考研考博-英語-廣西工商職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-廣西工商職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

ButNaifehandSmithrevealakeenintellect,anavidreaderandapassionateobserverofotherartists’workwhoprogressedfromlaboredfigurestudiestoinspiredoutburstsofcreativeenergy.Farfromanartisticflashinthepan,hepursuedhiscallingwithdoggeddeterminationagainstnearlyinsurmountableodds.

問題1選項

A.insuperable

B.unsurpassable

C.uncountable

D.invaluable

【答案】A

【解析】句中說到他“withdoggeddetermination”，堅持不懈地追求自己的理想，因此insurmountableodds必然代表“無法克服的困難”這一含義。A選項insuperable“不能克服的”；B選項unsurpassable“無法超越的”；C選項uncountable“無數(shù)的；不可數(shù)的”；D選項invaluable“無價的；非常貴重的”。從句意上來判斷，這里的nearlyinsurmountableodds指的是“幾乎無法克服的障礙”，因此A選項符合題意。

2.單選題

Thisnewlyestablishedinstitutionhastofaceawholerangeofcrimesand（

）.

問題1選項

A.femininity

B.prescriptions

C.delinquencies

D.authenticity

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項femininity“女性氣質(zhì)”；B選項prescription“處方，藥方”；C選項delinquency“不法行為，違法行為”；D選項authenticity“真實(shí)性，確實(shí)性”。由and可知空格處與crimes（罪行，犯罪）具有同樣的感情色彩，因此選C。句意：這個新成立的機(jī)構(gòu)必須面對一系列的罪行和違法行為。

3.單選題

Onweekendsmygrandmausually（

）aglassofwine.

問題1選項

A.involvesin

B.indulgesin

C.contributesto

D.excelsin

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。involvein“參與，涉及，卷入”；indulgein“沉溺于，沉湎于，沉浸于，喜歡”；contributeto“捐獻(xiàn)，促成”；excelin“在……方面勝過”。句意：在周末，我的奶奶通常喜歡喝一杯葡萄酒。B項符合題意。

4.單選題

______forhisillness,hewouldhavecometohelpyoupaintyourhouse.

問題1選項

A.Notbeing

B.Nothavingbeen

C.Haditnotbeen

D.Havingitnotbeen

【答案】C

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。當(dāng)主句結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+would（shouldcouldmight）+have+動詞的過去分詞時，從句結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)為：If+主語+had+動詞的過去分詞。當(dāng)虛擬句中的if省略時，主句中的had要提前。原句應(yīng)為：Ifithadnotbeenforhisillness...，省略if后had提前，句子變?yōu)椋篐aditnotbeenforhisillness...。句意：如果不是因為他生病，他就會來幫你粉刷房子了。因此C選項正確。

5.單選題

Thisrestaurantisfrequently（）bytouristsbecauseofitsfamouscooking.

問題1選項

A.patronized

B.serviced

C.attended

D.utilized

【答案】A

【解析】動詞辨析。句意：旅客經(jīng)常

這家餐館，因為這里的烹飪很有名。patronized光顧；serviced為……服務(wù)；attended參加，出席；utilized利用。故選A。

6.填空題

A:Areyougoingtotellyourbosstodaythatyou'requittingyour（1）?

B:Ican’tmakeupmymind（2）totellhimtodayornot.

A:I’dtellhimtodayifI（3）you.Whydelay?

B:ButwhatifI（4）mymind?

A:I（5）thatyou’dmadeafirmdecision.

B:Well,yesterdayIhadaconversationwithsomeonewho（6）

toworkforthecompanythatwantstohireme.（7）

tohim,there’sa

lotofdissatisfactionamongtheemployees.

A:Didhesaywhatthe（8）ofthedissatisfactionwas?

B:Hementionedanumberofthings.I’llstaywithmycurrentfirmifthealternativeisacompanywithmajormanagementproblems.They’reofferingmeahigher，butistheadditionalpayenoughtomakeupforabunchofnew（9）headaches?

A:Itsoundstomeasifyou'd（10）talktosome（11）currentorpastemployeesbeforeyouacceptthenewfirm’s

offer.

大意:

A.你會今天告訴老板，你要離職的事嗎？

B.我不確定是否今天告訴他。

A.如果我是你，我會今天告訴他。為什么推遲呢？

B.但是，要是我改變主意了呢？

A.我覺得你己經(jīng)決定了。

B.昨天，我和一個之前在想雇我的那個公司中工作過的人談話。據(jù)他所說，員工間有很多不滿。

A.他有說不滿的原因是什么嗎？

B.他說了很多事。如果這個公司主要是管理問題的話，我會呆在現(xiàn)在的公司。他們會給我提供更高的薪水，但是，這額外的工資足以彌補(bǔ)一連串新的麻煩嗎？

A.這聽起來，在接受新工作之前，好像，你最好和現(xiàn)在或者之前的雇員多談?wù)劇?/p>

【答案】1.job

2.whether

3.were

4.change

5.thought

6.used

7.According

8.cause

9.salary

10.better

11.more

【解析】1.詞匯題。根據(jù)上下文推測此處填job。Quitone’sjob辭職。

2.固定搭配。Whetherornot是否。

3.語法題?？疾樘摂M語氣。根據(jù)If以及主句中動詞時態(tài)“would/shouldtell”可知,此處是if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣。而且,根據(jù)today判斷,這是對現(xiàn)在的虛擬,故填

4.詞匯題。句意:但是，要是我改變主意了呢？

5.詞匯題。句意:我覺得你已經(jīng)做好了決定。再根據(jù)后面的you’dmade判斷此處為think的過去式thought。

6.詞匯題。此處為定語從句修飾someone。此處的someone指在這個公司工作或曾經(jīng)工作過的人,所以此處填used，與后面的to搭配表示“曾經(jīng)”。

7.固定搭配。Accordingto根據(jù)…。

8.詞匯題。句意:他有說不滿的原因是什么嗎？

9.詞匯題。根據(jù)語境推測此處填salary(工資,薪水)。

10.固定搭配。You’dbetter你最好是…。

11.詞匯題。A希望B能在接受新公司邀請之前和目前或之前的員工談?wù)?。此句已?jīng)完整,因此應(yīng)填入程度副詞，故填more，即多了解情況。

7.單選題

Pickadiseaseatrandom,andthechancesarethatfemalesandmaleswillhandlethepain_______withitdifferently.

問題1選項

A.connected

B.combined

C.associated

D.compared

【答案】A

【解析】connect連接,聯(lián)合;combine使聯(lián)合,使結(jié)合;associate聯(lián)想，使聯(lián)合；compare比較,匹敵。句意：隨機(jī)選擇一種疾病，很可能女性和男性會以不同的方式處理與之相關(guān)的疼痛。選項A符合句意。

8.單選題

GREYINGPOPULATIONSTAYSINTHEPINK

Elderlypeoplearegrowinghealthier,happierandmoreindependent,sayAmericanscientists.Theresultsofa14-yearstudytobeannouncedlaterthismonthrevealthatthediseasesassociatedwitholdageareafflictingfewerandfewerpeopleandwhentheydostrike,itismuchlaterinlife.

Inthelast14years,theNationallong-termHealthCareSurveyhasgathereddataonthehealthandlifestylesofmorethan20,000menandwomenover65.Researchers,nowanalyzingtheresultsofdatagatheredin1994,sayarthritis,highbloodpressureandcirculationproblems—themajormedicalcomplaintsinthisagegroup—aretroublingasmallerproportioneveryyear.Andthedataconfirmsthattherateatwhichthesediseasesaredecliningcontinuestoaccelerate.Otherdiseasesofoldage—dementia,stroke,arteriosclerosisandemphysema—arealsotroublingfewerandfewerpeople.

Itreallyraisesthequestionofwhatshouldbeconsiderednormalageing,saysKennethManton,ademographerfromDukeUniversityinNorthCarolina.Hesaystheproblemsdoctorsacceptedasnormalina65-year-oldin1982areoftennotappearinguntilpeopleare70or75.

Clearly,certaindiseasesarebeatingaretreatinthefaceofmedicaladvances.Buttheremaybeothercontributingfactors.Improvementsinchildhoodnutritioninthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury,forexample,gavetoday’selderlypeopleabetterstartinlifethantheirpredecessors.

Onthedownside,thedataalsorevealsfailuresinpublichealththathavecausedsurgesinsomeillnesses.Anincreaseinsomecancersandbronchitismayreflectchangingsmokinghabitsandpoorerairquality,saytheresearchers.Thesemaybesubtleinfluences,saysManton,butoursubjectshavebeenexposedtoworseandworsepollutionforover60years.It’snotsurprisingweseesomeeffect.

OneinterestingcorrelationMantonuncoveredisthatbetter-educatedpeoplearelikelytolivelonger.Forexample,65-year-oldwomenwithfewerthaneightyearsofschoolingareexpected,onaverage,toliveto82.Thosewhocontinuedtheireducationliveanextrasevenyears.Althoughsomeofthiscanbeattributedtoahigherincome,Mantonbelievesitismainlybecauseeducatedpeopleseekmoremedicalattention.

Thesurveyalsoassessedhowindependentpeopleover65were,andagainfoundastrikingtrend.Almost80%ofthoseinthe1994surveycouldcompleteeverydayactivitiesrangingfromeatinganddressingunaidedtocomplextaskssuchascookingandmanagingtheirfinances.Thatrepresentsasignificantdropinthenumberofdisabledoldpeopleinthepopulation.IfthetrendsapparentintheUnitedStates14yearsagohadcontinued,researcherscalculatetherewouldbeanadditionalonemilliondisabledelderlypeopleintoday’population.AccordingtoManton,slowingthetrendhassavedtheUnitedStatesgovernment’sMedicaresystemmorethan$200billion,suggestingthatthegreyingofAmerica’spopulationmayprovelessofafinancialburdenthanexpected.

Theincreasingself-relianceofmanyelderlypeopleisprobablylinkedtoamassiveincreaseintheuseofsimplehomemedicalaids.Forinstance,theuseofraisedtoiletseatshasmorethandoubledsincethestartofthestudy,andtheuseofbathseatshasgrownbymorethan50%.Thesedevelopmentsalsobringsomehealthbenefits,accordingtoareportfromtheMacArthurFoundation’sresearchgrouponsuccessfulageing.Thegroupfoundthatthoseelderlypeoplewhowereabletoretainasenseofindependenceweremorelikelytostayhealthyinoldage.

Maintainingalevelofdailyphysicalactivitymayhelpmentalfunctioning,saysCarlCotman,aneuroscientistattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvine.Hefoundthatratsthatexerciseonatreadmillhaveraisedlevelsofbrain-derivedneurotropicfactorcoursingthroughtheirbrains.Cotmanbelievesthishormone,whichkeepsneuronsfunctioning,maypreventthebrainsofactivehumansfromdeteriorating.

Aspartofthesamestudy,TeresaSeeman,asocialepidemiologistattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniainLosAngeles,foundaconnectionbetweenself-esteemandstressinpeopleover70.Inlaboratorysimulationsofchallengingactivitiessuchasdriving,thosewhofeltincontroloftheirlivespumpedoutlowerlevelsofstresshormonessuchascortisol.Chronicallyhighlevelsofthesehormoneshavebeenlinkedtoheartdisease.

Butindependencecanhavedrawbacks.Seemanfoundthatelderlypeoplewhofeltemotionallyisolatedmaintainedhigherlevelsofstresshormonesevenwhenasleep.Theresearchsuggeststhatolderpeoplefarebestwhentheyfeelindependentbutknowtheycangethelpwhenneedit.

“Likemuchresearchintoageing,theseresultssupportcommonsense,”saysSeeman.Theyalsoshowthatwemaybeunderestimatingtheimpactofthosesimplefactors.“Thesortofthingthatyourgrandmotheralwaystoldyouturnsouttoberightontarget,”shesays.

Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-H,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-Hinboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.

1.Homemedicalaids（）.

2.Regularamountsofexercise（）.

3.Feelingsofcontroloverlife（）.

4.Feelingsofloneliness（）.

問題1選項

A.maycauseheartdisease

B.canbehelpedbyhormonetreatment

C.maycauserisesinlevelsofstresshormones

D.havecosttheUnitedStatesgovernmentmorethan$200billion

E.mayhelppreventmentaldecline

F.maygetstrongeratnight

G.allowoldpeopletobemoreindependent

H.canreducestressindifficultsituations

問題2選項

A.maycauseheartdisease

B.canbehelpedbyhormonetreatment

C.maycauserisesinlevelsofstresshormones

D.havecosttheUnitedStatesgovernmentmorethan$200billion

E.mayhelppreventmentaldecline

F.maygetstrongeratnight

G.allowoldpeopletobemoreindependent

H.canreducestressindifficultsituations

問題3選項

A.maycauseheartdisease

B.canbehelpedbyhormonetreatment

C.maycauserisesinlevelsofstresshormones

D.havecosttheUnitedStatesgovernmentmorethan$200billion

E.mayhelppreventmentaldecline

F.maygetstrongeratnight

G.allowoldpeopletobemoreindependent

H.canreducestressindifficultsituations

問題4選項

A.maycauseheartdisease

B.canbehelpedbyhormonetreatment

C.maycauserisesinlevelsofstresshormones

D.havecosttheUnitedStatesgovernmentmorethan$200billion

E.mayhelppreventmentaldecline

F.maygetstrongeratnight

G.allowoldpeopletobemoreindependent

H.canreducestressindifficultsituations

【答案】第1題:G

第2題:E

第3題:H

第4題:C

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第八段第一句，“Theincreasingself-relianceofmanyelderlypeopleisprobablylinkedtoamassiveincreaseintheuseofsimplehomemedicalaids.”，許多老年人在生活中越來越具獨(dú)立性，這可能與越來越多地使用簡單的家庭醫(yī)療設(shè)備有關(guān)?？膳袛喑黾彝サ囊恍┽t(yī)療設(shè)備讓老年人變得更加獨(dú)立。選項G符合題意。

2.根據(jù)文章第九段第一句，“Maintainingalevelofdailyphysicalactivitymayhelpmentalfunctioning…”，每天保持一定程度的鍛煉活動可能有助于維持腦力功能?？膳袛喑鲇幸?guī)律的鍛煉有助于防止腦力衰退。選項E符合題意。

3.根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三段，“Inlaboratorysimulationsofchallengingactivitiessuchasdriving,thosewhofeltincontroloftheirlivespumpedoutlowerlevelsofstresshormonessuchascortisol.”，在做駕駛等具有挑戰(zhàn)性活動的實(shí)驗室模擬中，那些感覺能掌控自己生命的人會分泌出如皮質(zhì)醇之類的較低水平的壓力荷爾蒙?？膳袛喑稣瓶厣母杏X可以使人在困境中減輕壓力。選項H符合題意。

4.根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段第二句，“Seemanfoundthatelderlypeoplewhofeltemotionallyisolatedmaintainedhigherlevelsofstresshormonesevenwhenasleep.”，感到孤獨(dú)的老年人即使在睡覺時也會保持較高水平的壓力荷爾蒙?？膳袛喑龉陋?dú)感會增加壓力荷爾蒙的水平。選項C符合題意。

9.單選題

Hewatchedamazedateightsquirrelsthatwalked（

）downthebank,andmadeforalargepinetreeatthebottom.

問題1選項

A.inprofile

B.inarow

C.insinglefile

D.allalongtheline

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。inprofile意為“從側(cè)面看”；inarow意為“一連，成一行，接連”；insinglefile意為“成縱隊，成單列”；allalongtheline意為“到處，在全線上”。

句意：他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著八只松鼠沿著河邊成單列向河端的一棵大松樹走去。

10.單選題

Isevolutionpredictable,orwasitheavilyshapedbyrandomevents?Biologistshavearguedoverthisquestionfordecades.Somesuggestthatifwereplayedthehistoryoflifeonourplanet,theresultingspecieswouldbedifferent.Opponentscounterthatlifeislargelydeterministic.

Recently,researchershavebeguntoaskthesamequestionsaboutrocks.Some5,000mineralshavebeenfoundonEarth.Butmineralsdidn’tsimplyappearallatoncewhentheEarthformed.Theymaterializedovertime,eachcrystalarisinginresponsetotheconditionsoftheparticularepochinwhichitformed.Mineralsevolved—insomecases,inresponsetolife.Soaretoday’smineralsapredictableconsequenceoftheplanet’schemicalmakeup,ortheresultofchanceevents?Whatifweweretospotanotherearth-likeplanetinthecosmos--wouldweexpectitsgemstonestomatchours,orwouldtheyshineinwaysneverseenbefore?

RobertHazen,amineralphysicistattheCarnegieInstitutionofWashington,andhiscolleaguesarepublishingaseriesofpapersthisyearthatrevealbroadinsightsintowhethergeologyisamatteroffate.MineralsonEarthmayindeedhavebeenguidedbydeterministicrulesthatcouldapplytootherworldsaswell,theyfound.Butourplanetisrifewithextremelyrareminerals,whichsuggeststhatchanceoccurrencesalsoplayasignificantpart.Inaddition,ifwefoundanearth-liketwinelsewhereintheuniverse,manycommonmineralswouldlikelybethesame~butthatplanetwouldprobablyalsoholdmanymineralsunlikeanyexistinghere.

Thefindingsaren’tjustamatterofcuriosity.Somemineralsmayhavehelpedearlyorganismsemerge.Andunderstandingwhichmineralscouldhaveformedonearth-likeplanetsmayhelpscientistsbetterpredictwhichworldsarelikeliesttoharborlife.Conversely,somemineralsariseonlyinthepresenceoforganisms.SofindingpatternsinEarth’smineraldistributioncouldhelpscientistsidentifyamineralogicalsignatureforlife,andthensearchforitonotherplanets

Traditionally,mineralogyhasbeendominatedbyanalysisofthestructuresandformationofindividualminerals.Butina2008studyHazenandhiscolleaguestookamorehistoricalview.Theresearchersassessedearth’sknownmineralsandtriedtoestablishwhentheconditionswererightfortheirformation.Theteamconcludedthatabouttwo-thirdsofearth’smineralswouldnothaveemergeduntillifewaspresent.Forexample,earlymicroorganismsseededtheatmospherewithoxygen,whichinteractedwithexistingmineralstoyieldnewones.Hazenpointsoutthatthisso-calledGreatOxygenationEventhadarevolutionaryimpact,openingthedoortothousandsofnewminerals.

Hazenandcollaboratorsthensetouttoinvestigatetherolethatchanceplayedinmineralformation.First,theystudiedtherelationbetweenmineraldiversityandtheabundanceofindividualelementsinearth’scrust.Theyfoundthatthemoreabundanttheelement,themoremineralsitformed.Theythenperformedthesameexercisewithmineralsfromthemoon.Asimilarrelationshipheld,eventhoughthenumberofknownmineralsthereismuchsmaller.Thiscommontrendsuggestedanelementofdeterminism:Givenstartingchemicalconditions,onecouldpredict,toacertainextent,whichmineralswouldform.

Theteamdidfindoutliers,however,Hazen’steambelievestherearechemicalreasonsforthediscrepancies.Theirresultsstillsupporttheideaofdeterminism,saidco-authorEdwardGrew,apetrologistattheUniversityofMaine,because“wecanexplainwhythey’renotobeyingtherules.”PeterHeaney,amineralogistatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,saidthatthereasonsgivenfortheoutliersmakesense.“WhatisimportantisthatHazenismakingusthinkaboutmineraldiversificationinanewway,”saidHeaney,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy.

Haran’steamalsofoundevidencefortheroleofchance.Theresearchersusedacrowd-sourceddatabasetoretrievemorethan650,000mineralostentationsatspecificlocationsaroundtheworld:22%ofallmineralswerereportedinonlyoneplace,12%inonlytwoplaces.Thepresenceofsomanyextremeraritiessuggeststhatrandomnessdoesplayarole,saidNASAastrobiologistChrisMcKay,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy.“That’sthehallmarkofchanceevents.”Theseraremineralsmightappearonlyunderfortuitouscircumstances,e.g.anunusualassemblyofrocksthatconcentrateselementstogether.

Whatwouldhappenifearth’shistorywerereplayed?Thereareabout15,300plausiblewaystocombinenaturallyoccurringelementintouniqueminerals,theresearchersestimate.Inarerunofearth,theysay,atleastone-quarteroftheplanet’sroughly5,000mineralswouldcomeoutdifferently.Inaddition,thelikelihoodthatanotherplanethasexactlythesamesetofmineralsasEarthislessthan1in10.Inotherwords,ourplanet’sprecisemineralcompositionisunlikelytobefoundanywhereelseintheuniverse.

1.Scientistsusethephilosophicalterm“deterministic”.（

）

2.AccordingtoChrisMcKay,ifsomethingonlyoccursonceortwiceinalargeandcomplexnaturalsystem.（

）

3.Basedonthisarticle,wemayconcludethatminerals.（

）

4.TheopinionofPeterHeaneyiscitedinthisarticle.（

）

問題1選項

A.becausetheycommonlybelieveinafateordestinythatdefinesalloutcomes.

B.whensomethingcanbedeterminedorestablished,andthereforeknownwithclarity.

C.torefertothesmallnumberofthingsinnaturethatarenottheresultofpurechance.

D.torefertooutcomesresultingfromhardrulesorlawsactinginnaturalsystems.

問題2選項

A.thereisaslightpossibilitythatitistheproductofchance.

B.thereisvirtuallynopossibilitythatitsexistenceisrandom

C.thereisaconsiderablelikelihoodthatitcameaboutrandomly.

D.itcanonlybetheproductofpurenecessityoperatinginthatsystem

問題3選項

A.predatelifeandexistwhollyindependentlyofit.

B.aredependentonlifeformostoftheirpresentvarietyonEarth.

C.cannotyetbehistoricallycorrelatedwiththeevolutionoflife,atleastonEarth

D.willdisplayvarietyasgreataswhatweseeonEarthonplanetseverywhere

問題4選項

A.becausehehasnoapparentreasonotherthanthepersuasivenessofthescientificevidenceitselftosupportHazen’sviews.

B.becauseheisanexpertonminerals,andthusmorequalifiedthanotherscientistscitedinthearticletoevaluateHazen’sconclusions.

C.becauseheisaprofessoratauniversitywellknownforthehighqualityofitsresearchstaffintheearthsciences.

D.becauseheisanauthorityonstatisticaloutliersingeologicalfielddata.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

【解析】1.詞義題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞deterministic定位至第十五段:MineralsonEarthmayindeedhavebeenguidedbydeterministicrulesthatcouldapplytootherworldsaswell(地球上的礦物質(zhì)有可能由確定性的規(guī)則來引導(dǎo)，而這些規(guī)則也可以運(yùn)用到其它地方去)?？芍颂幍膁eterministic與rules（規(guī)則）有關(guān),因此推測C項正確:指在自然系統(tǒng)內(nèi)嚴(yán)格遵守的規(guī)則和規(guī)律。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞ChrisMcKay定位至第二十段:Thepresenceofsomanyextremeraritiessuggeststhatrandomnessdoesplayarole(如此多的極端少數(shù)事件的存在意味著隨機(jī)性確實(shí)發(fā)揮了作用)。由此可知在一個大而復(fù)雜的自然系統(tǒng)內(nèi)只出現(xiàn)了一兩次，說明其很大可能是隨機(jī)偶然出現(xiàn)，選C。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干定位至第十七段:Theteamconcludedthatabouttwo-thirdsofearth’smineralswouldnothaveemergeduntillifewaspresent(研究小組得出結(jié)論,地球上大約三分之二的礦物質(zhì)是人類存在后才出現(xiàn)的)。所以選B:依靠地球上存在的大部分多元化的生命體。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞PeterHeaney定位至第十九段:“WhatisimportantisthatHazenismakingusthinkaboutmineraldiversificationinanewway,”saidHeaney(Heaney說:“重要的是，Hazen讓我們以一種新的方式思考礦物質(zhì)的多樣化”)。所以此處引用PeterHeaney的話是為了給Hazen提供論點(diǎn)支撐。因此A項“因為除了科學(xué)證據(jù)本身的說服力之外,他沒有明顯的理由支持Hazen的觀點(diǎn)”正確。

11.單選題

Pallphonedthatbecauseofanemergencyhehadto____ourappointment.

問題1選項

A.callforth

B.calldown

C.callfor

D.calloff

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.callforth引起（某物）行動或存在B.calldown招致

C.callfor要求；需要D.calloff取消

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】語義銜接

【解題思路】前文內(nèi)容為“因為緊急情況”，空格處所在部分內(nèi)容為“他不得不____我們的約會”，根據(jù)句意可得，因為緊急情況的出現(xiàn)，他和我們的約會不得不取消比較符合邏輯。因此，D選項calloff“取消”符合原句語義銜接。

【干擾項排除】A、B、C選項不符合原句語義銜接。

【句意】Pall打電話說，因為有緊急情況他不得不取消我們的約會。

12.單選題

9.

問題1選項

A.Toasklocalpeopleforhelp.

B.TodoasRomansdoonlywheninRome.

C.Trytoactlikethepeoplefromthatculture.

D.Staywithyourcountryfellow.

【答案】C

【解析】W:Mostpeoplefeelcultureshockwhentravelingtoaforeignculture.

M:That’sforsure.ButtheyshoulddoasRomansdo.

Q:Accordingtotheman,whatarepeoplesupposedtodowhentravelingtoaforeignculture?

【解析】固定詞組。男士說：ButtheyshoulddoasRomansdo。doasRomansdo的含義是“入鄉(xiāng)隨俗”。

13.單選題

Ⅶ.Humanrightsareoftenpresentedastheoutcomeofalongandnoblematurationprocessofintellectualideassuchasfreedom,equalityorhumandignity—basicallyastheultimatecrystallizationofEnlightenmentideas.Thecontemporaryimportanceofhumanrightsisthenviewedasthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization,advancingtheinherentrightsanddignityofeveryperson.Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(尼采)(orlaterFoucault(福柯))becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.InsteadNietzscheproposedagenealogicalmethodology,whichgivescredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory.Fromthisperspective,thejobofthehistorian,sociologistorphilosopherisnottoreconstructthelinearpathfromwhichhumanrightshavevictoriouslyemergedbuttoinvestigatethehaphazardmake-upofhumanrights,lookingintothecontingentconditionsandunforeseencircumstancesoutofwhichvaluesgrow.

InTheSacrednessofthePersonHansJoas(漢斯?約阿斯)seekstoconnectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencywithrespecttothegenesisofvalueswiththemoresociologicalquestionofwhyhumanrightsanduniversalhumandignityservenowasanewglobalcultureandmorality.Basically,howcanwebestdescribeandexplainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrights,functioningtodayasadefactoglobalcivilreligionwithitsowntransnationalsymbolssuchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsorsharedritualssuchasUN’sUniversalPeriodicReview?However,incontrasttoaNietzscheanreading,Joasdoesnotassuchwanttocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights.He,thus,devisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasurebutmoregearedtowardsaninterpretiveapproach.Moreprecisely,whileacknowledgingthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation,healsowantstopreserve—andexplain—thenowself-evidentmoralcharacterthathumanrightshaveforthosewhofeelboundbythem.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatNietzscheorFoucault___.

2.NietzscheorlaterFoucaultcriticizedthelargenumberofliteraturebecause___.

3.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,HansJoastriesto___.

4.ThedifferencebetweenNietzscheandJoasisthat___.

問題1選項

A.isascholarwhousesteleologicalmethodtowardshumanrights

B.disagreeswiththeteleologicalmethodofresearch

C.claimsthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfromCatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment

D.thinksthathumanrightsisthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization

問題2選項

A.theyusedagenealogicalmethodology

B.theideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelydoesnotderivefromCatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment

C.donotgivecredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory

D.theymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingtothecurrentstateofaffairs

問題3選項

A.connectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencythemoresociologicalquestion

B.explainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrights

C.describethefunctioningofhumanrightsasadefactoglobalcivilreligion

D.describetheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsasthetransnationalsymbolofhumanrights

問題4選項

A.thelatterwantstocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights

B.theformerdevisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasure

C.thelatteralsowantstoexplainthenowself-evidentmoralcharacterofhumanrights

D.theformeracknowledgesthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“NietzscheorFoucault”定位到原文第一段Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(orlaterFoucault)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.（在這一脈絡(luò)下，大量的文獻(xiàn)聚焦于人權(quán)的先驅(qū)者，聲稱普遍的人類尊嚴(yán)和個人權(quán)利的理念最終源于諸如天主教、新教或法國啟蒙運(yùn)動等。這些敘述和歷史被尼采（或后來的福柯）深刻批評，因為它們將過去誤讀為一種導(dǎo)致并證明事件現(xiàn)狀的目的論）可知尼采或福柯批評目的論，選B選項“不同意目的論的研究方法”，A選項“是一位用目的論方法研究人權(quán)的學(xué)者”以及C選項“認(rèn)為人類普遍尊嚴(yán)和個人權(quán)利的理念最終源于天主教、新教或法國啟蒙運(yùn)動”在文中屬于人權(quán)的先驅(qū)者，不是尼采或?？碌挠^點(diǎn)，偷換概念，排除；D選項“認(rèn)為人權(quán)是歷史、理性或文明前進(jìn)的最終結(jié)果”未在第一段提及。因此B選項正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“NietzscheorFoucault”定位到原文第一段Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(orlaterFoucault)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.（在這一脈絡(luò)下，大量的文獻(xiàn)聚焦于人權(quán)的先驅(qū)者，聲稱普遍的人類尊嚴(yán)和個人權(quán)利的理念最終源于諸如天主教、新教或法國啟蒙運(yùn)動等。這些敘述和歷史被尼采（或后來的?？拢┥羁膛u，因為它們將過去誤讀為一種導(dǎo)致并證明事件現(xiàn)狀的目的論）可知選D選項“它們把過去誤解為一種導(dǎo)致當(dāng)前事態(tài)的目的論”以及B選項“普遍的人類尊嚴(yán)和個人權(quán)利的想法最終不是來自天主教、基督教，新教或法國啟蒙運(yùn)動”并不是尼采或福柯后來批評大量的文學(xué)的原因；第一段InsteadNietzscheproposedagenealogicalmethodology,whichgivescredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory.（相反，尼采提出了一個譜系方法論，它把歸信于偶然的，不可預(yù)測的，隱藏的，經(jīng)常是黑暗的歷史潮流）可知A選項“他們使用了一種譜系方法論”和C選項“不相信偶然的，不可預(yù)測的，隱藏的，經(jīng)常是黑暗的歷史潮流”是尼采所贊同的，排除。因此D選項正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“HansJoas”定位到原文第二段第一句InTheSacrednessofthePersonHansJoasseekstoconnectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencywithrespecttothegenesisofvalueswiththemoresociologicalquestionofwhyhumanrightsanduniversalhumandignityservenowasanewglobalcultureandmorali