biāo)體現(xiàn)在最后一句“Theresearchersarenowanalyzingthreeyearsofdatafromthewellnessprogramtoseeifthereareanylonger-termeffects（研究人員現(xiàn)在正在分析來自健康計(jì)劃的三年數(shù)據(jù)，以了解是否有任何長期的影響）”，因此他們的目標(biāo)就是看這個(gè)健康計(jì)劃從長期來看是否有益，D選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Alekodenied（）Mary’slittlelamb.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.tosteal

B.tohavestolen

C.havingtosteal

D.stealing

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。deny“否認(rèn)，否定”，固定搭配：denydoingsth.“否認(rèn)做某事，否認(rèn)做過某事，拒絕做某事”。句意：阿萊科否認(rèn)偷了瑪麗的小羊，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareferriedisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.

Socialscientistsare,ofcourseextremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestion.Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenodearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpectthetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromoneanotherandthere’sagreatdealofdebatebetweenproponentsofeachtheory.Thecontroversyisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoas“nature/nurture”.

Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalandgeneticfactor.Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanythingtodowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.

Proponentsofthe“nurture”theory,orastheyareoftencalledbehaviorsclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Behavioristsseehumansasbeingwhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.Theirviewofthehumanbeingisquitemechanistic;theymaintainthatlikemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.

ThesocialandpoliticalimplicationsorthesetwotheoriesareprofoundIntheUnitedStates,forexample,blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligenttest.Thisleadssome“nature”proponentstoconcludethatblacksaregeneticallyinferiortowhites.Behavioristsincontrastsaythatthedifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhiteenjoy,andthat,asaresult,theydonotdevelopthesameresponsesthatwhitesdo.

Neitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.Infact,itisquitelikelythatthekeytoourbehaviorliessomewherebetweenthesetwoextremes.Thatthecontroversywillcontinueforalongtimeiscertain.

46.Theauthorismainlyconcernedaboutsolvingtheproblem（）.

47.Theword“proponents”canbestbereplacedby（）.

48.Whichofthefollowingstatementsmaybesupportedbythe“nature”school?

49.Whatcanwelearnaboutthebehaviorists?

50.The“nature”theoristsbelievethattheblacks’lowscores（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.whyone’sbehaviorsdifferfromothers

B.whatmakesdifferentstagesofintelligence

C.howsocialscientistsformdifferenttheories

D.whatcausesthe“nature/nurture”controversy

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.approaches

B.advocates

C.principles

D.characters

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Wearebornwithcertainpersonalitiesandbehaviors.

B.Environmenthasnothingtodowithourpersonalities.

C.Abilitiesandcharacteristicsarerevealedbybehaviors.

D.Onlyextremebehaviorsaredeterminedbyinstinct.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theybelievehumanbeingsaremechanical.

B.Theycompareourbehaviorstothemachines.

C.Theysuggestthatwereacttotheenvironmentasthemachinesdo.

D.Theyupholdthatthemechanistictheorycanbeappliedonusaswell.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.aretheresultoftheeducationaldisadvantages

B.areamanifestationoftheblacks’poorintelligence

C.havenothingtodowiththeirtrueintelligence

D.havenothingtodowillfactorsotherthanheredity

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】46.主旨大意題。第一段先提出“人們一直很想知道個(gè)性和行為是怎樣形成的”，然后每段都提出一個(gè)理論，最后一段得出總結(jié)這兩種理論都不能完全解釋人類行為，關(guān)于個(gè)性是先天的還是后天的這場爭論肯定會(huì)持續(xù)很長一段時(shí)間。因此D選項(xiàng)“是什么導(dǎo)致了先天/后天的爭論”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“為什么一個(gè)人的行為與別人不同”，B選項(xiàng)“是什么造就了智力的不同階段”，C選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)科學(xué)家如何形成不同的理論”均不符題意，可排除。故選D。

47.詞義推測題。定位在原文Asonemightexpectthetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromoneanotherandthere’sagreatdealofdebatebetweenproponentsofeachtheory.（正如人們預(yù)想的那樣，這兩種方法是非常不同的，各理論的……之間存在大量爭論）因?yàn)閮煞N理論是截然相反的，所以所持不同理論的人會(huì)存在大量的爭論。因此proponents指人，指這兩種理論的支持者。因此B選項(xiàng)“擁護(hù)者；倡導(dǎo)者”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“方法；辦法”；C選項(xiàng)“原則”；D選項(xiàng)“特性”均與題意不符，可排除。故選B。

48.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段首句Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalandgeneticfactor.（那些支持自然派的人們認(rèn)為，我們的個(gè)性和行為模式在很大程度上是由生物和遺傳因素決定的。）由此可判斷自然派認(rèn)為我們具有一定的個(gè)性和行為模式是先天具備的，因此A選項(xiàng)“我們生來就有特定的個(gè)性和行為”，正確，符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“環(huán)境與我們的個(gè)性無關(guān)”，說法過于絕對，定位在原文Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanythingtodowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.（我們的環(huán)境與我們的能力、特征和行為幾乎沒有關(guān)系，這是這一理論的核心。）錯(cuò)誤，可排除。C選項(xiàng)“能力和特征是由行為表現(xiàn)出來的”與題意無關(guān)，可排除。D選項(xiàng)“只有極端的行為是由本能決定的”，錯(cuò)誤，定位在原文Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.（極端地說，這一理論認(rèn)為，我們的行為在很大程度上是先天決定的，以至于我們幾乎完全受本能的支配。）可排除。故選A。

49.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由第四段第一句找到關(guān)鍵詞定位Proponentsofthe“nurture”theory,orastheyareoftencalledbehaviors（后天理論的支持者，或者通常被稱為行為主義者）再由第四段最后一句Theirviewofthehumanbeingisquitemechanistic;theymaintainthatlikemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.（他們對人類的看法相當(dāng)機(jī)械的；他們認(rèn)為，人類像機(jī)器一樣對環(huán)境刺激做出回應(yīng)，這些刺激是他們的行為的基礎(chǔ)。）因此C選項(xiàng)“他們認(rèn)為我們像機(jī)器一樣對環(huán)境做出反應(yīng)”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“他們相信人類是機(jī)械的”太過絕對，原文說的是quite“相當(dāng)”，只能夠說明極度相似，并不完全等同，可排除。B選項(xiàng)“他們把我們的行為比作機(jī)器”，依照原文，他們是將humanbeing“人類”比作機(jī)器，可排除。D選項(xiàng)“他們堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為機(jī)械論也適用于我們”原文未提及，可排除。故選C。

50.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到第五段Thisleadssome“nature”proponentstoconcludethatblacksaregeneticallyinferiortowhites.Behavioristsincontrastsaythatthedifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhiteenjoy,andthat,asaresult,theydonotdevelopthesameresponsesthatwhitesdo.（這導(dǎo)致一些“自然”派支持者認(rèn)為黑人基因不如白人。與之相反的行為學(xué)家說，成績的差異是由于黑人常常被剝奪了許多教育和其他白人所享有的環(huán)境優(yōu)勢，因此他們不與白人做出相同的反應(yīng)。）由此可知，在“自然”派支持者看來黑人的低分?jǐn)?shù)是因?yàn)榛虻牟煌Ｒ虼薉選項(xiàng)“除了遺傳與意志因素?zé)o關(guān)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“是教育劣勢的結(jié)果”為行為主義者的觀點(diǎn)，可排除。B選項(xiàng)“是黑人智力低下的表現(xiàn)”，C選項(xiàng)“與他們的真正智慧無關(guān)”與題意無關(guān)，可排除。故選D。

10.單選題

Theschoolauthority（

）professorWatsonthathewouldgetonemillionin5years.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ensured

B.assured

C.insured

D.sured

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)ensure“確保，保證”；B選項(xiàng)assured“使確信；弄清”；C選項(xiàng)insure“確保，保證；給……保險(xiǎn)”；沒有sured這個(gè)詞。缺謂語動(dòng)詞，由主語Theschoolauthority“學(xué)校當(dāng)局”和professorWatson和thathewouldgetonemillionin5years的關(guān)系可知assured“使（某人）確信（某事）”符合題意，句意為：校方向沃森教授保證，他將在5年內(nèi)獲得100萬。故答案選B。

11.單選題

Yetthedifferenceintoneandlanguagemuststrikeus,sosoonasitisphilosophythatspeaks:thatchangeshouldremindusthatevenifthefunctionofreligionandthatofreasoncoincide,thisfunctionisperformedinthetwocasesbyverydifferentorgans.Religionsaremany,reasonone.Religionconsistsofconsciousideas,hopes,enthusiasms,andobjectsofworship;itoperatesbygraceandflourishesbyprayer.Reason,ontheotherhand,isamereprincipleorpotentialorder,onwhichindeedwemaycometoreflectbutwhichexistsinusideallyonly,withoutvariationorstressofanykind.Weconformordonotconformtoit;itdoesnoturgeorchideus,norcallforanyemotionsonourpartotherthanthosenaturallyarousedbythevariousobjectswhichitunfoldsintheirtruenatureandproportion.Religionbringssomeorderintolifebyweightingitwithnewmaterials.Reasonaddstothenaturalmaterialsonlytheperfectorderwhichitintroducesintothem.Rationalityisnothingbutaform,anidealconstitutionwhichexperiencemaymoreorlessembody.Religionisapartofexperienceitself:amassofsentimentsandideas.Theoneisaninviolateprinciple,theotherachangingandstrugglingforce.Andyetthisstrugglingandchangingforceofreligionseemstodirectmantowardsomethingeternal.Itseemstomakeforanultimateharmonywithinthesoulandforanultimateharmonybetweenthesoulandallthatthesouldependsupon.Religion,initsintent,isamoreconsciousanddirectpursuitoftheLifeofReasonthanissociety,science,orart,fortheseapproachandfillouttheideallifetentativelyandpiecemeal,hardlyregardingthegoalorcaringfortheultimatejustificationoftheinstinctiveaims.Religionalsohasaninstinctiveandblindsideandbubblesupinallmannerofchancepracticesandintuitions;soon,however,itfeelsitswaytowardtheheartofthings,andfromwhateverquarteritmaycome,veersinthedirectionoftheultimate.

Nevertheless,wemustconfessthatthisreligiouspursuitoftheLifeofReasonhasbeensingularlyabortive.Thosewithinthepaleofeachreligionmayprevailuponthemselvestoexpresssatisfactionwithitsresults,thankstoafondpartialityinreadingthepastandgenerousdraughtsofhopeforthefuture;butanyoneregardingthevariousreligionsatonceandcomparingtheirachievementswithwhatreasonrequires,mustfeelhowterribleisthedisappointmentwhichtheyhaveoneandallpreparedformankind.Theirchiefanxietyhasbeentoofferimaginaryremediesformortalills.Someofwhichareincurableessentially,whileothersmighthavebeenreallycuredbywell-directedeffort.TheGreekoracles,forinstance,pretendedtohealournaturalignorance,whichhasitsappropriatethoughdifficultcure,whiletheChristianvisionofheavenpretendedtobeanantidotetoournaturaldeath—theinevitablecorrelateofbirth,andofachangingandconditionedexistence.Bymethodsofthissortlittlecanbedonefortherealbettermentoflife.Toconfuseintelligenceanddislocatesentimentbygratuitousfictionsisashort-sightedwayofpursuinghappiness,Natureissoonavenged.Anunhealthyexaltationandaone-sidedmoralityhavetobefollowedbyregrettablereaction.Whenthiscome,therealrewardsoflifemayseemvaintoarelaxedvitality,andtheverynameofvirtuemayirritateyoungspiritsuntrainedinanynaturalexcellence,Thus,religiontoooftendebauchesthemoralityitcomestosanctionandimpedesthescienceitoughttofulfill.

Whatisthesecretofthisineptitude?Whydoesreligion,soneartorationalityinitspurpose,fallsoshortofitinitsresults?Theansweriseasy;religionpursuesrationalitythroughtheimagination.Whenitexplainseventsorassignscauses,itisanimaginativesubstituteforscience.Whenitgivesprecepts,insinuatesideals,orremouldsaspiration,itisanimaginativesubstituteforwisdom—Imeanforthedeliberateandimpartialpursuitofallgood.Theconditionandtheaimsoflifearebothrepresentedinreligionpoetically,butthispoetrytendstoarrogatetoitselfliteraltruthandmoralauthority,neitherofwhichitpossesses.Hencethedepthandimportanceofreligionbecomesintelligiblenolessthanitscontradictionsandpracticaldisasters.Itsobjectisthesameasthatofreason,butitsmethodistoproceedbyintuitionandbyuncheckedpoeticalconceits.

1.Asusedinthepassage,theauthorwoulddefinewisdomas（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrueaccordingtotheauthor?

3.Theauthorofthispassagestatesthatreligiondiffersfromrationalityinthat

（

）.

4.AllofthefollowingtermsmaybeusedtodescribetheconceptofreasonasusedbytheauthorEXCEPT（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thepursuitofrationalitythroughimagination

B.anunemotionalsearchforthetruth

C.apurposefulandunbiasedquestforthatwhichisbest

D.ashort-sightedwayofpursuinghappiness

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Religionseeksthetruththroughimagination;reason,initssearch,utilizestheemotions

B.Religionhasprovedanineffectivetoolinsolvingman’sproblems.

C.Scienceseeksapiecemealsolutiontoman’squestions.

D.Thepoetryofreligionoftenassumesthatitisthetruth.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.itreliesonintuitionratherthanreasoning

B.itisnotconcernedwiththeultimatejustificationofitsinstinctiveaims

C.itdebauchesyoungminds

D.ithasinspiredmankind

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.unemotional

B.orderly

C.reconciledtotheinevitable

D.imaginative

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】1.判斷推理題。題干中關(guān)鍵詞wisdom出現(xiàn)在文章最后一段，恰好詞后有破折號“Whenitgivesprecepts,insinuatesideals,orremouldsaspiration,itisanimaginativesubstituteforwisdom—Imeanforthedeliberateandimpartialpursuitofallgood”，當(dāng)它給人訓(xùn)誡、暗示理想或重塑抱負(fù)時(shí)，它是一種富有想象力的智慧的替代品：我認(rèn)為，它是對一切美好事物深思熟慮、不偏不倚的追求。瀏覽四個(gè)選項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，C選項(xiàng)“一種對最好的事物有目的且無偏見的追求”符合文意。

2.判斷推理題。第一段中說到對reason理性的態(tài)度“Weconformordonotconformtoit;itdoesnoturgeorchideus,norcallforanyemotionsonourpartotherthanthosenaturallyarousedbythevariousobjectswhichitunfoldsintheirtruenatureandproportion.我們遵循或不遵循它；它既不催促我們，也不責(zé)備我們，除了以事物的真實(shí)性質(zhì)和比例展現(xiàn)出來而自然地激起我們的感情外，它不要求我們有任何感情?！?，A選項(xiàng)后半部分“理性在尋找的過程中利用了情感”與文章不符合，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)“宗教已被證明是解決人類問題的一種無效工具”出現(xiàn)在文章第二段“Bymethodsofthissortlittlecanbedonefortherealbettermentoflife.用這種方法（宗教的方法），對生活的真正改善幾乎是無能為力的”；C選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)尋求對人類問題的漸進(jìn)解決辦法”對應(yīng)文章第三段“Whenitexplainseventsorassignscauses,itisanimaginativesubstituteforscience.當(dāng)它解釋事件或分配原因時(shí)，它是科學(xué)的想象替代品”；D選項(xiàng)“宗教的詩歌常常假定它是真理”對應(yīng)第三段中“Theconditionandtheaimsoflifearebothrepresentedinreligionpoetically,butthispoetrytendstoarrogatetoitselfliteraltruthandmoralauthority,neitherofwhichitpossesses.生活的目的和條件在宗教中都有詩意的體現(xiàn)，但這種詩意往往把宗教所不具備的字面上的真理和道德上的權(quán)威據(jù)為己有”。

3.判斷推理題。第一段提到題干中兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞“religion”和“rationality”。本題問的是宗教的不同之處，因此定位到“religion”相關(guān)句“Religionisapartofexperienceitself:amassofsentimentsandideas.Theoneisaninviolateprinc