清華考研寫作講義

清華大學考研輔導強化班課程

《英語寫作》

清華大學外語系楊朝春主講

并提供文檔資料第一講GeneralIntroduction（總記）GeneralIntroduction（總論）TheRoleofWriting（寫作的地位）RequirementsforWritingintheExam（考試對寫作的要求）II.UseofLanguage（語言的使用）Theuseofwords（選取最恰當?shù)脑~使表達生動鮮明、充實而有效）1）簡易常用詞和拼讀復雜詞由于歷史的緣故，英語和北歐語、希臘語、意大利語和法語有著密切的聯(lián)系，由此出現(xiàn)許多外來詞。而這些外來詞在英語本語中往往可以找到同義或近義詞。一般來說，外來詞較長，拼寫與記憶較難，多用于正式文體，如政府文件、學術(shù)性著作、法律文書等，屬于拼讀復雜詞；本語詞拼寫較短，多用于日常寫作及會話，屬于簡易常用詞。從應試的角度來說，由于本語詞較短、易識別且使用頻率高，我們提倡多使用，這樣可以提高表達效率，使文章清楚明了，又可減少錯誤率。Examples:ask（本語）question（法語）interrogate（拉丁語）一般詞和具體詞一般詞具有概括和抽象的特點，適于在段落之首提出主題思想和末尾總結(jié)概括。而具體同可以使意思表達的更準確、生動和鮮明，適于展開主題。Examples:Plant:tree,bush,vegetable,flower,fruitVegetable:cabbage,turnip,carrots,onions,garlic,potatoes,cucumber,lettuce,cauliflower,pepperbroccoli,eggplant,mushrooms,tomatoesFruit:apple,peach,pear,strawberry,grapes,orange,watermelon,pineapple,mango,bananas,kiwifruit,cherry,apricotWalk:edge,limp,shuffle,trudge,trot,pace,stagger,toddle,strollLook:see,watch,observe,perceive,sight,spotscan,glancepeer,stare,gaze,beholdLaugh:giggle,titter,chuckle,grin,guffawCry:weep,sob,groan,wail,lament,whimper第二講寫作考試中一些常用詞3)寫作考試中一些常用詞?Althoughsheisoneofmyfriends,shestronglyagainstmyopinion.*Sheisgettingmarriedinnextmonth.*Hisbodyishealthy.?Childrenaredangerouswhentheyplaywithmatches.*Inonehandweshouldstudyhard,inotherhandweshouldbeindependentbydoingpart-timejobs.Suchthingsdonothappeneveryday.Thisiseverydayoccurrence.Thebirdsareflyinghighinthesky.Theleaderwashighlyrespectedbypeople.Thecontemptiblemanisselfishandvain.There'sacontemptuouslookonhisface.Heisarespectableoldman.Heisrespectfultowardhisteachers.Afterthemeetingtheywentbacktotheirrespectiveprovinces.Sheisdesirousofseeinghimagain.Heisthedesirablemanfortheposition.Helpinghimisworthwhile.Itisworthwhilehelpinghim.Thenovelisworthstudying.Thenovelisworthyofcarefulstudy.Shehasledaworthylife.aliveafraidalonealikeashamedasleepawakeawareeconomiceconomicalhealthyhealthfulimaginativeimaginarybeneficialbeneficentseniorjuniorsuperiorinferiorpriorposteriorThemajorityof,agreatnumberof,agreatmanyofAgreatdealof,agreatamountof,abitofAlotof,aquantityof,plentyofSee,lookat,watch,observe,notice,perceive,hear,listento,feel,make,let,bid,haveIt*ssurprisingthatneitherthemothernorthechildrenhavepreparedsomethingfortheChristmasparty.Maryaswellashersisterswasveryhappytovisittheirgrandparentsinthecountry.2.Sentence(怎樣寫出地道流暢的句子)1)句子成分的一致性?Swimmingatthelake,Jim'sfootwascutbyarock.*Whi1esmokingapipe,mydogsatwithmebythecrack1ingfire.*Byplantingdifferentvarietiesofcrops,thepestswereunabletoadapt.?Seeingfromthetopofthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.但，Generallyspeaking,anativeEnglishspeakerwillfindGermaneasierthanFrench.Totellthetruth,whatshehasdoneletusdown.Consideringthecircumstances,hehasdoneagoodjob.2)分句間的邏輯關(guān)系及連貫性*Johnhadadrinkingproblemandhedroppedoutofschool,(because)*Theemployeeisoftenlateforwork,andhewritesillogicalreports,andheisapoormanager,andheshouldbefired.(Theemployeeshouldbefiredbecauseheis…)*Thetestwashard,andthestudentswereresentful,andtheirteacherwasirritated.(Becausethestudentsresentedthehardtest,theirteacherwasirritated.)*Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitdidnotseriouslyhurthim.(butwasnotseriouslyhurt.)?Takeyourtime,andyoushouldbecareful.(Takeyourtimeandbecareful)*1readthepassagecarefully,andseveralmistakeswerefound.3)寫作考試中一些常用詞?Althoughsheisoneofmyfriends,shestronglyagainstmyopinion.*Sheisgettingmarriedinnextmonth.*Hisbodyishealthy.?Childrenaredangerouswhentheyplaywithmatches.*Inonehandweshouldstudyhard,inotherhandweshouldbeindependentbydoingpart-timejobs.Suchthingsdonothappeneveryday.Thisiseverydayoccurrence.Thebirdsareflyinghighinthesky.Theleaderwashighlyrespectedbypeople.Thecontemptiblemanisselfishandvain.ThereJsacontemptuouslookonhisface.Heisarespectableoldman.Heisrespectfultowardhisteachers.Afterthemeetingtheywentbacktotheirrespectiveprovinces.Sheisdesirousofseeinghimagain.Heisthedesirablemanfortheposition.Helpinghimisworthwhile.Itisworthwhilehelpinghim.Thenovelisworthstudying.Thenovelisworthyofcarefulstudy.Shehasledaworthylife.aliveafraidalonealikeashamedasleepawakeawareeconomiceconomicalhealthyhealthfulimaginativeimaginarybeneficialbeneficentseniorjuniorsuperiorinferiorpriorposteriorThemajorityof,agreatnumberof,agreatmanyofAgreatdealof,agreatamountof,abitofAlotof,aquantityof,plentyofSee,lookat,watch,observe,notice,perceive,hear,listento,feel,make,let,bid,haveIt*ssurprisingthatneitherthemothernorthechildrenhavepreparedsomethingfortheChristmasparty.Maryaswellashersisterswasveryhappytovisittheirgrandparentsinthecountry.2.Sentence(怎樣寫出地道流暢的句子)1)句子成分的一致性?Swimmingatthelake,Jim'sfootwascutbyarock.*Whi1esmokingapipe,mydogsatwithmebythecrack1ingfire.*Byplantingdifferentvarietiesofcrops,thepestswereunabletoadapt.?Seeingfromthetopofthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.但，Generallyspeaking,anativeEnglishspeakerwillfindGermaneasierthanFrench.Totellthetruth,whatshehasdoneletusdown.Consideringthecircumstances,hehasdoneagoodjob.2）分句間的邏輯關(guān)系及連貫性?Johnhadadrinkingproblemandhedroppedoutofschool,（because）*Theemployeeisoftenlateforwork,andhewritesillogicalreports,andheisapoormanager,andheshouldbefired.（Theemployeeshouldbefiredbecauseheis…）*Thetestwashard,andthestudentswereresentful,andtheirteacherwasirritated.（Becausethestudentsresentedthehardtest,theirteacherwasirritated.）*Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitdidnotseriouslyhurthim.（butwasnotseriouslyhurt.）*Takeyourtime,andyoushouldbecareful.（Takeyourtimeandbecareful）*1readthepassagecarefully,andseveralmistakeswerefound.第三講句子的完整性3）句子的完整性*Myfatherwhoisverykind,learnedandhelpedmealotinmylife.?TheyenjoyreadingclassicChineseliterature.SuchasthepoetrybyLiBaiandDuFu.4）分句的連接?Readingbooksisoneofthegreatestpleasuresofourlives,throughreadingbookswecanaddtoourknowledgeandbroadenourview.但，Toerrishuman,toforgiveisdivine.Outofsight,outofmind.練習1:選用恰當?shù)脑~完成句子。thushowevermeanwhilelikewiseaccordinglyfurthermorethenthereforeotherwisemoreoverbesidesthenhencealsoconsequentlyRoanmovedtoNewYork;,hermotherstayedinBoston.（對比）Youhavedisregardedmyadvice;,Iwillnothelpyouagain.（原因）Theleaderssettledtheargument;,therewouldhavebeenwar.（對比）Harrisoniskind;,heisgenerous.（遞進）Mr.Carrwasaninvalidallhislife;,hehadanactivecareer.（對比）Televisionisentertaining;,itissometimesinstructive.（遞進）Wemustmeetthedeadline;,adecisionisneedednow（結(jié)果）Iwillstudymedicineforsixyears;Iwillbeadoctor.（時間）Ilivetoofarawaytovisityouoften;,youareneverhome.（遞進）Herequestedanopportunitytomakeuptheworkhehadmissed;,histeachergavehimspecialhelp.(結(jié)果)Theroadwaswetandslippery;,thereweremanyaccidents.(結(jié)果)AllofMrs.Jackson,sancestorswereactiveandlong-lived;,sheisveryhealthyatage75.(比較)Iheldthedog;,myfriedwashedit.(時間)Heputoutthefirequickly;,agreatdisasterwasavoided.(結(jié)果)5)句子的簡潔性Blackwasoneofthosepeoplewhomtherearefewintheworldlikehim.Thewatchisgoldenincolorandcosts$50inprice.Hedidn'thaveenoughexperience,whichisthereasonwhyhedidn*tdotheworkwell.ThemoviethatIwenttolastnight,whichwasfairlyinteresting,Imustsay,wasenjoyedbymeandmygirlfriend.Themeaningofhisstatementisthatheisoftheopinionthatthedeathpenaltyshouldbeallowed.Withoutdoubt,theonlythingyoucanrelyordependonwouldbethesurefactthatdeathcomestoeveryone.Shewasanoldwomanwhowasverykindinnatureandamiableinmanner.Inspiteofthefactthatheislazy,Ilikehim.Hewasnotwillingtoadmitthefactthathehadnotsucceeded.練習2：改寫下列句子，使之更加簡潔。Helookedatherandwassurprised,fHelookedatherinsurprise.Themeetingendedandeveryonefeltbitter.Shehaddiedandhewasgrieved.Weweregreetedbyyoungmenwhoworeblackuniforms.Herefusedtotalktothem.Sohehadarousedsuspicion.Shesmokedalotandherfingerswerebrownwithnicotine.Thelittlefellowlookedaround.Hishandswereinhispockets.ThetraitorJsfacewasbeamingwithsmileandhepocketedthewadofbanknotesandhewasnotawareoftheriskhewastaking.Shehadbeenconfinedtobedforalongtime.Thishadimpairedthefunctionofherankles.IfyoustudyMarscarefullythroughatelescope,youwillseeanumberofdark,blue-greenmarkings.6)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的句子對寫作表達效果的影響Sample1Acareerisnoteasytochoose.Itisoneofthemostimportantdecisionsyouwillmakeinyourlife.Findtherightcareer,andyouwillbehappyandsuccessful.Findthewrongcareer,andyoumaybeunhappyandunsuccessful.Youshouldexploreyourchoiceofoccupationfromeveryangle.Youshouldcollectasmuchinformationasyoucan.Youshouldtrydifferentkindsofworkbeforemakingupyourmind.Youshouldevaluateyourself.Youshouldmakesureofyourinterestsandtalents.（句式單一，主次不明，邏輯性差）Sample2Formostpeople,choosingacareerisnoteasy.Yetitisoneofthemostimportantdecisionsyouhavetomakeinyourlife.Ifyoucanfindtherightcareer,youaremorelikelytoliveahappyandsuccessfullife;ifnot,youwillprobablyfacealotoftrouble.Itpays,therefore,toexploreyourchoiceofoccupationfromeveryangle,collectasmuchinformationaspossible,andeventrydifferentkindsofworkbeforemakingupyourmind.Aboveall,evaluateyourself.Besurethatyouknowyourowninterestsandtalents.（因果、主次關(guān)系明確，層次清楚，邏輯性強，表達明了，易于理解）Sample3Atmydeskintheoffice,Iopenedthemorningmail.IwassurprisedtofindabillabillfromtheElectricityCompany.Ihadalreadypaidit.Ishoutedatthecompanymanageronthephone.Heapologized.Heofferedtosendme$100forthemistake.At10:00Ifrankacupofcoffee.Ihadthreecakes.Myheadcalledat10:30.Wemetleisurelyfortwohours.ItoldhimthatIdisagreedwithhisofficeworkingmethods.Hewasnotagoodadministrator.Heletthatdepartmentfallintodisorders.Hedidn,tknowhowtohandlehishands.Hethankedmeformyhonesty.Hegavemea$50-a-weekraise.（缺少必要的關(guān)系連接詞顯示句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，句式單一，結(jié)構(gòu)松散，影響意思表達）Sample4Atmydeskintheoffice,IopenedthemorningmailandwassurprisedtofindabillabillfromtheElectricityCompany,whichIhadalreadypaid.WhenIshoutedatthecompanymanageronthephone,heapologizedandofferedtosendme$100forthemistake.At10:00Idrankacupofcoffeeandhadthreecakes.Thenmyheadcalledat10:30.Wemetleisurelyfortwohours,duringwhichItoldhimthatIdisagreedwithhisofficeworkingmethods.Isaidhewasnotagoodadministratorandletthatdepartmentfallintodisorders.Moreover,hedidn'tknowhowtohandlehishands.Hethankedmeformyhonestyandgavemea$50-a-weekraise.（連接詞運用恰當，表達出了先后順序，意思清楚明了，讀起來輕松流暢）III.TheDevelopmentofaTopic,OpeningandEnding（展開主題的基本方法，文章的開頭和結(jié)尾）.列舉法EverydayIhavetokeeponrunningbetweendifferentplaces.Inthemorning,IhavetosendmylittleSistertothekindergartenbeforeIhurrytomyschool.Atnoon,Ishouldgobackhomeandpreparelunchformymotherandmyself.Intheeveningafterclasses,Ihavetoruntothekindergartentotakemylittlesisterback.Thenaftersupper,Iwillgotoworkatthestoreandgobackhomeat23:30.2）Doingpart-timejobsbenefitsstudentinmainlythreeaspects.First,doingpart-timejobshelpscultivateindependenceamongstudents.Second,doingpart-timejobshelpsculti-vateagoodhabitofthriftamongstudents.Third,andthemostimportant,doingpart-timejobsisoneofthebestwaystomakestudentsknowmoreaboutthesociety.3)TheimportanceoflibrariesLibrariesareamonghumanbeing,smostimportantinstitutionsforseveralreasons.Inthefirstplace,mostofhumanbeing*scollectiveknowledgeisstoredinlibraries.Librariesprotectandpreservethisknowledge.Theyalsoclassifyorgroupthematerialsintologicalandeasilyavailabledivisions.Furthermore,librariesmakethematerialsavailabletoeveryoneandevenprovidelibrarianstohelpusfindwhatweneed.Finally,librariesareourlinktothepastandourgifttothefuture.2.舉例法Don,tHesitatetoSay'No'Tohelpothersisavirtue,butwhenweareaskedtohelpinthefollowingthreecasesweshouldsayNo”.Firstly,weshouldsay“No"whenwearcaskedtodosome-thingillegalorimmoral.Forexample,ifoneofyourfriendsasksyoutohelphiminamurder,youshouldrefusehim.Secondly,weshouldsay"No"whenfulfillinghisorherwillisaviolationofourprinciple.Thirdly,weshouldsay"No"whenwhatweareaskedtodoisbeyondourability.Somepeoplewilldothestrangestthingstogainfame.Forexample,therearethosewhogoinforvariouskindsofmarathons,dancingorblowingbubblegumfordaysatatime,togettheirnamesinthepaperorinrecordbooksofsomekind.Thentherearepeoplewhositonflagpolesforaweekormore,apparentlyenjoyingtheattentiontheyreceivefromthecrowdbelow.Therearepeoplewhohopetoimpresspeoplebecausetheyatethemostcreampiesorbecausetheycollectedthemostbottletops.Andthereareevenpeoplewhoseekpublicnoticebywayofsettingarecordforthenumberofarticlesofclothingtheycanputonatonetimeorthenumbertheycantakeoff.Ofcourse,thereareafewmentallytwistedindividualswhoseekfameattheexpenseofotherpeople,spropertyorevenlives,butfortunatelythegreatmajorityofpeoplesatisfytheirurgetoberememberedinwaysthatproducelittlemoredamagethanabadcaseofindigestion.練習3：選擇適當?shù)脑~填空。IllustrationforexampleacaseinpointanexampleforinstancesuchasWhatIsLanguage?Alanguageisasignalingsystemwhichoperateswithsymbolicvocalsounds,andwhichisusedbyagroupofpeopleforthepurposesofcommunication.Letuslookatthisdefinitioninmoredetailbecauseitislanguage,morethananythingelse,thatdistinguishesmanfromtherestoftheanimalworld.Otheranimals,itistrue,communicatewithoneanotherbymeansofcries:,manybirdsutterwarningcallsattheapproachofdanger;apesutterdifferentcries,expressionsofanger,fearandpleasure.Butthesevariousmeansofcommunicationdifferinimportantwaysfromhumanlanguage.,animals,criesarenotarticulate.Thismeans,basically,thattheylackstructure.Theylack,,thekindofstructuregivenbythecontrastbetweenvowelsandconsonants.Theyalsolackthekindofstructurethatenablesustodivideahumanutteranceintowords.Wecanchangeanutterancebyreplacingonewordinitbyanother:agoodofthisisasoldierwhocansay,atanksapproachingfromthenorth”,orhecanchangeonewordandsayMaircraftapproachingfromthenorthwor“tanksapproachingfromthewestw;butabirdhasasinglealarmcry,whichmeans“danger!”Thisiswhythenumberofsignalsthatananimalcanmakeisverylimited:thefamousgori1la,theGreatTitis;ithasabouttwentydifferentcalls,whereasinhumanlanguagethenumberofpossibleutterancesisinfinite.Italsoexplainswhyanimalcriesareverygeneralinmeaning.比較和對比法ThereisadegreeofresemblanceamongHeming-way,DosPassosandFaulkner.Thethreewriterswhoaremostoftenreferredtoas“thelostgenerationMareallhighlyindividualartistsandarevastlydifferentfromtheirforebearsinsubjectmatter,attitudeandstyle.Theywereallaffectedbytheclimateofthepostwaryears,althoughtheirwarexperienceshaddifferedgreatly.And,theywereallmajorinfluencesformanyotherwriters.Theyaf-fectedthedevelopmentoftwentiethcenturywritingnotonlyintheUnitedStatesbutalsoinEngland,FranceandmanyotherpartsofEurope.Catsmakebetterpetsthandogs.Dogsaremessyanddonotcleanupafterthemselves.Theyeattoomuchfood,andrequiretoomuchcare.Besides,dogsjumpuponpeople,andknockoverfurniture.Cats,ontheotherhand,arecleanandtidy.Theyeatsparingly,andtakecareofthemselves.Catsareusuallywell-manneredpets.Mary*sbedroomisquitedifferentfromherbrother1sroom.Herroomisclean,butherbrother*sroomisful1ofdirt.Herroomisalwayskeptinorder,whileinherbrother*sroomyoucanoftenseepilesofdirtyclothes.HerroomsmellsofperfumewhileherbrotherysroomsmeIlsofsweat.常用銜接詞：比較：inalikemanner,equally,inasimilarmanner,likewise,also,inthesameway,similarly;對比：notwithstanding,afterall,incontrast,onthecontrary,althoughthismaybetrue,incontrastto,ontheotherhand,atthesametime,inspiteof,still,butitmustbeconferred,yet,again練習4：試用對比法展開下列主題。ReadingisabetterwayofrecreationthanwatchingTV.第四講課后習題講解課后習題講解：練習1thushowevermeanwhilelikewiseaccordinglyfurthermorethenthereforeotherwisemoreoverbesidesthenhencealsoconsequentlyRoanmovedtoNewYork;however,hermotherstayedinBoston.Youhavedisregardedmyadvice;therefore,Iwillnothelpyouagain.Theleaderssettledtheargument;otherwise,therewouldhavebeenwar.Harrisoniskind;moreover,heisgenerous.Mr.Carrwasaninvalidallhislife;nevertheless,hehadanactivecareer.Televisionisentertaining;furthermore,itissometimesinstructive.Wemustmeetthedeadline;hence,adecisionisneedednowIwillstudymedicineforsixyears;thenIwillbeadoctor.I1ivetoofarawaytovisityouoften;besides,youareneverhome.Herequestedanopportunitytomakeuptheworkhehadmissed;accordingly,histeachergavehimspecialhelp.Theroadwaswetandslippery;consequently,thereweremanyaccidents.AllofMrs.Jackson,sancestorswereactiveandlong-lived;likewise,sheisveryhealthyatage75.Iheldthedog;meanwhile,myfriedwashedit.Heputoutthefirequickly;thus,agreatdisasterwasavoided.練習2Helookedatherandwassurprised.Helookedatherinsurprise.Themeetingendedandeveryonefeltbitter.-*Themeetingendedinbitterness.Shehaddiedandhewasgrieved,fHewasingriefoverherdeath.Weweregreetedbyyoungmenwhoworeblackuniforms,fWewere…inblackuniforms.Herefusedtotalktothem.Sohehadarousedsuspicion,fHehadaroused***byrefusingto…Shesmokedalotandherfingerswerebrownwithnicotine,fSheherfingersbrown,,,Thelittlefellowlookedaround.Hishandswereinhispockets.-*Thelittle***,hishandsin***Thetraitor,sfacewasbeamingwithsmileandhepocketedthewadofbanknotesandhewasnotawareoftheriskhewastaking.Hisfacebeamingwithsmile,thetraitorpocketedthewadofbanknotes,unawareofShehadbeenconfinedtobedforalongtime.Thishadimpairedthefunctionofherankles.fLongconfinementtobedhadimpairedthefunctionofherankles.IfyoustudyMarscarefullythroughatelescope,youwillseanumberofdark,blue-greenmarkings,fAcarefullystudyofMarsthroughatelescopewillrevealanumberofdark,blue-greenmarkings.練習3IllustrationforexampleacaseinpointanexampleforinstancesuchasWhatIsLanguage?Alanguageisasignalingsystemwhichoperateswithsymbolicvocalsounds,andwhichisusedbyagroupofpeopleforthepurposesofcommunication.Letuslookatthisdefinitioninmoredetailbecauseitislanguage,morethananythingelse,thatdistinguishesmanfromtherestoftheanimalworld.Otheranimals,itistrue,communicatewithoneanotherbymeansofcries:forexample,manybirdsutterwarningcallsattheapproachofdanger;apesutterdifferentcries,suchasexpressionsofanger,fearandpleasure.Butthesevariousmeansofcommunicationdifferinimportantwaysfromhumanlanguage.Forinstance,animals,criesarenotarticulate.Thismeans,basically,thattheylackstructure.Theylack,forexample,thekindofstructuregivenbythecontrastbetweenvowelsandconsonants.Theyalsolackthekindofstructurethatenablesustodivideahumanutteranceintowords.Wecanchangeanutterancebyreplacingonewordinitbyanother:agoodillustrationofthisisasoldierwhocansay,atanksapproachingfromthenorth”,orhecanchangeonewordandsayuaircraftapproachingfromthenorth“orutanksapproachingfromthewest"；butabirdhasasinglealarmcry,whichmeans“danger!”Thisiswhythenumberofsignalsthatananimalcanmakeisverylimited:thefamousgorilla,theGreatTitisacaseinpoint;ithasabouttwentydifferentcalls,whereasinhumanlanguagethenumberofpossibleutterancesisinfinite.Italsoexplainswhyanimalcriesareverygeneralinmeaning.4.描述法1）時間順序Togetthemostoutofhistextbooks,astudentshouldfollowseveralstepsverycarefully.First,heshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktogetageneralideaofwhatthebookcontains.Second,heshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingandformulatequestionsashereads.Next,heshouldmakenotesofthemajorpointsofeachchapter.Afterthatheshouldtesthimselftobesurethathecananswerquestionslikelytoberaisedinclassandinexaminations.Finally,heshouldreviewhisnotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartohim.常用的連接詞：起始：first,firstly,atfirst,firstofall,inthefirstplace,tobeginwith中間：second,secondly,inthesecondplace,next,afterwards,afterthat,then,later,another,third,thirdly,stillanother,inaddition,besides,furthermore最后：lastly,atlast,finally,eventually,intheend2）空間順序A.MyclassmateJoeiseasytolocateinacrowdofpeople.Hehasathin,oblongface.Underhislightbrownhair,whichisthickandstraight,hisforeheadissmooth,tanned,andslightlysunburned.Hisheavyeyebrowsaredarkerthanhishair.Hiseyesareapalesky-blue,fringedwithshortbrowneyelashes.Oneeyelooksalittlesmallerthantheother.Hislong,straightnoseissunburned.Thereisanoticeablescaronhisupperlipjustunderhisnose.Hehasaclear-shavenchin.Hismouthisfairlywide,buthislipsarethin,andtheysmilelightly,eveninsleep.常用銜接詞和短語：besituated/locatedat,besurroundedby,nextto,totheeast/westof,closeto,from…to…，over,under,below,between,across,from,opposite,adjacent,farbehind,atthetop,here,straightahead,attheright,inthecenter,inthedistance,beyond,farbehind,nearby5.因果法Withcomingoftheindustrialageandthegreatincreaseinworldpopulation,ourabilitytopollutetheairbegantoovertakenature*sabilitytopurifyit.Consequently,theeffectswerefirstfeltinareasofheavyindustry.Asaresult,peopleinthoseareassufferedfromlungandheartailments.Sincethen,theproblemhasnotonlyincreasedbuthasalsospreadthroughouttheworld.Forthesereasons,itisimportanttogiveattentiontocontrollingairpollution.Workisanimportantpartofone'slife.Wecanderivesomepleasureandsatisfactionfromthecompletionofwork.Whenweseetheresultofourwork,wewillfeelhappy.Ontheotherhandasocietywouldnotkeepgoingifpeopledidn,tworkanddidn,tproducewealth.Weneedtoworkandweneedtogetapay,withwhichwecansupportourselvesandourfamilyaswell.常用動詞和動詞短語：cause,leadto,giveriseto,resultin,bringabout,bedueto,becausedby,resultfrom,betheresultof,betheeffectof,accordingly課堂練習：運用學到的展開方法分析下面三篇短文。FoodandOurWeightFoodisthesourceofenergyforthebody.Foodandtheenergyitproducesareimportant.Indeed,weneedthisenergyjusttokeepalive.Naturally,energyisrequiredjusttodigestthefoodneededtoproduceenergyinthefirstplace.Moreover,energyisessentialforallcontinuousbodyprocessessuchasbreathing,thebeatingoftheheart,andthemaintenanceofmuscleandbone.Also,childrenandyouthneedenergyforgrowth.Inbrief,weneedtheenergyproducedbyfoodforcarryingoutallworkandleisureactivities.However,whenthefoodweeatprovidemoreenergythanisneededtomeetthedemandsofthebody,theextraenergyisstoredasfat.Asaresult,wegainweightifwefurnishthebodyregularlywithtoomuchfood.Ontheotherhand,thebodyusesstoredfatifthefoodsweeatprovidelessenergythanisneeded.Accordingly,thebodylosesweight.Thus,ifallfattytissueareusedup,thebodyusesitsothertissuesforenergy,therebyproducinganunhealthyanddangerouscondition.Forthesereasons,itisimportanttounderstandtherelationshipbetweenthefoodweeatandourbodyweight.AgriculturalDevelopmentToincreaseagriculturalproductionisdifficultandcomplicated.Indeed,manydifferentconditionshavetobecreatedorchanged,involvingmanypeopleandgovernments.Ofcourse,thisisdifficult.Inalikemanner,itisverycomplicated.Inspiteofitsgreatcontributionstoallkindsofdevelopment,technologyaloneisnotsufficient.Equallyimportantaregoodjudgment,imagination,experimentation,andgoodhardwork.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatagriculturaldevelopmentrequiresthecooperationofpeopleaswellastheresourcesprovidedbynature.Thesedifficultiesnotwithstanding,agriculturaldevelopmentistakingplace.Forexample,agriculturalworkersexperimentwithcrops.Furthermore,researcherscreatenewkindsofcrops.Also,theydiscoverimprovementsinfertilizersandirrigation.Moreover,agriculturalengineersdevelopnewkindsofequipment.Inaddition,marketingexpertsfindimprovedwaysofpurchasingandmarketingagriculturalproducts.Likewise,transportationexpertsdevelopbetterwaysofmovingagriculturalproductstothemarkets.Finally,governmentofficialsappropriatefundstoassistfinanciallyinthedevelopmentofagriculturalproduction.Brieflystated,theseareonlyafewofthewaystopromoteagriculturaldevelopment.ThereisonepointthatIwishtoexplaintoreaders.Nomatterwhetheramarriageisbetweenpeopleofthesameordifferentnationalities,communicationbetweenhusbandandwiferequiresagoodmatchofeducationalbackgrounds.Withthiskindofbase,conflictscanbesettledmoreeasily.MywifehasadegreefromauniversityintheUS,andIfi