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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-天津工業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹(jǐn)慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題
Idon’tbelieveyouaregoingtohavethematterlookedintotoday,()?
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.areyou
B.doyou
C.aren’tyou
D.don’tyou
【答案】A
【解析】考查反義疑問句用法。題干屬于陳述部分為主從復(fù)合句的反義疑問句。一般有兩種情況:當(dāng)陳述部分為主從復(fù)合句“主語+從句”時(shí),疑問部分一般應(yīng)與主句保持一致,如HeknowsthatwhereIlive,doesn’the?;當(dāng)陳述部分為Ithink(believe,suppose)that...等時(shí),疑問部分通常與從句保持一致,如Idon’tthinkhewillcome,willhe?題干陳述部分為Idon’tbelieve(that)...從句部分為youaregoingtohave...,因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
2.單選題
Whenaspaceshuttlehasaccomplishedits(
),itcanbereadyforanothertripinabouttwoweeks.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.venture
B.mission
C.commission
D.responsibility
【答案】B
【解析】名詞詞義辨析。venture“冒險(xiǎn)旅行”,mission“使命,任務(wù)”;commission“委員會,傭金”;responsibility“責(zé)任”。句意:當(dāng)航天飛機(jī)完成了它的任務(wù),它可以在大約兩周后準(zhǔn)備另一次飛行。因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。
3.單選題
Itisanoffencetoshow()againstpeopleofdifferentraces.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.distinction
B.difference
C.separation
D.discrimination
【答案】D
【解析】句意:對不同種族的人表現(xiàn)出歧視是一種冒犯。
考查名詞辨析。distinction區(qū)別,特性;difference差異,不同;separation分離,距離;discrimination歧視,區(qū)別,辨別。故D符合句意。
4.單選題
Ifyouneverreviewyourstagelines,youwillonlyhaveyourselfto()ifyoufailinyourperformance.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.complain
B.mistake
C.blame
D.fault
【答案】C
【解析】考查固定用法。toblame意為“該受責(zé)備;怪罪;應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)”。句意“如果你從不復(fù)習(xí)你的臺詞,假如在表演時(shí)失敗了,你只能怪你自己?!边x項(xiàng)C符合語境。
5.單選題
Sometaxonomists,particularlythoseworkinginherbariaandprovidinganidentificationservice,doneedsuch_______.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.approach
B.confidence
C.faith
D.expertise
【答案】D
【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)approach“方法,方式;接近;接洽”;B選項(xiàng)confidence“信心;信任;秘密”;C選項(xiàng)faith“信仰;信念;信任;忠實(shí)”;D選項(xiàng)expertise“專門知識;專門技術(shù);專家的意見”。句意:一些分類學(xué)家,特別是那些在標(biāo)本室工作并提供鑒定服務(wù)的分類學(xué)家,確實(shí)需要這樣的專業(yè)知識。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
6.單選題
Manyrapecrisisandbatteredwomen’sprogramsalsohaveeducationalcomponentsfocusingonyouth.However,mostoftheseapproachesdependuponindividualclasspresentationswithoutensuringotheraspectsofnecessary(
)support,includingthoroughstafftraining,supportiveservicesformaleandfemalevictims,andrehabilitativeanddisciplinaryprogramsforabusers.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.stylized
B.dogmatized
C.formalized
D.institutionalized
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)stylized“非寫實(shí)的;程式化的”;B選項(xiàng)dogmatized“武斷的”;C選項(xiàng)formalized“形式化的;正式的”;D選項(xiàng)institutionalized“約定俗成的;使成慣例的”句意:許多強(qiáng)奸危機(jī)和受虐婦女項(xiàng)目也有針對青年的教育內(nèi)容。然而,這些方法大多依賴于個(gè)別的課堂報(bào)告,而沒有確保其他方面的必要的……的支持,包括徹底的工作人員培訓(xùn)、對男女受害者的支持服務(wù)、對施虐者的康復(fù)和紀(jì)律方案。由句意判斷可知缺少制度化的支持,D選項(xiàng)符合題意。
7.單選題
Hehadaquarrelwithhiswifeandjust()her.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.becameof
B.gotholdof
C.walkedouton
D.passedover
【答案】C
【解析】動詞詞組辨析。becameof"使遭遇……;……降臨于;發(fā)生……情況";gotholdof"抓住;握住,占有";walkedouton"丟在一邊";passedover"越過;忽略;寬恕;回避"。句意:他和妻子吵了一架,然后把她丟在一邊。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。
8.單選題
Sellertakestheviewthatwomenwhouncriticallyadoptphilosophicalconceptionsofknowledgemayfindthemselvessaddledwithconsequencesthatare()theirperceptionsoftheworldandtheirpolitics.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.atoddswith
B.overtheoddsfor
C.againstalloddswith
D.withintheoddsfor
【答案】A
【解析】固定搭配。atoddswith“意見不一致”,沒有B、C和D選項(xiàng)的搭配。句意:塞勒認(rèn)為,那些不加批判地接受哲學(xué)知識觀念的女性,可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己背負(fù)著與她們對世界和政治的看法不一致的結(jié)果。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
9.單選題
Alltheceremoniesatthe2000OlympicgameshadauniqueAustralianflavor,()oftheirmulticulturalcommunities.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.noticeable
B.indicative
C.conspicuous
D.implicit
【答案】B
【解析】形容詞辨析。noticeable明顯的;indicative表示的,象征的;conspicuous明顯的,惹人注
目的;implicit不言明的,含蓄的,無疑問的。句意:2000年奧運(yùn)會所有的儀式都帶有一
種獨(dú)特的澳大利亞風(fēng)情,()他們是多元文化的社會。B選項(xiàng)indicative在此符合句意,
意為“表明他們是多元文化的社會”。
10.單選題
Itisthroughlearningthattheindividual___manyhabitualwaysofreactingtosituations.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.retains
B.gains
C.achieves
D.acquires
【答案】D
【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】
A.retains保持B.gains獲得
C.achieves達(dá)到;實(shí)現(xiàn)D.acquires獲得;取得
【考察點(diǎn)】近義詞辨析。
【解題思路】B、C、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有“獲得,實(shí)現(xiàn)”的意思。ofreactingtosituations(對情況的反應(yīng))做habitualways(習(xí)慣方式)的后置定語。句意為獲得對各種情況做出反應(yīng)的許多習(xí)慣方式。acquire指經(jīng)過努力逐步獲得才能、知識、習(xí)慣等。這里與habitualways(習(xí)慣方式)相符合。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)retain在這里不符合句子邏輯;
B選項(xiàng)gain指獲得,贏得,經(jīng)過努力或奮斗獲得某種利益;
C選項(xiàng)得到,獲得,多指成就、目標(biāo)、幸福的取得。
以上選項(xiàng)均不能和habitualways搭配。
【句意】正是通過學(xué)習(xí),個(gè)人獲得了對各種情況做出反應(yīng)的許多習(xí)慣方式。
11.單選題
Inthefilmwesawlastnight,thehero()hiswifetodeathwithhissword.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.throat
B.thrust
C.trust
D.thread
【答案】B
【解析】考查形近異義動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)throat“用嗓音說”;B選項(xiàng)thrust“插入,猛刺”;C選項(xiàng)trust“信任”;D選項(xiàng)thread“通過,穿線于”。句意:在我們昨晚看的電影中,英雄用劍刺死了他的妻子。選項(xiàng)B符合語境。
12.單選題
Theymanagedto()theenemy’ssecrettelegramandthuswereabletowinthevictory.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.decompose
B.decode
C.enlighten
D.enclose
【答案】B
【解析】動詞詞義辨析。Decompose“分解,腐爛”;decode“解密,破譯”;enlighten“啟示”;enclose“圍繞,裝入”。句意:他們設(shè)法破譯了敵人的密電,從而贏得了勝利。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。
13.單選題
To(
)importantdatesinhistory,countriescreatespecialholidays.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.commend
B.memorize
C.propagate
D.commemorate
【答案】D
【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)commend“表揚(yáng),推薦”;B選項(xiàng)memorize“記憶,記住”;C選項(xiàng)propagate“傳播,繁殖”;D選項(xiàng)commemorate“紀(jì)念,慶?!薄8鶕?jù)importantdates(重要日期)可知D選項(xiàng)最符合邏輯。句意:為了紀(jì)念歷史上的重要日期,國家會設(shè)立特別假日。
14.單選題
Everyday,manypeoplecometovisitthe(
)oftheoldcastle.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.location
B.highland
C.site
D.desert
【答案】C
【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:每天都有人來參觀城堡的遺址。location“場所”;highland“高低”;site“遺址”;desert“沙漠”。根據(jù)句意,選項(xiàng)C符合題意。
15.單選題
Whenevertwoormoreunusualtraitsorsituationsarefoundinthesameplace,itistemptingtolookformorethanacoincidentalrelationshipbetweenthem.ThehighHimalayasandtheTibetanplateaucertainlyhaveextraordinaryphysicalcharacteristicsandthecultureswhicharefoundtherearealsounusual,thoughnotunique.However,thereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieu'sviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopment,theydonotdetermineit.
TheappearanceoftheHimalayasduringthelateTertiaryPeriodandtheaccompanyingfurtherraisingofthepreviouslyestablishedrageshadamarkedeffectontheclimateoftheregion.Primarily,ofcourse,itblockedtheIndianmonsoon(季風(fēng))fromreachingCentralAsiaatall.Secondarily,airandmoisturefromotherdirectionswerealsoreduced.
PriortotheraisingoftheHimalayas,thelandnowformingtheTibetanuplandshadadry,
continentalclimatewithvegetationandanimallifesimilartothatofmuchoftherestoftheregiononthesameparallel,butsomewhatdifferentthanthatoftheareasfarthernorth,whichwerealreadydrier.WiththecomingoftheHimalayasandtherelativelysuddendryingoutoftheregion,therewasaseverethinningoutoftheanimalandplantpopulation.TheensuingincompletePleistoceneglaciations(冰蝕)hadafurtherthinningeffect,butsignificantlydidnotwipeoutlifeinthearea.Thusaftertheendoftheglaciationstherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.IsolatedbytheKunlunrangefromtheTarimbasinandTurfandepression,specieswhichhadalreadyadaptedtothedrysteppeclimate,andwouldotherwisehavebeenexpectedtoflourishinTibetan,theremainingnativefaunaandflora(動植物)multiplied.ArmanddescribestheTibetanfaunaasnothavinggreatvariety,butbeing"striking”intheabundanceoftheparticularspeciesthatarepresent.Theplantlifeissimilarlylimitedinvariety,withsomeobserversfindingnomorethanseventyvarietiesofplantsineventherelativelyfertileEasternTibetanvalleys;withfewerthantenfoodcrops.Tibetan’’tea"isamajorstaple,perhapsreplacingtheunavailablevegetables.
Thedifficultiesoflivinginanenvironmentatoncedryandcoldandpopulatedwithspeciesmoreusuallyfoundinmorehospitableclimates,aregreat.Thesedifficultiesmaywellhaveinfluencedtheunusualpolyandrous(一妻多夫制)societiestypicaloftheregion.Lattimoreseesthemaintenanceofmultiple-husbandhouseholdsasbeingpreservedfromearlierformsbytheharshconditionsoftheTibetanuplandswhichpermittedno
experimentationand"froze"thecultureswhichcamethere.Kawakita,ontheotherhand,seesthepolyandryasawayofeasilypermittingthebesthouseholdertobecometheheadhusbandregardlessofage.HisdetailedstudiesoftheBhoteavillageofTsumjedoseemtosupportthisideaofpolyandryasamethodoftalentmobilityisasituationwhereeventhebesttalentisbarelyenoughforsurvivalformorethanacoincidentalrelationshipbetweenthem.
Insum,thoughargumentscanbemadethatapre-existingpolyandroussystemwasstrengthenedandpreserved(insofarasithasbeen)bytherigorsoftheland,itwouldcertainlybeanoverstatementtolaycausativefactorsofanystrongernaturetotheecologicalinfluencesinthiscase.
1.Whatarethe"unusualtraitsorsituations"referredtointhefirstsentence?
2.Thepurposeofthepassageisto(
).
3.Theauthor'sknowledgeofTibetisprobably(
).
4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwouldprobablybethemostagreeabletoMontesquieu?
5.ThespeciesoffaunaandfloraremaininginTibetafterthePleistoceneglaciationscanproperlybecalledcontinentalbecausethey(
).
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.Patternsofanimalandplantgrowth
B.FoodandfoodpreparationpatternsoftheuplandTibetans.
C.SocialandfamilialorganizationoftypicalTibetansociety.
D.Alloftheabove
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.analyzethepossiblecausallinksbetweenTibetanecologyandsociety.
B.describethesocialorganizationoftypicalTibetanvillages.
C.describeTibetanfaunaandflora.
D.analyzethemysteriesofthesuddenappearanceoftheHimalayas.
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.basedonfirsthandexperience
B.theresultoflifelongstudies.
C.derivedfrombooksonly
D.limitedtogeologicalhistory
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.Allregionshavedifferentsoilsandthus,differentcultures
B.Someregionswithsimilarclimateswillhavesimilarcultures.
C.Culturesinthesamearea,sharingsoilandclimate,willbeessentiallyidentical.
D.Theplantsofacountry,bybeingthefoodofitspeople,causethepeopletohavesimilarviewstooneanother.
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.areoriginallyfoundincontinentalclimates.
B.aretheonlylifeformsinTibet,whichisasbigasacontinent.
C.havebeenfoundinotherpartsoftheAsiancontinent.
D.arefoundinlandmassthatusedtobeaseparatecontinent.
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:A
第3題:C
第4題:C
第5題:A
【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)題。A項(xiàng)(動植物生長模式),B項(xiàng)(高原藏族的食物和食物準(zhǔn)備模式),C項(xiàng)(典型藏族社會的社會家庭組織)都是文中提到的不尋常的特征或情況。
2.主旨大意題。文章主要是分析了一妻多夫制的社會體制及其形成的生態(tài)原因。
3.推斷題。文章中作者引用了Montesquieu,Armand等人的觀點(diǎn),由此推測作者對西藏的知識應(yīng)該是從書本中獲得。
4.細(xì)節(jié)題。由第一段得知Montesquieu認(rèn)為如果同一地區(qū)的土壤和氣候相同,那么其文化也應(yīng)該相同。故選C。
5.細(xì)節(jié)題。第三段指出:Thusaftertheendoftheglaciationtherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies(因此,在冰河期結(jié)束后,只有少數(shù)現(xiàn)存于原始大陸物種生命),故選A。
16.單選題
Don’ttalk____youareeating.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.while
B.when
C.as
D.assoonas
【答案】A
【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】
A.while當(dāng)……時(shí)候B.when當(dāng)……時(shí)候
C.as正當(dāng)……時(shí)候D.assoonas一……就……
【考查點(diǎn)】時(shí)間連詞的辨析
【解題思路】原句語義為“吃飯的時(shí)候不要說話”,“說話”和“吃飯”都是延續(xù)性動作,并且從句部分“吃飯的時(shí)候”使用的是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),。因此,時(shí)間連詞應(yīng)該使用A選項(xiàng)while“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
B選項(xiàng)when的用法:①表示“每當(dāng)……時(shí)候”,暗示一種規(guī)律性的情況時(shí);②主句是一個(gè)暫時(shí)性動作,從句是一個(gè)延續(xù)性動作;
C選項(xiàng)as的用法:①主從句表示的兩個(gè)同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動作含有“一邊……一邊……”的意思時(shí);②兩個(gè)正在發(fā)展變化的情況,相當(dāng)于“隨著”;③主句是一個(gè)暫時(shí)性動作,從句是一個(gè)延續(xù)性動作;
D選項(xiàng)assoonas“一……就……”,表示兩個(gè)動作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,不符合原句語義銜接。
【句意】吃飯的時(shí)候不要說話。
17.單選題
Einsteinwasamandeeply()totheidealofthemorallyresponsiblescientist.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.affected
B.committed
C.subjected
D.maintained
【答案】B
【解析】動詞詞義辨析。affect“影響”;commit“承諾”;subject“使服從”,maintain“維修”。愛因斯坦是一個(gè)決心成為有責(zé)任感的科學(xué)家的人。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。
18.單選題
Alittlemorethanacenturyago,MichaelFaraday,thenotedBritishphysicist,managedtogainaudiencewithagroupofhighgovernmentofficials,todemonstrateanelectrochemicalprinciple,inthehopeofgainingsupportforhiswork.
Afterobservingthedemonstrationclosely,oneoftheofficialsremarkedbluntly“It’safascinatingdemonstration,youngman,butjustwhatpracticalapplicationwillcomeofthis?”
“Idon’tknow,”repliedFaraday,“butIdoknowthat100yearsfromnowyou’llbetaxingthem”.
Fromthedemonstrationofaprincipletothemarketingofproductsderivedfromthatprincipleisoftenalong,involvedseriesofsteps.Thespeedandeffectivenesswithwhichthesestepsaretakenarecloselyrelatedtothehistoryofmanagement,theartofgettingthingsdone.JustasmanagementappliestothewondersthathaveevolvedfromFaradayandotherinventors,soitappliedsome4,000yearsagototheworkingsofthegreatEgyptianandMesopotamianimportandexportfirms,toHannibal’sremarkablefeatofcrossingtheAlpsin218B.C,with90,000footsoldiers,12,000horsemenanda“conveyorbelt”of40elephantsortotheearlyChristianChurch,withitsworld-shakingconceptsofindividualfreedomandequality.
Theseancientinnovatorsweredeeplyinvolvedintheproblemsofauthority,divisionoflabor,discipline,unityofcommand,clarityofdirectionandtheotherbasicfactorsthataresomeaningfultomanagementtoday.ButtherealimpetustomanagementasanemerginprofessionwastheIndustrialRevolution.Originatingin18th-centuryEngland,itwastriggeredbyaseriesofclassicinventionsandnewprocesses;amongthemJohnKay’sFlyingShuttlein1733,JamesHargreaves’SpinningJennyin1770,SamuelCrompton’sMuleSpinnerin1779andEdmundCartwright’sPowerLoomin1785.
1.TheanecdoteaboutMichaelFaradayindicatesthat(
).
2.Accordingtothepassage,managementisdefinedas
(
).
3.Inthepassagewecanseethatmanagementcameintoitsown(
).
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.politicianstaxeverything
B.peopleareskepticalaboutthevalueofpureresearch
C.taxesareuppermostinscientists’minds
D.hewasrejectedbyhisgovernment
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.accomplishingwonders
B.thecreatoroftheIndustrialRevolution
C.theartofgettingthingsdone
D.supervisingsubordinates
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.intheEgyptianandMesopotamianimportandexportfirms
B.inthedevelopmentoftheearlyChristianChurch
C.atthetimeofMichaelFaraday
D.intheeighteenthcentury
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:C
第3題:D
【解析】1.判斷推理題。定位到第二段中“It’safascinatingdemonstration,youngman,butjustwhatpracticalapplicationwillcomeofthis?年輕人,這是一個(gè)令人著迷的演示,但它究竟會產(chǎn)生什么實(shí)際應(yīng)用呢?”可知B項(xiàng)“人們對純研究的價(jià)值持懷疑態(tài)度”正確。
2.判斷推理題。定位第四段中“Thespeedandeffectivenesswithwhichthesestepsaretakenarecloselyrelatedtothehistoryofmanagement,theartofgettingthingsdone.采取這些步驟的速度和效率與管理的歷史即完成工作的藝術(shù)密切相關(guān)?!笨芍狢項(xiàng)“完成工作的藝術(shù)”正確。
3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。定位到最后一段中“Originatingin18th-centuryEngland,itwastriggeredbyaseriesofclassicinventionsandnewprocesses它起源于18世紀(jì)的英國,由一系列經(jīng)典的發(fā)明和新工藝引發(fā)?!笨芍狣項(xiàng)正確。
19.單選題
Thescentofherperfume()onintheclassroom.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.continued
B.lingered
C.covered
D.existed
【答案】B
【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)continue“繼續(xù),逗留”continue…on“繼續(xù)”;B選項(xiàng)linger“消磨,緩慢度過”,linger…on“流連忘返,一直存在”;C選項(xiàng)cover“覆蓋,包括”;D選項(xiàng)exist“存在,生存”,exist…on“靠……為生”。句意:她的香水味在房間里久久不散。由選項(xiàng)意思和固定搭配可知,B選項(xiàng)符合句意。
20.翻譯題
ThefirsteditionofThomasKuhn’sTheStructureofScientificRevolutionsappearedin1962.(1)Hisvisionrevolutionizedthewaywethinkaboutscience,andithasgivenusanewwaytolookatchangein“science”itself.
(2)
Whereaspreviousvisionsofsciencesawscienceasanaccumulationofallthathadbeenlearnedoverhistory,Kuhnenvisionedscienceashaving,atanyonetime,aworldview,or“paradigm(范式)”,ofitsenvironment.
Kuhn(庫恩)postulatedthatmostscientistsengagein“normalscience”thatoftenresultsinsolid,butrelativelyincrementalgains,whichneverthelessaccumulateandcollectivelycontributetoresearchandsubsequentscientificknowledgeforward.Whenanomaliesarise,someindividual(s)step(s)outoftheparadigm,andpropose(s)anewprincipleorlaw.(3)Ifthescientificcommunityacceptstheproposedchange,thenscienceexperiencesa“paradigmshift”,andnewscienceproceedswiththatnewparadigm.
Paradigmshiftsareimportant,andanecessarypartoflife.Thingsdochange,andwehavetoadjustandadapttothatchange.Perhapsnotsurprisingly,importantparadigmshiftsoftencomefromtheyoung.(4)Itusuallytakesalongtimetoeffectaparadigmshift—oftenasmuchas20-25years—which,perhapsnotsocoincidently,isaboutthelifeofageneration.
(5)ArelativelyrecentwhitepaperemanatingfromMITjustifiablyarguesthattheintersectionsofarraysofscientists,engineers,mathematicians,aswellasindividualswithahostofmanyotherprofessionaltalents,willbethenextKuhnianscientificrevolutionandinfact,the“Third”biomedicalrevolution.ThisnewrevolutionisbroadlyknownasConvergence.
【答案】(1)他的視角徹底改變了我們思考科學(xué)的方式,給了我們一個(gè)全新的方式來看待“科學(xué)”自身的變化。
(2)然而過去,人們把科學(xué)當(dāng)作人類在歷史長河中所學(xué)到的全部知識的積累過程,而庫恩則把科學(xué)看成在任一時(shí)刻對環(huán)境的一種世界觀,或者“范式”。
(3)如果科學(xué)界認(rèn)可了有些人所提出的變化,那么科學(xué)就將經(jīng)歷“范式轉(zhuǎn)移”,而新的科學(xué)將按照新的范式向前發(fā)展。
(4)引發(fā)范式轉(zhuǎn)移通常需要很長時(shí)間——往往長達(dá)20?25年——也許并非巧合,這大約相當(dāng)于一代人。
(5)最近一份出自麻省理工學(xué)院的詳情報(bào)告理由充分。它認(rèn)為各類科學(xué)家、工程師、數(shù)學(xué)家以及個(gè)人與其他專業(yè)人才的交匯將成為下一場庫恩意義上的科學(xué)革命,事實(shí)上也就是“第三次”生物醫(yī)學(xué)革命。
21.單選題
I’mverygladtoknowthatmybosshasgenerouslyagreedto(
)mydebtinreturnforcertainservices.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.takeaway
B.cutout
C.writeoff
D.clearup
【答案】C
【解析】動詞短語辨析。句意:我很高興得知老板慷慨地將我的債務(wù)(
),作為我為企業(yè)服務(wù)多年的一種回報(bào)。
takeaway:帶走,拿走,取走。cutout:切斷,刪去,關(guān)掉。writeoff勾銷,注銷,取消。clearup:清理,放晴,整理,打掃。因此C項(xiàng)符合句意,在這里表示“將我的債務(wù)一筆勾銷”。
22.寫作題
Somepeoplesaythatthebestpreparationforlifeislearningtobecooperative.Otherstaketheoppositeviewandsaythatlearningtobecompetitiveisthebestpreparation.Writeacompositionofabout150wordstotellwhichoneyouagreeandexplainwhy.
【答案】略
23.單選題
Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive;thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.
Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNational.AcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy.BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’sreport,“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions”.
Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,prudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.
Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch—aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis.”
Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.
56.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat______.
57.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas______.
58.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis”(Lastline,Paragraph4)?
59.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming?
60.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause______.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath
B.thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant
C.peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife
D.antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.aguide
B.ajudge
C.acritic
D.aprotector
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.Prudentplanninghindersprogress.
B.Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.
C.Endlessstudieskillaction.
D.Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.
B.Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.
C.Takesomelegislativemeasures.
D.Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.theybothsufferedfromthegovernment’snegligence
B.alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer
C.theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer
D.bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworse
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:A
第3題:C
第4題:C
第5題:B
【解析】56.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“吸煙的支持者提出的論點(diǎn)是……”。第一段第三句提到Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflife(反對吸煙的游說將毀掉我們的生活方式)可以推斷,吸煙的支持者認(rèn)為他們有選擇自己生活方式的自由,因此C項(xiàng)“人們有自由選擇自己的生活方式”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“吸煙與死亡之間沒有相關(guān)的科學(xué)證據(jù)”,根據(jù)第一段第二句theevidencewasinconclusive(證據(jù)缺乏決定性)可知不是沒有相關(guān)證據(jù),而是證據(jù)缺乏決定性,所以A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;根據(jù)第一段第四句LotsofAmericansthoughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves(很多美國人認(rèn)為吸煙導(dǎo)致人死亡的說法是胡說,在過去的三十年間,大約1000萬吸煙者早逝),可知有大約1000萬吸煙者早逝這個(gè)數(shù)量并不是微不足道的,因此B項(xiàng)“過數(shù)十年中早逝的煙民數(shù)量微不足道”錯(cuò)誤;另外美國人是認(rèn)為吸煙導(dǎo)致人死亡的說法是胡說八道,而不是禁煙者胡說,因此D項(xiàng)“禁煙者通常都是在胡說八道”也不符合題意。故該題選C。
57.【試題答案】A
【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)BruceAlberts,科學(xué)可以作為……”。根據(jù)第二段最后一句Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture(但是科學(xué)確實(shí)為我們提供了關(guān)于未來的最好指導(dǎo))可知,科學(xué)可以作為指導(dǎo),因此A項(xiàng)“指導(dǎo)”正確。B項(xiàng)“法官”,C項(xiàng)“批評家”和D項(xiàng)“保護(hù)者”都不符合。故該題選A。
58.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“作者在第四段最后一行說‘分析導(dǎo)致的癱瘓’是什么意思?”。根據(jù)第四段第一行提到Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch—aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis.”(但很明顯,總統(tǒng)的大多數(shù)顧問仍然沒有認(rèn)真對待全球變暖問題。他們沒有制定行動計(jì)劃,而是繼續(xù)推動更多的研究——一個(gè)典型的“分析導(dǎo)致癱瘓”的案例)可知,“分析導(dǎo)致癱瘓”的意思是研究阻止了行動的產(chǎn)生,因此C項(xiàng)“無休止的研究扼殺了行動”符合題意。B項(xiàng)“仔細(xì)調(diào)查揭示真相”和A項(xiàng)“謹(jǐn)慎計(jì)劃阻礙進(jìn)步”沒有提到,D項(xiàng)“大量的研究有助于決策”,文中只是提到了更多的研究,沒有提到研究有助于決策,故該題選C正確。
59.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn),政府應(yīng)該如何應(yīng)對全球變暖?”。根據(jù)最后一段第三句IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.(如果政府不采取立法措施,國會應(yīng)該幫助制定保護(hù)措施)可知,在作者的觀點(diǎn)中,政府應(yīng)該采取立法措施,因此C項(xiàng)“采取一些立法措施”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“提供支持,建設(shè)清潔發(fā)電廠”和B項(xiàng)“提高公眾保護(hù)意識”都是政府的立法措施能夠做到的,因此包括在里面;D項(xiàng)“促進(jìn)更進(jìn)一步的科學(xué)研究”不是作者想要政府做的,前文提到研究扼殺了行動,因此D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;故該題C項(xiàng)正確。
60.【試題答案】B
【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“作者把全球變暖問題和吸煙問題聯(lián)系起來是因?yàn)椤?。作者在文章第一段講述科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為吸煙會致人死亡,而懷疑者們堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為證據(jù)缺乏決定性;第二段接著講述現(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)了類似的情況,即全球變暖的問題,科學(xué)家們試圖讓我們意識到全球氣候變暖所帶來的日益嚴(yán)重的威脅與地球氣候變暖主要是人為造成的;第三段講述就如吸煙問題一樣,來自不同領(lǐng)域的聲音堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為有關(guān)全球變暖的科學(xué)資料還不完整;由此我們可以推斷來自吸煙問題的教訓(xùn)可以運(yùn)用到全球變暖的問題上,因此B項(xiàng)“吸煙問題的教訓(xùn)可以應(yīng)用于全球變暖的問題上”符合題意。文中只是提到關(guān)于全球變暖的問題政府一直采取研究,沒有提到吸煙問題上政府的態(tài)度,因此A項(xiàng)“兩個(gè)問題都受到了政府的疏忽”不符合題意;C項(xiàng)“吸煙的結(jié)果使全球變暖問題惡化”,文章只是通過吸煙問題引出全球變暖的話題,因此C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;D項(xiàng)“兩個(gè)問題都變得越來越糟糕了”,文中的確講到兩個(gè)問題的嚴(yán)重性,但是作者把兩個(gè)問題聯(lián)系起來更多的目的還是通過吸煙的問題引出全球變暖的主題,從而引出吸煙問題的教訓(xùn)可以應(yīng)用到全球變暖的問題上。故該題B項(xiàng)最符合題意。
24.單選題
Onbehalfofmycompany,Iam()toyouandyourcolleaguesforyourgeneroushelp.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.subjected
B.inclined
C.available
D.obliged
【答案】D
【解析】考查短語搭配。A選項(xiàng)subject與to搭配,意思是“隸屬于”;B選項(xiàng)inclineto“傾向于”;C選項(xiàng)availableto“供給”;D選項(xiàng)obligedto“感激”,句意:我代表我的公司,對你和你的同事們的慷慨幫助表示感謝。A,B,C項(xiàng)都不符合題意,故選D。
25.單選題
Sheistryingto()himbyphoneasshehassomeveryimportantnewsforhim.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.touch
B.reach
C.connect
D.attain
【答案】B
【解析】動詞詞義辨析。Touch“接觸,觸摸”;reach“與…..取得聯(lián)系”;connect“連接,聯(lián)合”;attain“取得,獲得”。句意:她試圖通過電話與他得聯(lián)系,因?yàn)樗泻苤匾南⒏嬖V他。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。
26.單選題
Icansmelltheperfume().
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.withfaintness
B.faintily
C.faintly
D.faint
【答案】C
【解析】本題考查副詞用法。A選項(xiàng)withfaintness“眩暈,虛弱”,B選項(xiàng)faintily形容詞變形錯(cuò)誤,C選項(xiàng)faintly“微弱地,模糊地”,D選項(xiàng)“模糊的,頭暈的”,句意:我隱約能聞到香水味。因此,C選項(xiàng)符合句意。
27.翻譯題
現(xiàn)在大學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)壓力相當(dāng)重。除了大四,他們開始找工作了,其余的學(xué)生總是忙.于學(xué)習(xí),而不愿參加團(tuán)體和俱樂部,不愿參加體育鍛煉和其他課外活動,不愿與他們的朋友玩玩,不愿關(guān)心和學(xué)習(xí)沒有關(guān)系的事情??傊麄兙拖褚粋€(gè)機(jī)器人。壓力大,時(shí)間少,功課多??吹酵瑢嬍依锏娜硕忌蠄D書館去學(xué)習(xí),到深夜閉館才回,而自己卻去看電影,他們就會有一種內(nèi)疚感。一想到白天什么事都不干,就感到不安,會整夜因此睡不著覺。他們學(xué)習(xí)太緊張,幾乎沒有吋間好好品嘗生活,干些其他事,成為一個(gè)全而發(fā)展的人。
【答案】Nowadays,collegestudents'learningpressureisquiteheavy.Inadditiontothesenioryear,theystartlookingforajob.Therestofthemarealwaysbusy,ratherthantakepartinthecampusgroupsandclubs.Theydonotenjoytakingpartinphysicalexerciseandotherextracurricularactivities,orplayingwiththeirfriends,orcaringaboutandlearningthingsthathavenorelationshipwithstudy.Allinall,theyarelikerobotswithhugestress,lessleisuretimeandpilesofworks.Theywouldfeelguiltwhentheyseeeveryoneinthedormitorygoestothelibrarytostudyandcomebackuntilitcloseslateintothenightwhiletheygotothemovies.Thethoughtofdoingnothingduringthedaymakesthemupsetandbringsawhitenight.Theystudysohardthattheyhardlyhavetheluxurytimeoftastinglifeanddoingotherthingstobecomefullydevelopedpeople.
28.單選題
BecauseJenkinsneither______nordefendseithermanagementorthestrikingworkers,bothaidesadmirehisjournalistic________.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.criticizes...acumen
B.attacks...neutrality
C.confronts...aptitude
D.dismisses...flair
【答案】A
【解析】動詞詞義辨析。criticize“批評,評論”;attack“攻擊,抨擊”;confront“面對,遭遇”;dismiss“解散,解雇”。acumen“聰明,敏銳”;neutrality“中立”;aptitude“天資”;flair“資質(zhì)”。句意:因?yàn)檎步鹚箤τ诠芾韺雍土T工工人既不批評也不為之辯護(hù),兩個(gè)助手都很佩服他的新聞敏銳感。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
29.單選題
Althoughwomenareascompetentasmeninmanagingpeopleandorganization,theystilldonotattainthehighestpositionsincorporations.Their(1)seemstobe
(2)
byaninvisiblebarrier.Atsomepoint,they
(3)
what'scalled“theglassceiling.”Failuretoattainthetopmostjobsinsomecasesis
(4)
lackofexperienceor
(5)
education.Becausegender
(6)
haskeptwomenoutofmanagementuntilrecentyears,theyhavenothadtimeto
(7)
theyearsofexperiencethatare
(8)
ofmosthigh-rankingexecutives.Alsoinearlieryears,womenwere
(9)
fromenteringgraduateschoolsofengineering,science,business,andlawwhichhavebeen
(10)
tocorporatemanagement.Evenasthosebarriershavebeenlowered,though,womenremain
(11)
atexecutivelevels.Asagroup,theyhavenotyet
(12)
theglassceilingtobecomechiefexecutiveofficersorboardchairpersons.Somethingcontinuestoholdthemback.
Inoneauthoritativestudy,womenexecutives
(13)
threekindsofpressuresthatcomplicatedtheirprofessionaladvancements:theday-to-day,year-in-year-outdemandsandthehectic(忙亂的)
(14)
ofexecutivework;their
(15)
roleas“firstwomanexecutive”andthespecialneedtoprovethemselvestoothers;andthestrainofmeetingfamily
(16)
.Inotherwordsthesewomenmanagersfacedallofthen
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