留學(xué)-邏輯歸納題

歸納題邏輯題演繹題歸納題Must

betrue標(biāo)準(zhǔn)歸納解釋題邏輯方法題，重慶區(qū)委書記，更被爆出大量涉及不但的不雅的信息都容易在網(wǎng)和上。許多涉及。從上述斷定能推出以下那些結(jié)論？的信息大都涉及娛圈的緋聞也大都涉及的主要緋聞，反映了網(wǎng)民中存在低級(jí)趣味網(wǎng)上容易的網(wǎng)絡(luò)是當(dāng)代信息樂于在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中E.有些在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中容易的信息涉及歸納題特征：由原文推出選項(xiàng)

Conclude,conclusionInferImplyMust

be

truesupport,be

supported

by(注意和加強(qiáng)題區(qū)分）Format:…which

of

the

following

must

be

true…Which

of

the

following

conclusions

is

bestsupported

by

the

information

above?歸納題MustBe

True標(biāo)準(zhǔn)歸納題連環(huán)推 普通歸 語義推 數(shù)學(xué)歸理

納

理

納歸納題細(xì)分類提干特征：Which

of

the

following

must

be

true

on

thebasis

of

the

statements……if

the

statements

above

are

true…正確答案：僅由原文信息可以得出必然成立的選項(xiàng)Must

Be

True原命題=a→→b逆命題=b→→a否命題=非a→→非b逆否命題=非b→→非a命題之間的關(guān)系原命題=逆否命題逆命題=否命題命題之間的關(guān)系A(chǔ)

package

is

never

accepted

for

delivery

bydelivery

service

unless

it

is

within

theestablished

size

limits.

All

packagesaccepted

for

delivery

service

have

a

returnaddress.If

the

statement

above

are

true,

which

of

thefollowing

must

also

be

true?The

delivery

service

charges

more

for

heavierpackages

than

for

lighterpackages.The

delivery

service

will

always

accept

fordelivery

a

package

that

is

within

the

establishedsize

limits.If

a

package

is

within

the

established

size

limitsfordelivery

by

thedelivery

serviceno

matter

howheavy

the

package

is.A

package

that

is

not

within

theestablishedsize

limits

but

has

a

return

address

is

neveraccepted

for

delivery

by

the

delivery

service.The

delivery

service

does

not

charge

forpackages

that

must

be

returned

to

thesender.A

package

is

never

accepted

for

delivery

bydelivery

service

unless

it

is

within

the

establishedsize

limits.Not

A

unless

B

不被投遞除非在限制尺寸內(nèi)非B→→非AA

→→B不在限制尺寸內(nèi)的都不被投遞被投遞的都在限制尺寸內(nèi)B

是A

的必要條件

限制尺寸是被投遞的必要條件原文含多個(gè)充分／必要條件正確答案：原文同義改寫，或復(fù)述了原文中的信息，只是表達(dá)方式不同。MustBe

True連環(huán)推理Advertisement:

Today’s

customersexpecthighquality.

Every

advance

in

the

qualityofmanufactured

products

raises

customerexpectations.

The

company

that

is

satisfied

with

thecurrent

quality

of

its

products

will

soon

find

that

itscustomers

are

not.

At

MegaCorp,meeting

orexceeding

customer

expectations

is

our

goal.Which

of

the

followingmustbe

trueon

the

basis

ofthe

statements

in

the

advertisement

above?P:

不斷提高質(zhì)量→→不斷提高期望到達(dá)目標(biāo)

→→達(dá)到或

顧客的期望MegaCorp’scompetitors

will

succeed

inattractingcustomers

only

if

those

competitors

adoptMegaCorp’sgoal

as

their

own.A

company

that

does

not

correctly

anticipate

theexpectations

of

its

customers

is

certain

to

fail

inadvancing

the

quality

of

its

products.MegaCorp’s

goal

is

possible

to

meet

only

if

continuingadvances

in

product

quality

are

possible.If

a

company es

satisfied

with

the

quality

of

itsproducts,

then

the

quality

of

its

products

is

sure

todecline.MegaCorp’s

customers

are

currently

satisfied

with

thequality

of

its

products.不斷提高質(zhì)量→→不斷提高期望到達(dá)目標(biāo)

→→達(dá)到或

顧客的期望A→→B

B→→C正確選項(xiàng)：A→→C從原文的末尾出發(fā)，層層往前推尋找公共元素約掉＋頭加尾法MustBe

True連環(huán)推理解法（頭加尾法）原文AB正確答案：=D+ABCCD新概念必錯(cuò)（答案中出現(xiàn)原文沒見過的內(nèi)容必錯(cuò)）注意if,unless,whenever

之后的內(nèi)容判斷選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)原名題或原名題的充分推論，必定是正確答案Must

Be

True技巧總結(jié)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)歸納題標(biāo)準(zhǔn)歸納題普通歸納語義推理數(shù)學(xué)歸納提干特征：Infer,

imply,

conclude,

support…正確答案對(duì)原文各句進(jìn)行一步到位的結(jié)合不要怕選“很傻很天真”的選項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)歸納題之一普通歸納題從原文的末尾出發(fā)，層層往前推尋找公共元素約掉＋頭加尾法解法（頭加尾法）原文AB正確答案：=D+ABCCD普通歸納題南北兩極所有的冰都是有降雪形成的。極寒的空氣不能保持很多的水蒸氣，因此無法產(chǎn)生較多降雪。今年來，兩極地區(qū)無一例外地出現(xiàn)了極寒。以上信息最有力支持了以下哪一項(xiàng)結(jié)論？如果兩極的冰目前確實(shí)在增加，其速度也是緩慢的如果兩極的空氣溫度大幅變暖，許多冰將融化在過去的幾年里，兩極的降雪一直在繼續(xù)兩極的冰越厚，和其接觸的空氣就越寒冷在兩極，要使雪變成冰，空氣就必須非常寒冷A

computer

equipped

with

signature-recognition

software,which

restricts

access

to

a

computer

to

those

people

whosesignatures

are

on

file,

identifies rson's

signature

byyzingnot

only

the

form

of

the

signature

but

also

suchcharacteristics

as

pen

pressure

and

signing

speed.Eventhe

most

adept

f ers

cannot

duplicate

all

ofthecharacteristics

the

program

yzes.Which

of

the

following

can

be

logicallyconcluded

from

thepassage

above?P：限權(quán) 程序=

簽名

+

其他特性者不能全部特性B

全部特性CA

程序B

全部特性The

time

it

takes

to

record

and yze

asignature

makes

the

software

impracticalforeveryday

use.Computers

equippedwith

the

software

will

soonbe

installed

In

most

banks.Nobody

can

gain

access

to

a

computerequipped

with

the

software

solely

by

virtue

ofskill

at

f ingsignatures.Signature-recognition

software

has

taken

manyyears

to

develop

and

perfect.In

many

cases

even

authorized

usersaredenied

legitimate

access

to

computersequipped

with

the

software.邏輯分冊(cè)Page59

Q91Increases

in

the

level

of

high-density

lipoprotein

(HDL)inthe

human

bloodstream

lower

bloodstream

cholesterollevels

by

increasing

the

body's

capacity

to

rid

itself

ofexcess

cholesterol.

Levels

of

HDL

in

the

bloodstream

ofsome

individuals

are

significantly

increased

by

aprogram

of

regular

exercise

and

weight

reduction.Which

of

the

following

can

be

correctly

inferred

from

thestatements

above?體驗(yàn)P:

HDL↑→→膽固醇↓經(jīng)常運(yùn)動(dòng)+減重→→HDL↑A.

Individuals

who

are

underweight

do

notrun

any

risk

of

develo high

levels

ofcholesterol

in

the

bloodstream.錯(cuò)誤新概念underweightB.

Individuals

who

do

not

exercise

regularlyhave

a

high

risk

of

develo

high

levels

ofcholesterol

in

the

bloodstream

late

in

life.錯(cuò)誤精華缺失減肥原名題≠否命題經(jīng)常鍛煉的人膽固醇會(huì)減少=原命題不經(jīng)常鍛煉的人膽固醇會(huì)增加（不減少）=否命題C.

Exercise

and

weight

reduction

are

themost

effective

methods

of

loweringbloodstream

cholesterol

levels

in

humans.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)most

effectiveD.

A

program

of

regular

exercise

and

weightreduction

lowers

cholesterol

levels

in

thebloodstream

of

some

individuals.正確HDL↑→→膽固醇↓經(jīng)常運(yùn)動(dòng)+減重→→HDL↑范圍一致some

individualsE.

Only

regular

exercise

is

necessary

todecrease

cholesterol

levels

in

thebloodstream

of

individuals

of

averageweight.錯(cuò)誤范圍變化only新概念average

weight邏輯分冊(cè)Page59

Q92When

a

caterpillar

emergesfrom

the

egg

on

a

treebranch,

it

immedia y

climbs

upward

until

it

finds

aleaf

bud

to

eat.

Biologiststhought

that

thisbehavior

displayed

an

innate

tendency

to

move

inthe

direction

opposite

to

the

pull

of

gravity. In

arecent

experiment,

a

strong

light

source

wasplaced

at

the

bottom

of

a

tree,

andcaterpillars,after

hatching,

climbed

downward.Which

of

the

following

hypotheses

is

bestsupportedby

the

statementsgiven?體驗(yàn)條件一：毛毛蟲朝著樹上面爬條件二：強(qiáng)光在下方，毛毛蟲向下爬(A)

Caterpillars

have

an

innate

tendency

tomove

in

the

direction

of

gravity.錯(cuò)誤和條件一(B)

Newly

hatched

caterpillars

are

unable

tosee

in

the

dark.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)新概念see

in

the

dark(C)

Newly

hatched

caterpillars

movetowards

the

strongest

light

source

in

theenvironment.條件一：毛毛蟲朝著樹上面爬條件二：強(qiáng)光在下方，毛毛蟲向下爬(D)

Newly

hatched

caterpillars

move

towardthe

leaf

bud

nearest

to

them.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)和條件二無關(guān)(E)

The

eyes

of

newly

hatched

caterpillarse

less

sensitive

to

light

over

time.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)新概念，

e

less

sensitive特點(diǎn)：原文出現(xiàn)大量數(shù)字不用考慮數(shù)

算解法：重點(diǎn)關(guān)注比例，比較，變化等相對(duì)概念（數(shù)量和比例不能互推）percent,

proportion,

ratio,

per

…more,

less,

higher,

lowerincrease,

decrease標(biāo)準(zhǔn)歸納題之二數(shù)學(xué)歸納題The

number

of

patents

granted

to

inventors

by

the

UnitedStates

Patent

Office

dropped

from

56,000

in

1971to

45,000

in1978.

Spending

on

research

and

development,

which

peakedat

3

percent

of

the

gross

national

product

(GNP)

in

1964,wasonly

2.2

percent

of

the

GNP

in

1978.

During

this

period,whenthe

United

States

percentage

was

steadily

decreasing,

WestGermany

and

Japan

increased

the

percentage

of

their

GNP'sspent

on

research

and

development

to

3.2

percent

and

1.6percent,

respectively.Which

of

the

followingconclusions

is

best

supported

by

theinformation

above?US：專利↓（56，000

&

45，000）%GNP↓

（3%，2.2%）WG：%GNP↑

（3.2%）

JP：%GNP↑

（1.6%）There

is

direct

relationship

between

the

size

of

anation's

GNP

and

the

number

of

inventions

it

produces.Japan

andWest

Germanyspent

moremoney

onresearch

and

development

is

directly

related

to

thenumber

of

inventions

patented

in

that

nation.The

amount

of

money

a

nation

spends

on

researchanddevelopment

is

directly

relocated

to

the

number

ofinventions

patented

in

that

nation.Between

1964

and

1978

the

United

States

consistentlyspent

a

larger

percentage

of

its

GNP

on

research

anddevelopment

than

did

Japan.Both

West

Germanyand

Japanwill

soon

surpass

theUnited

States

in

the

number

of

patents

granted

toinvestors.OG

Page532

Q105The

cost

of

producing

radios

in

Country

Q

is

10percent

less

than

the

cost

of

producingradios

inCountry

Y.

Even

after

transportation

fees

andtariff

charges

are

added,

it

is

still

che rfor

acompany

to

importradios

fromCountry

Q

toCountry

Y

than

to

produce

radios

in

Country

Y.The

statements

above,

if

true,

bestsupportwhich

of

the

followingassertions?體驗(yàn)P：Q

＋10%Y

=

YQ＋trans＋tariff

<

Y從Q進(jìn)口<Y制造(A)

Labor

costs

in

Country

Q

are

10

percentbelow

those

in

Country

Y.錯(cuò)誤新概念labor

costs(B)

Importing

radios

from

Country

Q

toCountry

Y

will

eliminate

10

percent

of

themanufacturing

jobs

in

Country

Y.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)新概念manufacturing

jobs(C)

The

tariff

on

a

radio

imported

fromCountry

Q

to

Country

Y

is

less

than

10percent

of

the

cost

of

manufacturing

theradio

in

Country

Y.正確P：Q

＋10%Y

=

YQ＋trans＋tariff

<

Y??trans＋tariff

<

10%Y(D)

The

fee

for

transporting

a

radio

fromCountryQ

to

Country

Y

is

more

than

10percent

of

the

cost

of

manufacturing

theradio

in

Country

Q.錯(cuò)誤不一定成立P：Q

＋10%Y

=YQ＋trans＋tariff

<

YTrans>10%Q(E)

It

takes

10

percent

less

time

tomanufacture

a

radio

in

Country

Q

than

itdoes

in

Country

Y.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)新概念

time邏輯分冊(cè)Page60Q94A

firm's

two

divisions

performedwith

remarkableconsistency

over

the

past

two

years: in

each

ofthose

years,

the

pharmaceuticals

department

hasaccounted

for

roughly

20

percent

of

dollar

salesand

40

percent

of

profits,

and

the

chemicalsdivision

for

the

balance.Which

of

the

following

can

properlybe

inferredregarding

thepast

two

years

fromthestatementabove?體驗(yàn)制藥：20%dollar

sales,

40%profits化學(xué)：80% ,

60%A)

Total

dollar

sales

for

each

of

thecompany's

department

have

remainedroughly

constant.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)新概念total

dollar

salesB)

The

pharmaceuticals

department

hasfaced

stiffer

competition

in

its

markets

thanhas

the

chemicals

division.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)新概念competitionC)

The

chemicals

department

has

realizedlower

profits

per

dollar

of

sales

than

has

thepharmaceuticals

department.正確Profits

per

dollar

of

salesPharmaceuticals:

40/20Chemicals:

60/80D)

The

product

mix

offered

by

each

of

thefirm's

departments

has

remainedunchanged.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)新概念product

mix

offeredE)

Highly

profitable

products

accounted

for

ahigher

percentage

of

the

chemicalsdepartment's

sales

than

of

those

of

thepharmaceuticals

department.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)新概念highly

profitable

products類似于閱讀題imply題最高難度歸納題解法和閱讀理解題相同對(duì)原文信息進(jìn)行一步到位的合理推理讀選項(xiàng)，用排除法絕大多數(shù)干擾選項(xiàng)，發(fā)散選項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)歸納題之三語義歸納題允許出現(xiàn)相關(guān)的新概念

若無一步到位選項(xiàng)，最接近原文主旨大意選項(xiàng)若仍與干擾選項(xiàng)，選與末句最相關(guān)選項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)歸納題之三語義歸納題有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的 劇本作者在創(chuàng)造120頁(yè)會(huì)交上135頁(yè)的初稿。正如一位劇本時(shí)，通常劇本作者說的‘這樣使那些負(fù)責(zé)

的人在接到劇本后有一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造，他們至少可以刪掉15頁(yè)’。以上

的這位

劇本作者的論述表達(dá)了下面哪個(gè)觀點(diǎn)？除了提供劇本外，通常

劇本作者并不涉及

制作的任何方面熟練的作者

和允許由審核

修改劇本草稿。真正富有創(chuàng)意的

劇本作者極易沖動(dòng)因而不能固守規(guī)定的頁(yè)數(shù)要想認(rèn)識(shí)到劇本哪部分最適合保留下來，需要特殊的創(chuàng)造力即使最有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的作者也不能寫出自始至終質(zhì)量都是上層的劇本邏輯分冊(cè)Page60

Q95When

a

polygraph judgedinconclusive,this

is

no

reflection

on

theexaminee.Rather,

such

a

judgment

means

that

the

testhas

failed

to

show

whether

the

examinee

wastruthful

or

untruthful.

Nevertheless,employers

will

sometimes

refuse

to

hire

a

jobapplicant

since

a inconclusive

polygraph

testresult.which

of

the

following

conclusions

canmostproperly

be

drawn

from

the

information

above?再體驗(yàn)P：結(jié)果不確定→→不能真實(shí)反應(yīng)測(cè)試者雇主不聘用結(jié)果不確定測(cè)試者A.

Most

examinees

with

inconclusive

polygraphtest

results

are

in

fact

untruthful錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)MostB.

Polygraphtests

shouldnot

be

usedbyemployers

in

the

considerationof

a

job

applicant錯(cuò)誤陷阱選項(xiàng)和原文前提相違背C.

An

inconclusive

polygraph

test

result

issometimes

unfairly

held

against

the

examinee正確結(jié)果不確定→→不能真實(shí)反應(yīng)測(cè)試者雇主不聘用結(jié)果不確定測(cè)試者雇主不聘用結(jié)果不確定測(cè)試者unfairlyD.

A

polygraph

test

indicating

that

an

examinee

isuntruthful

can

sometimes

be

mistaken錯(cuò)誤原文未提及E.

Some

employershave

refused

to

considertheresults

of

polygraph

tests

when

evaluating

jobapplicants錯(cuò)誤原文相Refused

to

considerOG

Page520

Q66To

protect

certain

fledgling

industries,the ernment

ofCountry

Z

banned

imports

of

the

types

of

productsthoseindustries

were

starting

to

make.

As

a

direct

result,

thecost

of

those

products

to

the

buyers,

severalexport-dependent

industries

in

Z,

went

up,

sharply

limitingtheability

of

those

industries

to

compete

effectively

in

theirexport

markets.Which

of

the

following

conclusions

about

Country

Z’sadversely

affected

export-dependent

industries

is

bestsupported

by

the

passage?體驗(yàn)P：進(jìn)口

→→保護(hù)新行業(yè)→→買家成本↑→→↓出口(A)

Profit

margins

in

those

industries

werenot

high

enough

to

absorb

the

rise

in

costsmentioned

above.正確Profit

margins

和cost

to

buyer

緊密相關(guān)買加成本↑→→↓出口(B)

Those

industries

had

to

contend

with

thefact

that

other

countries

banned

importsfrom

Country

Z.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)比較(C)

Those

industries

succeeded

inexpanding

the

domestic

market

for

theirproducts.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)新概念domestic

market(D)

Steps

to

offset

rising

materials

costs

bydecreasing

labor

costs

were

taken

in

thoseindustries.錯(cuò)誤與原文相(E)

Those

industries

started

to

move

intoexport

markets

that

they

h

reviouslyjudged

unprofitable.錯(cuò)誤與原文相move

into

export邏輯分冊(cè)Page64

Q102A

violinconstructed

to

have

improved

sound

wouldsound

different

from

the

best-sounding

existingviolins.

To

professional

violinists,

a

violin

thatsounds

different

from

the

best-sounding

existingviolins

sounds

less

like

a

violin

andthereforeworse

than

the

best-soundingexisting

violins.Professional

violinists

are

the

only

accepted

judgesof

the

sound

quality

of

violins.Would

be

the

best

supported

by

those

statements?體驗(yàn)P1:

改良不同于現(xiàn)有最

。P2:P3:認(rèn)為，不同就是低于最好就是音質(zhì)可以接受的唯一評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(A)

Only

amateur

violinists

should

be

askedto

judge

the

sound

quality

of

newlyconstructed

violins.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)新概念only

amateur

violinists(B)

Professional

violinists

supervise

theconstruction

of

violins.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)新概念supervise(C)

The

best-sounding

existing

violinshavebeen

in

existence

fro

several

centuries.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)新概念several

centuries(D)

It

is

currently

impossible

to

construct

aviolin

that

the

only

accepted

judges

willevaluate

as

having

improved

sound正確P1:

改良不同于現(xiàn)有最

。P2:P3:認(rèn)為，不同就是低于最好就是音質(zhì)可以接受的唯一評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(E)

It

is

possible

to

construct

a

violin

thatsounds

better

than

the

best-soundingexisting

violins

to

everyone

but

professionalviolinists.錯(cuò)誤對(duì)于所有其他人都能接受（原文未提及）High

levels

of

fertilizer

and

pesticides,

neededwhen

farmers

try

to

produce

high

yield

of

the

samecrop

year

after

year,

pollute

water

s.Experts

therefore

urge

farmers

to

diversify

theircrops

and

to

rotate

their

plantings

yearly.

Toreceive ernmental

price-support

benefits

for

acrop,

farmersmust

have

produced

that

same

crop

forthe

past

several

years.The

statements

above,

if

true,

best

supportwhich

ofthe

following

conclusions?P:化肥&殺蟲劑↑→→農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量↑→→污染↑分散輪流種農(nóng)作物→→↓污染種相同作物→→獲得

補(bǔ)貼The

rules

f overnmental

support

of

farm

prices

workagainst

efforts

to

reduce

water

pollution.The

only

solution

to

the

problem

of

water

pollution

fromfertilizers

and

pesticides

is

to

take

farmland

outofproduction.Farmers

can

continue

to

make

a

profit

by

rotatingdiverse

crops,

thus

reducing

costs

for

chemicals,

butnot

by

planting

the

same

crop

each

year.New

farming

techniques

will

be

developed

to

make

itpossible

for

farmers

to

reduce

the

applicationoffertilizers

and

pesticides.(E)ernmental

price

supports

for

farm

products

are

setat

levels

that

are

not

high

enough

to

allow

farmers

toget

out

of

debt.若原文多個(gè)前提中出現(xiàn)互相

的前提條件結(jié)論往往推出計(jì)劃失敗，或不可行前提相互OG

Page531

Q103For

a

trade

embargo

against

a

particular

country

tosucceed,

a

high

degree

of

both

international

accordandability

to

prevent

goods

from

entering

or

leaving

thatcountry

must

be

sustained.

A

total

blockade

of

Patria’sports

is

necessary

to

an

embargo,

but

such

an

actionwould

be

likely

to

cause

international

discord

over

theembargo.The

claims

above,

if

true,

most

strongly

support

which

ofthe

following

conclusions?體驗(yàn)P:

1)禁運(yùn)成功=國(guó)際公約+能夠?qū)嵤┙\(yùn)→→全面禁運(yùn)→→國(guó)際(A)

The

balance

of

opinion

is

likely

to

favorPatria

in

the

event

of

a

blockade.錯(cuò)誤無關(guān)新概念balance

of

opinion(B)

As

long

as

international

opinion

isunanimously

against

Patria,

a

tradeembargo

is

likely

to

succeed.錯(cuò)誤禁運(yùn)成功

=國(guó)際公約+能夠?qū)嵤┙\(yùn)(C)

A

naval

blockade

of

Patria’s

ports

would