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MakingEveryDropCount

AThehistoryofhumancivilizationisentwinedwiththehistoryofthewayswehavelearnedtomanipulatewaterresources.Astownsgraduallyexpanded,waterwasbroughtfromincreasinglyremotesources,leadingtosophisticatedengineeringeffortssuchasdamsandaqueducts.AttheheightoftheRomanEmpire,ninemajorsystems,withaninnovativelayoutofpipesandwell-builtsewers,suppliedtheoccupantsofRomewithasmuchwaterperpersonasisprovidedinmanypartsoftheindustrialworldtoday.

BDuringtheindustrialrevolutionandpopulationexplosionofthe19thand20thcenturies,thedemandforwaterrosedramatically.Unprecedentedconstructionoftensofthousandsofmonumentalengineeringprojectsdesignedtocontrolfloods,protectcleanwatersupplies,andprovidewaterforirrigationandhydropowerbroughtgreatbenefitstohundredsofmillionsofpeople.Foodproductionhaskeptpacewithsoaringpopulationsmainlybecauseoftheexpansionofartificialirrigationsystemsthatmakepossiblethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood.Nearlyonefifthofalltheelectricitygeneratedworldwideisproducedbyturbinesspunbythepoweroffallingwater.

CYetthereisadarksidetothispicture,despiteourprogress,halfoftheworld’spopulationsstillsuffers,withwaterservicesinferiortothoseavailabletotheancientGreeksandRomans.AstheUnitedNationsreportonaccesstowaterreiteratedinNovember2001,morethanonebillionpeoplelackaccesstocleandrinkingwater,sometwoandahalfbilliondonothaveadequatesanitationservices.Preventablewater-relateddiseaseskillanestimated10,000to20,0000childreneveryday,andthelatestevidencesuggeststhatwearefallingbehindineffortstosolvetheseproblems.

DTheconsequencesofourwaterpoliciesextendbeyondjeopardizinghumanhealth.Tensofmillionsofpeoplehavebeenforcedtomovefromtheirhomes—oftenwithlittlewarningorcompensation—tomakewayforthereservoirsbehinddams.Morethan20%ofallfreshwaterfishspeciesarenowthreatenedorendangeredbecausedamsandwaterwithdrawalshavedestroyedthefree-flowingriverecosystemswheretheythrive.Certainirrigationpracticesdegradesoilqualityandreduceagriculturalproductivity.GroundwateraquifersarebeingpumpeddownfasterthantheyarenaturallyreplenishedinpartsofIndia,China,theUSAandelsewhere.Anddisputesoversharedwaterresourceshaveledtoviolenceandcontinuetoraiselocal,nationalandeveninternationaltensions.

EAttheoutsetofthenewmillennium,however,thewayresourceplannersthinkaboutwaterisbeginningtochange.Thefocusisslowlyshiftingbacktotheprovisionofbasichumanandenvironmentalneedsastoppriorityensuring‘someforall’，insteadof‘moreforsome’.Somewaterexpertsarenowdemandingthatexistinginfrastructurebeusedinsmarterwaysratherthanbuildingnewfacilities,whichisincreasinglyconsideredtheoptionoflast,notfirst,resort.Thisshiftinphilosophyhasnotbeenuniversallyaccepted,anditcomeswithstrongoppositionformsomeestablishedwaterorganizations.Nevertheless,itmaybetheonlywaytoaddresssuccessfullythepressingproblemsofprovidingeveryonewithcleanwatertodrink,adequatewatertogrowfoodandalifefreefrompreventablewater-relatedillness.

FFortunately—andunexpectedly—thedemandforwaterisnotrisingasrapidlyassomepredicted.Asaresult,thepressuretobuildnewwaterinfrastructureshasdiminishedoverthepasttwodecades.Althoughpopulation,industrialoutputandeconomicproductivityhavecontinuedtosoarindevelopednations,therateatwhichpeoplewithdrawwaterfromaquifers,riversandlakeshasslowed.Andinafewpartsoftheworld,demandhasactuallyfallen.

GWhatexplainsthisremarkableturnofevents?Twofactors:peoplehavefiguredouthowtousewatermoreefficiently,andcommunitiesarerethinkingtheirprioritiesforwateruse.Throughoutthefirstthree-quartersofthe20thcentury,thequantityoffreshwaterconsumedperpersondoubledonaverage;intheUSA，waterwithdrawalsincreasedtenfoldwhilethepopulationquadrupled.Butsince1980,theamountofwaterconsumedperpersonhasactuallydecreased,thankstoarangeofnewtechnologiesthathelptoconservewaterinhomesandindustry.In1965,forinstance,Japanusedapproximately13milliongallonsofwatertoproduce$1millionofcommercialoutput;by1989thishaddroppedto3.5milliongallons(evenaccountingforinflation)—almostaquadruplingofwaterproductivity.IntheUSA,waterwithdrawalshavefallenbymorethan20%fromtheirpeakin1980.

HOntheotherhand,dams,aqueductsandotherkindsofinfrastructurewillstillhavetobebuilt,particularlyindevelopingcountrieswherebasichumanneedshavenotbeenmet.Butsuchprojectsmustbebuilttohigherspecificationsandwithmoreaccountabilitytolocalpeopleandtheirenvironmentthaninthepast.Andeveninregionswherenewprojectsseemwarranted,wemustfindwaystomeetdemandswithfewerresources,respectingecologicalcriteriaandtoasmallerbudget.

【答案】1.xi

2.vii

3.v

4.i

5.ix

6.ii

7.x

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第一段，“Thehistoryofhumancivilizationisentwinedwiththehistoryofthewayswehavelearnedtomanipulatewaterresources.”，人類(lèi)文明史與我們學(xué)會(huì)如何運(yùn)用水資源的歷史交織在一起。第一段最后列舉了羅馬帝國(guó)時(shí)期對(duì)水資源的控制，建立了發(fā)達(dá)的水利系統(tǒng)，給羅馬人提供了充足的水?？膳袛喑鯝段的主要內(nèi)容為古代的供水系統(tǒng)。選項(xiàng)xi符合題意。

2.根據(jù)文章第三段，“morethanonebillionpeoplelackaccesstocleandrinkingwater,sometwoandahalfbilliondonothaveadequatesanitationservices.Preventablewater-relateddiseaseskillanestimated10,000to20,0000childreneveryday”，超過(guò)10億人缺乏干凈的飲用水，約25億人沒(méi)有足夠的衛(wèi)生凈水設(shè)備。據(jù)估計(jì)，每天1萬(wàn)至2萬(wàn)名兒童死于與水有關(guān)的可預(yù)防疾病?？膳袛喑鯟段的主要內(nèi)容為水和健康之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。選項(xiàng)vii符合題意。

3.根據(jù)文章第四段，“Morethan20%ofallfreshwaterfishspeciesarenowthreatenedorendangeredbecausedamsandwaterwithdrawalshavedestroyedthefree-flowingriverecosystemswheretheythrive.”，超過(guò)20%的淡水魚(yú)物種現(xiàn)在受到威脅或?yàn)l臨滅絕，因?yàn)榇髩魏腿∷茐牧怂鼈冑?lài)以生存的自由流動(dòng)的河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。本段還列舉了更多因?yàn)樾藿ㄋ到y(tǒng)而帶來(lái)的環(huán)境影響，可判斷D段的主要內(nèi)容為環(huán)境問(wèn)題。選項(xiàng)v符合題意。

4.根據(jù)文章第五段，“Somewaterexpertsarenowdemandingthatexistinginfrastructurebeusedinsmarterwaysratherthanbuildingnewfacilities”，一些水資源專(zhuān)家現(xiàn)在要求以更明智的方式使用現(xiàn)有的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，而不是建設(shè)新的設(shè)施，下文繼續(xù)強(qiáng)調(diào)了專(zhuān)家們?cè)谟^念上和措施上提出的轉(zhuǎn)變?？膳袛喑鯡段的主要內(nèi)容為科學(xué)家們呼吁對(duì)政策進(jìn)行改變。選項(xiàng)i符合題意。

5.根據(jù)文章第六段，“Fortunately—andunexpectedly—thedemandforwaterisnotrisingasrapidlyassomepredicted…inafewpartsoftheworld,demandhasactuallyfallen.”，出乎意料的是，對(duì)水的需求并沒(méi)有像一些人預(yù)測(cè)的那樣迅速增長(zhǎng)。在世界上的一些地方，對(duì)水的需求實(shí)際上已經(jīng)下降?？膳袛喑鯢段主要提到了人們對(duì)水的需求出現(xiàn)了令人驚訝的下降趨勢(shì)。選項(xiàng)ix符合題意。

6.根據(jù)文章第七段，“Whatexplainsthisremarkableturnofevents?Twofactors:peoplehavefiguredouthowtousewatermoreefficiently,andcommunitiesarerethinkingtheirprioritiesforwateruse.”，如何解釋對(duì)水資源的需求下降（上一段已提及）的這一顯著的轉(zhuǎn)變？?jī)蓚€(gè)因素：人們已經(jīng)知道如何更有效地用水，并且正在重新考慮他們用水的優(yōu)先次序。可判斷出G段主要對(duì)上一段提到的水資源需求下降的解釋。選項(xiàng)ii符合題意。

7.根據(jù)文章第八段，“Butsuchprojectsmustbebuilttohigherspecificationsandwithmoreaccountabilitytolocalpeopleandtheirenvironmentthaninthepast.”，與過(guò)去相比，這些項(xiàng)目必須按照更高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建造，必須考慮到當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窦捌洵h(huán)境影響?？膳袛喑鋈藗儗?duì)水資源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)提出了更高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。選項(xiàng)x符合題意。

2.單選題

Foryearsnow,thepeopleofthatfarawaycountryhavebeencruelly（）byadictator.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.depressed

B.immersed

C.oppressed

D.cursed

【答案】C

【解析】句意:多少年來(lái)，那個(gè)偏僻國(guó)度的人民一直遭受著一個(gè)獨(dú)裁者的壓迫。

考查動(dòng)詞辨析。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)分別為對(duì)應(yīng)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞形式表被動(dòng),表示“被獨(dú)裁者…”。depress使沮喪，壓抑，使蕭條;immerse（in）沉浸，使專(zhuān)心于；oppress壓迫;curse詛咒。故C符合句意。

3.單選題

Beneaththerhetoricaboutwhoispracticingapurerformofthesportisanastybattleoverwhowilldominateaccesstotherocks——aficionadosof“sport”.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.creators

B.enthusiasts

C.organizers

D.advocators

【答案】B

【解析】考查同義名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)creators“創(chuàng)作者，造物主”；B選項(xiàng)enthusiasts“熱心人，熱衷者，狂熱者”；C選項(xiàng)organizers“主辦單位，舉辦方，舉辦者”；D選項(xiàng)advocator“提倡者，擁護(hù)者”。句意：在關(guān)于誰(shuí)在練習(xí)一種更純粹的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式的言辭背后，是一場(chǎng)關(guān)于誰(shuí)將主導(dǎo)進(jìn)入巖石運(yùn)動(dòng)的惡戰(zhàn)——“體育”的狂熱者。Aficionados“迷，狂熱愛(ài)好者”，B選項(xiàng)與該詞意思最相近，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Oneeffectofthe（

）economyof2009onstateandlocalgovernmentsisadecreaseinincome,sales,andpropertytaxrevenues.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.prosperous

B.sluggish

C.substantial

D.pervasive

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。prosperous意為“繁榮的，興旺的”；sluggish意為“緩慢的，遲緩的”；substantial意為“大量的，重大的”；pervasive意為“遍布的，普遍的”。

句意：2009年經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展緩慢對(duì)國(guó)家和地方政府的影響是收入、銷(xiāo)售和財(cái)產(chǎn)稅收入的減少。

5.單選題

Materialculturereferstothetouchable,material“things’’-physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture’stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup'shistoryandwayoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstrument.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstruments,pictured'inart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellaspaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.

Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwhichpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,butresearchshowmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,BritainandAmerica.Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.

Musicisdeep-rootedintheculturalbackgroundthatfostersit.Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefolkmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritages.Musiciansallovertheworldarebusywithrecordingclassicmusicintheircountryforthesakeoftheiruniqueculture.Asalways,people'saspirationwillalwaysfocusontheirindividualityratherthanuniversalfeaturesthataresharedbyallculturesalike.

Onemoreimportantpartofmusic’smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia-radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,andtelevision,withthefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisisallpartofthe"information-revolution",atwentiethcenturyphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutioninthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodemnations;theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.

1.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtomaterialculture?

2.Theword"phonograph"(Line6,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans（

）.

3.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphis

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanadvantageofprintedmusic?

5.Fromthethirdparagraph,wemayinferthat（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Instruments

B.Music.

C.Paintings.

D.Sheetmusic.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.recordplayer

B.radio

C.musicaltechnique

D.music-culture

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theimportance,ofculturaltoolsandtechnology

B.theculturalinfluenceofthedevelopmentofcivilization

C.thefocusofthestudyofthematerialcultureofmusic

D.thesignificanceoftheresearchintothemusicalinstruments

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Readingofmusicnotationhasagreatimpactonmusicians.

B.Peoplemaydrawinspirationfromit.

C.Themusicculturewillbeinfluencedbyitintheend.

D.Songstendtobestandardizedbyit.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.traditionalculturalheritageisworthyofpreservation

B.theuniversalfeaturessharedbyallculturesaren’tworthyofnotice.

C.musicianspaymoreattentiontothepreservationoftraditionalmusic.

D.themoredevelopedaculture,themorevaluablethemusicithasfostered

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.文章第一段第一句對(duì)物質(zhì)文化下了定義：文化中產(chǎn)生的能看到、摸到、感覺(jué)到使用的自然物體（physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thatacultureproduces）。該段接下來(lái)提到樂(lè)器是音樂(lè)文化中的物質(zhì)載體（Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstrument），所以選項(xiàng)A可以排除；第一段還提到圖片、文字記載都屬于物質(zhì)文化（Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstruments,picturedinart），選項(xiàng)C可以排除；第二段第一句Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture提到樂(lè)譜也是物質(zhì)文化，選項(xiàng)D可以排除。因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.題干中的phonograph出現(xiàn)在第一段：Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented，sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.在phonograph被發(fā)明之前，我們聽(tīng)不到任何音樂(lè)表演的聲音，只能通過(guò)樂(lè)器來(lái)研究過(guò)去的音樂(lè)。由此推測(cè)，這個(gè)詞指的是一種能夠記錄聲音并被用來(lái)研究音樂(lè)文化的東西。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.文章第一段第一句給物質(zhì)文化下了定義；第二、三句提到研究音樂(lè)物質(zhì)文化才能研究好音樂(lè)文化；第四、五句指出樂(lè)器是因?yàn)槲幕芯恐械闹匾镔|(zhì)文化；第六句提及了樂(lè)器作為物質(zhì)文化的兩種形式。第七句舉了繪畫(huà)和書(shū)寫(xiě)文件來(lái)說(shuō)明樂(lè)器在音樂(lè)文化研究中所起的作用。由此可只選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

4.文章第二段第三句Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs提到樂(lè)譜形式單調(diào)，因?yàn)樗鼈儗⒏枨紭?biāo)準(zhǔn)化。所以選項(xiàng)D不是優(yōu)勢(shì)，符合題意。

5.文章第三段第二句Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefolkmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritages提到我們?cè)絹?lái)越關(guān)注傳統(tǒng)和民族特色的音樂(lè)，并且愿意將民樂(lè)保存下來(lái)?？芍x項(xiàng)A符合題意，傳統(tǒng)文化遺產(chǎn)值得保留下來(lái)。

6.單選題

Noformofgovernmentintheworldis（）;eachsystemreflectsthehistoryandpresentneedsoftheregionorthenation.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.dominant

B.influential

C.integral

D.drastic

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。dominant“顯性的，占優(yōu)勢(shì)的，統(tǒng)治的”；influential“有影響力的”；integral“積分的，完整的”；drastic“激烈的，猛烈的”。句意：世界上沒(méi)有任何一種政體是占統(tǒng)治地位的，每一種制度都反映了該地區(qū)或民族的歷史和現(xiàn)實(shí)需要。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

7.單選題

Ittakesmuchtimetosolvetheproblemonebyone.Canwegeneralizecommon（）toapplytosimilarproblems?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.means

B.techniques

C.tips

D.solutions

【答案】D

【解析】句意:一個(gè)接一個(gè)地解決問(wèn)題需要很多吋間。我們能歸納出適用于所有類(lèi)似問(wèn)題的通用解決方法嗎？

考查名詞辨析。means手段,方法;technique技巧,技藝,工藝;tip尖端,尖兒,端;solution解決方案,溶液,溶解。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息“problem(問(wèn)題)”可知D符合句意。

8.單選題

Wecandistinguishthreedifferentrealmsofmatter,threelevelsonthequantumladder.Thefirstistheatomicrealm,whichincludestheworldofatoms,theirinteractions,andthestructuresthatareformedbythem,suchasmolecules,liquidsandsolids,andgasesandplasmas.Thisrealmincludesallthephenomenaofatomicphysics,chemistry,and,inacertainsense,biology.Theenergyexchangestakingplaceinthisrealmareofarelativelyloworder.Iftheseexchangesarebelowoneelectronvolt,suchasinthecollisionsbetweenmoleculesoftheairinaroom,thenatomsandmoleculescanberegardedaselementaryparticles.Thatis,theyhave“conditionalelementarity”becausetheykeeptheiridentityanddonotchangeinanycollisionsorinotherprocessesattheselowenergyexchanges.Ifonegoestohigherenergyexchanges,say104electronvolts,thenatomsandmoleculeswilldecomposeintonucleiandelectrons;atthislevel,thelatterparticlesmustbeconsideredaselementary.WefindexamplesofstructuresandprocessesofthisfirstrungofthequantumladderonEarth,onplanets,andonthesurfacesofstars.

Thenextrungisthenuclearrealm.Heretheenergyexchangesaremuchhigher,ontheorderofmillionsofelectronvolts.Aslongaswearedealingwithphenomenaintheatomicrealm,suchamountsofenergyareunavailable,andmostnucleiareinert:theydonotchange.However,ifoneappliesenergiesofmillionsofelectronvolts,nuclearreactions,fissionandfusion,andtheprocessesofradioactivityoccur;ourelementaryparticlesthenareprotons,neutrons,andelectrons.Inaddition,nuclearprocessesproduceneutrinos,particlesthathavenodetectablemassorcharge.Intheuniverse,energiesatthislevelareavailableinthecentersofstarsandinstarexplosions.Indeed,theenergyradiatedbythestarsisproducedbynuclearreactions.ThenaturalradioactivitywefindonEarthisthelong-livedremnantofthetimewhennow-earthlymatterwasexpelledintospacebyamajorstellarexplosion.

Thethirdrungofthequantumladderisthesubnuclearrealm.Herewearedealingwithenergyexchangesofmanybillionsofelectronvolts.Weencounterexcitednucleons,newtypesofparticlessuchasmesons,heavyelectrons,quarks,andgluons,andalsoantimatterinlargequantities.Thegluonsarethequanta,orsmallestunits,oftheforce（thestrongforce）thatkeepsthequarkstogether.Aslongaswearedealingwiththeatomicornuclearrealm,thesenewtypesofparticlesdonotoccurandthenucleonsremaininert.Butatsubnuclearenergylevels,thenucleonsandmesonsappeartobecomposedofquarks,sothatthequarksandgluonsfigureaselementaryparticles.

1.Theprimarytopicofthepassageis（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,radioactivitythatoccursnaturallyonEarthistheresultof（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcanbefoundintheatomicrealm?

4.Accordingtotheauthor,gluonsarenot（）.

5.Thepassagespeaksofparticlesashavingconditionalelementarityifthey（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theinteractionoftherealmsonthequantumladder

B.atomicstructuresfoundonEarth,onotherplanets,andonthesurfacesofstars

C.levelsofenergythatarereleasedinnuclearreactionsonEarthandinstars

D.particlesandprocessesfoundintheatomic,nuclear,andsubnuclearrealms

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theproductionofparticlesthathavenodetectablemassorelectriccharge

B.highenergyexchangesonthenuclearlevelthatoccurredinanancientexplosioninastar

C.processesthatoccurinthecenteroftheSun,whichemitsradiationtotheEarth

D.high-voltagedischargesofelectricitythattookplaceintheatmosphereoftheEarthshortlyaftertheEarthwasformed

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Morethanonelevelofenergyexchange

B.Exactlyoneelementaryparticle

C.Exactlythreekindsofatomicstructures

D.Noparticlessmallerthanatoms

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.foundtobeconditionallyelementary

B.producedinnuclearreactions

C.encounteredinsubnuclearenergyexchanges

D.relatedtothestrongforce

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.remainunchangedatthegivenlevelofenergyexchange

B.cannotbedecomposedintosmallerconstituents

C.releaseenergyatalowlevelincollisions

D.belongtothenuclearlevelonthequantumladder

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本篇開(kāi)頭介紹了我們可以區(qū)分物質(zhì)的三個(gè)不同領(lǐng)域，在量子階梯上的三個(gè)層次。接著三段分別闡述了原子能領(lǐng)域，原子核領(lǐng)域以及亞核領(lǐng)域的物質(zhì)及物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生過(guò)程。故D項(xiàng)“在原子、原子核和亞核領(lǐng)域中發(fā)現(xiàn)的粒子和過(guò)程”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段"However,ifoneappliesenergiesofmillionsofelectronvolts,nuclearreactions,fissionandfusion,andtheprocessesofradioactivityoccur;ourelementaryparticlesthenareprotons,neutrons,andelectrons."然而，如果一個(gè)人應(yīng)用數(shù)百萬(wàn)電子伏特的能量，核反應(yīng)、裂變和聚變，那么放射性過(guò)程就會(huì)發(fā)生;我們的基本粒子是質(zhì)子、中子和電子。據(jù)此可知地球上自然發(fā)生的放射性現(xiàn)象是極高的能量交換發(fā)生反應(yīng)的結(jié)果。故B項(xiàng)“是一個(gè)古老的恒星爆炸過(guò)程中的高能量的核水平交換的結(jié)果”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“atomicrealm”可定位到第一段Iftheseexchangesarebelowoneelectronvolt,……Ifonegoestohigherenergyexchanges,say104electronvolts,thenatomsandmoleculeswilldecomposeintonucleiandelectrons;atthislevel,thelatterparticlesmustbeconsideredaselementary.如果這些交換低于1電子伏特，如果進(jìn)行更高的能量交換，比如104電子伏特，那么原子和分子就會(huì)分解成原子核和電子;在這個(gè)層次上，后一種粒子必須被認(rèn)為是基本粒子。據(jù)此可知第一段在原子領(lǐng)域不止一級(jí)能量交換，可以有高能量和低能量交換。故A項(xiàng)正確。B項(xiàng)與原文內(nèi)容"thenatomsandmoleculeswilldecomposeintonucleiandelectrons;atthislevel,thelatterparticlesmustbeconsideredaselementary."那么原子和分子就會(huì)分解成原子核和電子;在這個(gè)。層次上，后一種粒子必須被認(rèn)為是基本粒子”不符，原子領(lǐng)域除了基本粒子還有其他成分。CD兩項(xiàng)第一段未提及。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞gluons定位到第三段"Thegluonsarethequanta,orsmallestunits,oftheforce（thestrongforce）thatkeepsthequarkstogether.Aslongaswearedealingwiththeatomicornuclearrealm,thesenewtypesofparticlesdonotoccurandthenucleonsremaininert.Butatsubnuclearenergylevels,thenucleonsandmesonsappeartobecomposedofquarks,sothatthequarksandgluonsfigureaselementaryparticles."膠子是使夸克聚集在一起的力（強(qiáng)力）的量子，或最小的單位。只要我們研究的是原子或核領(lǐng)域，這些新型粒子就不會(huì)出現(xiàn)，核子也會(huì)保持惰性。但是在亞核能級(jí)，核子和介子似乎是由夸克組成的，所以夸克和膠子是基本粒子。據(jù)此可知膠子不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在原子和核領(lǐng)域，故B項(xiàng)正確。其他選項(xiàng)與題干中的gluons無(wú)關(guān)。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞"conditionalelementarity"定位到第一段"Iftheseexchangesarebelowoneelectronvolt,suchasinthecollisionsbetweenmoleculesoftheairinaroom,thenatomsandmoleculescanberegardedaselementaryparticles.Thatis,theyhave“conditionalelementarity”becausetheykeeptheiridentityanddonotchangeinanycollisionsorinotherprocessesattheselowenergyexchanges."如果這些交換低于1電子伏特，例如在一個(gè)房間里空氣分子之間的碰撞，那么原子和分子可以被視為基本粒子。也就是說(shuō)，它們有“條件元素性”因?yàn)樗鼈儽３炙鼈兊耐恍?，在任何碰撞或其他低能量交換過(guò)程中都不會(huì)改變。據(jù)此可知條件元素性在能量交換過(guò)程中不會(huì)改變。故A項(xiàng)“給定的能量交換水平上保持不變”正確。

9.單選題

Formostpeople,shoppingisstillamatterofwanderingdownthehighstreetorloadingacartinashoppingmall.Soon,thatwillchange.Electroniccommerceisgrowingfastandwillsoonbringpeoplemorechoice.Therewill,however,beacost;protectingtheconsumerfromfraudwillbeharder.Manygovernmentsthereforewanttoextendhigh-streetregulationstotheelectronicworld.Butpoliticianswouldbewisertoseecyberspaceasabasisforaneweraofcorporateself-regulation.

Consumersinrichcountrieshavegrownusedtotheideathatthegovernmenttakesresponsibilityforeverythingfromthestabilityofthebankstothesafetyofthedrugs,ortheirrightstorefundwhengoodsarefaulty.Butgovernmentscannotenforcenationallawsonbusinesseswhoseonlypresenceintheircountryisonascreen.Othercountrieshaveregulators,buttherulesofconsumerprotectiondiffer,asdoesenforcement.Evenwhereaclearrighttocompensationexists,theon-linecataloguecustomerinTokyo,say,canhardlygotoNewYorktoextractarefundforadudpurchase.

Oneanswerisforgovernmentstocooperatemore:torecognizeeachother’srules.Butthatrequiresyearsofworkandvolumesofdetailedrules.Andplentyofcountrieshaverulestoofancifulforsoberstatestoaccept.Thereis,however,analternative.Lettheelectronicbusinessesdothe“regulation”themselves.Theydo,afterall,haveaself-interestindoingso.

Inelectroniccommerce,areputationforhonestdealingwillbeavaluablecompetitiveasset.Governments,too,maycompetetobetrusted.Forinstance,customersorderingmedicineson-linemayprefertobuyfromtheUnitedStatesbecausetheytrusttherigorousscreeningoftheFoodandDrugAdministration;ortheymaydecidethattheFDA’srulesaretoostrict,andbuyfromSwitzerlandinstead.

Consumerswillstillneedtousetheirjudgment.Butpreciselybecausethetechnologyisnew,electronicshoppersarelikelyforawhiletobealotmorecautiousthanconsumersofthenormalsort—andthenewtechnologywillalsomakeiteasierforthemtocomplainnoisilywhenacompanyletsthemdown.Inthisway,atleast,theadventofcyberspacemayargueforfewerconsumerprotectionlaws,notmore.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,whatwillbethebestpolicyforelectroniccommerce?

2.Incaseanelectronicshopperboughtfaultygoodsfromaforeigncountry,whatcouldhedointhepresentcircumstances?

3.Intheauthor’sview,businesseswouldplaceahighpremiumonhonestdealingbecauseintheelectronicworld

（

）.

4.WecaninferfromthepassagethatinlicensingnewdrugstheFDAintheUnitedStatesis

（

）.

5.Theworld“cyberspace”inthelastparagraphprobablyrefersto（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Self-regulationbythebusinesses.

B.Strictconsumerprotectionlaws.

C.Closeinternationalcooperation.

D.Governmentprotection.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Refusetopayforthepurchase

B.Gotothesellerandaskforarefund

C.Appealtoconsumerprotectionlaws

D.Complainaboutitviaelectronicmail

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.internationalcooperationwouldbemuchmoreenhanced

B.consumerscouldeasilyseekgovernmentprotection

C.agoodreputationisagreatadvantageincompetition

D.itwouldbeeasyforconsumerstocomplain

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.veryquick

B.verycautious

C.veryslow

D.rathercareless

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.theouterspace

B.artificialintelligence

C.thecommercialworld

D.computernetworks

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第三段中的內(nèi)容為：答案之一是各國(guó)政府更多地合作：承認(rèn)彼此的規(guī)則。但這需要多年的工作和大量的詳細(xì)規(guī)則。而且許多國(guó)家的規(guī)則對(duì)此來(lái)說(shuō)都太不切實(shí)際了。然而，還有一種選擇。讓電子企業(yè)自己做“監(jiān)管”，畢竟，這樣做對(duì)他們是有利的。句中的“regulation”themselves即self-regulation，因此選A。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章最后一段中的thenewtechnologywill