化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室致癌物質(zhì)和誘發(fā)畸變物質(zhì)課件

HAZARDOUSSUBSTANCES

(TOXIC,DANGEROUS,CARCINOGENIC,ANDMUTAGENIC/TERATOGENIC)

有害物質(zhì)

(有毒的、危險(xiǎn)的、致癌的、導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)突變或者畸變的物質(zhì))1.TOXICSUBSTANCES（有毒物質(zhì)）Anyvolatilesubstanceswhicharedangerouswheninhaledmustbehandledonlyinanadequatelyventilatedareaorinafumehood.嚴(yán)格的講，任何可揮發(fā)性、吸入時(shí)有害的藥品，都必須在通風(fēng)性好的地方或者是通風(fēng)櫥中處理。

a)Benzene：Benzeneisparticularlydangeroussinceitcausesblooddiseases.Avoidusingitasasolvent.Clongedinhalationofminutequantitiesofbenzene.Avoidskincontact.Itisaknowncarcinogen.避免用苯作溶劑，避免皮膚接觸，它是已知的致癌物質(zhì)之一。有害物質(zhì)b)CarbontetrachlorideandchloroformCarbontetrachlorideandchloroformhavespecificdangers:Theycanbeabsorbedthroughtheskin.Thesesubstancescaneventuallycausefunctionaldisordersofthekidneyandtheliverevenatlowconcentrations.Theyaresuspectedcarcinogens.

CCl4和CHCl3在很低的濃度下就容易引起腎和肝臟的失調(diào)，并且它們也是被懷疑為可致癌的物質(zhì)之一。有害物質(zhì)c)CyanidesandNitrilesCyanidesandNitrilesaresomeofthemostacutelytoxicsubstancesknown;theyreactveryquickly“invivo”whentheyarepresentintheambientenvironment.Symptomsofpoisoning(weakness,difficultyinbreathing,nausea)appearassoonasthesesubstanceshavebeenabsorbed,inhaled,oringested.Contactwithacidliberatesahighlytoxicgas.Theinhalationofaveryminuteamountofhydrogencyanide(HCN)canbefatal.氰化物和氰是已知最毒的物質(zhì)之一，氰化物在體內(nèi)反應(yīng)很快，中毒的癥狀表現(xiàn)為虛弱、呼吸困難、惡心，而且當(dāng)你吸入或者咽下以后癥狀出現(xiàn)很快。與酸性物質(zhì)接觸以后放出高毒性的氣體(HCN)，吸入一定在數(shù)分鐘內(nèi)將會(huì)死亡。有害物質(zhì)e)HydrogenfluorideHydrogenfluorideisextremelycorrosive.Duetotheabsenceofimmediatepain,penetrationcanbeextensiveandleadtoseriousinjury.Itcancausesevereeyeirritationandskinburns.HF酸，有很強(qiáng)烈的腐蝕性，不是馬上就能感覺(jué)到疼痛，所以它很容易擴(kuò)散開(kāi)，導(dǎo)致皮膚和眼睛的受傷。有害物質(zhì)f)HydrogensulfideHydrogensulfideisverytoxic.Inhalationcausesrespiratoryparalysis.Itcanalsodamagetheeyesandmucousmembranes.Smallcylindersofitarecommerciallyavailableforlaboratoryuse.CAUTION:Thegascanbeeasilysynthesizedbyactionofdiluteacidsonsulfides.Wastegasshouldbepassedthroughscrubbersbeforeventing.H2S也是非常毒的，吸入是有麻醉作用。H2S其他在含硫物質(zhì)與稀酸作用的時(shí)候很容易生成。有害物質(zhì)2.DANGEROUSSUBSTANCESPerchloricacid高氯酸Perchlorateesters,whenexposedtoimpact,behaveinthesamemannerasnitroglycerine.高氯酸酯受到?jīng)_擊時(shí)與硝化甘油類(lèi)似會(huì)爆炸。b)OrganicPeroxides有機(jī)過(guò)氧化物Someorganicperoxidesareveryunstableandverydangerous.Duetotheirhighsensitivitytoheat,friction,impact,sparks,light,andoxidizingandreducingagents,theycancauseviolentexplosions.有機(jī)過(guò)氧化物對(duì)熱、摩擦、沖擊、火花、氧化和還原性試劑很敏感，可能產(chǎn)生爆炸。有害物質(zhì)Tominimizetherisksofsuchperoxides,thefollowingprecautionsmustbetaken:Buyonlythenecessaryquantitiesofperoxidesneeded.Useonlytheminimumamountnecessary.Neverreplaceunusedperoxideintheoriginalcontainer.Immediatelycleanupspilledperoxide.Ifavolatilesolventmustbeused,avoidlossesduetoevaporationwhichcouldincreasetheperoxideconcentration。當(dāng)使用揮發(fā)性溶劑時(shí)，避免蒸發(fā)以免使過(guò)氧化學(xué)濃度增加。Avoidflames,sourcesofheat,anddirectsunlight.Storeperoxidesataslowatemperatureaspossibleabovethefreezingpoint,soastominimizetherateofdecomposition.過(guò)氧化物應(yīng)該在低溫(0度以上)保存，以減小分解反應(yīng)的速率。Donotcoolliquidperoxides,orthoseinsolution,totemperatureswheretheycouldsolidifyorprecipitatebecauseinthisformtheyareextremelysensitivetoimpactandtoheat(在此狀態(tài)對(duì)溫度和沖擊敏感).有害物質(zhì)a)KNOWNHUMANCARCINOGENS對(duì)氨基聯(lián)苯砒霜五氧化砷三氯化砷石棉三氧化砷對(duì)二氨基聯(lián)苯苯并芘1.4－丁二醇二甲黃酸酯

砷酸鈣

氯甲基甲基醚有害物質(zhì)b)SUSPECTEDHUMANCARCINOGENS未有定論的癌癥引發(fā)物質(zhì)丙烯酰胺丙烯腈丁二烯鎘氯化鎘硫酸鎘鈹四氯化碳二甲硫酸酯2-硝基丙烷Ni的硫酸鹽苯肼β-丙內(nèi)酯丙烯亞胺2-甲基苯胺4-甲基苯胺溴乙烯有害物質(zhì)4.MUTAGENSANDTERATOGENS

Mutagensaresubstancescausingpermanenttransmissiblealterationsingeneticinformation.Teratogensareagentsinterferingwithnormalprenataldevelopmentcausingabnormalitiesinthefetus.Exposuretomutagensandteratogensshouldbekeptaslowaspossible.誘發(fā)突變性物質(zhì)，是指那些引起在基因中的可遺傳的變化的物質(zhì)。誘發(fā)畸變性物質(zhì)，是指可以引起胎兒在出生前產(chǎn)生不正常變化的物質(zhì)。有害